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Foreign agents or agents of justice? Private foundations, backlash against non-governmental organizations, and international human rights litigation
- Heidi Nichols Haddad, Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom
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- Journal:
- Law & Society Review / Volume 57 / Issue 1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2024, pp. 12-35
- Print publication:
- March 2023
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The premise of Russia's 2012 “Foreign Agents” Law, one of the first such laws restricting foreign funding for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), is that foreign monies equal foreign agendas. Since then, over 50 countries have adopted similar laws using a similar justification. This paper interrogates this claim of foreign donor influence through examining legal mobilization by human rights NGOs at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). We track donor support for litigation by providing an overview of all foundation grant flows relating to strategic litigation for 2013–2014, and then matching the granting activities of two major U.S. foundations over 14 years to human rights NGO participation in cases before the ECtHR. Further, through case studies of Russian NGOs, we assess the causal role that donor support has played in facilitating their increased involvement in ECtHR litigation. The combined analysis indicates broad patterns of private foundation support to litigating NGOs, but uncovers no evidence that foreign donors were “pushing” NGOs toward litigation as a strategy, but instead more evidence suggesting that NGOs convinced donors to support human rights litigation. Despite the inaccuracy of the justification underpinning Russia's foreign agent law, the law threatens the survival of human rights organizations.
3162 Colonization of Pregnant Women with Group B streptococcus in Latin America and Infant Outcomes
- Elena HogenEsch, Lisa Haddad, Inci Yildirim, Saad B Omer
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue s1 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2019, pp. 37-38
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The primary objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of maternal GBS colonization and demographic risk factors associated with maternal GBS colonization in Latin America. Secondary objectives include: To determine if there is an association between maternal colonization with GBS and stillbirth or preterm birth in Latin America. To determine the effect of cesarean section (CS) on the incidence of neonatal sepsis with GBS in mothers colonized with GBS. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Study Population: Pregnant women who received prenatal care at sites that utilize the Perinatal Information System (SIP) from 1989 through 2015, and were screened for GBS between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation. Maternal exclusion criteria included spontaneous abortion, stillbirth before 35 weeks, and lack of screening for GBS. Methods: Estimated prevalence (and 95% confidence interval) of maternal GBS colonization for the entire data set, by region, and by country. The prevalence data for each country further stratified by maternal age, ethnicity, education, civil status and habitation. Descriptive statistics calculated for each clinical prenatal and clinical perinatal health indicator as well as for each clinical history variable for GBS colonized and non-GBS colonized women. Odds ratios will be calculated for each demographic and clinical risk factor. Fisher’s exact tests will be used to test hypotheses about the relationship between maternal GBS colonization and specific perinatal outcomes such as stillbirth or preterm birth. We will use multiple logistic regression models to test the hypotheses about the relationships between demographic variables, maternal GBS colonization and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary results: 712,061 records included in database. 98,852 records with data for GBS screening. o90.6% White, 7.4% Mixed, 0.6% Black, 0.3% Native Indian, 0.1% Other. GBS prevalence among screened women, 17.5% There was a significant association between maternal GBS colonization and ethnicity (X2 (4, N=97006)=569.901, p<0.01) o Prevalence rates by ethnicity: 20.5% Black, 18.4% White, 15.2% Native Indian, 8.8% Mixed, 3.3% Other. There was a significant association between maternal GBS colonization and age (X2 (4, N=98655)=119.901, p<0.01) o Prevalence rates by age group:. Age ≤ 20 - 15.2%. Age 21-34 – 17.8%. Age ≥ 35 – 19.6% Anticipated results:. GBS positive mothers will have an increased burden of stillbirth and preterm birth compared to GBS negative mothers. Neonates born to GBS colonized mothers who deliver via cesarean section will have a decreased incidence of sepsis compared to neonates born to GBS colonized mothers who deliver vaginally DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: There have been no comprehensive studies to date that use the CLAP data to characterize the epidemiology of maternal GBS colonization and GBS disease and the burden of neonatal GBS disease in Latin America. Taking advantage of this unique database, this is the first region-wide study using systematically collected data. Our preliminary analysis indicates that GBS colonization status among pregnant women in Latin America is 17.5%, which is greater than previously reported. While there is evidence that maternal carriage of GBS is associated with stillbirth, this will be the first study to quantify the burden of GBS-associated stillbirth in Latin America. Additionally, previous work has been inconclusive in regards to maternal colonization with GBS and its association with preterm birth. This will be the largest study to evaluate the association of maternal GBS carriage with preterm birth. Findings from this study have the potential to inform public health policy and interventions by identifying the prevalence and risk factors.
2120 Long-acting reversible contraceptive uptake in female sex workers and single mothers in Rwanda and Zambia
- Jessica Li, Rachel Parker, Kristin Wall, Lisa Haddad, Susan Allen
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2018, p. 84
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) has been well established as the most cost-effective form of contraception, but LARC usage in developing countries remains low. As part of a multi-center parent study on HIV incidence, we implemented an integrated family planning program to increase LARC uptake in single women in Rwanda and Zambia. We aim to evaluate rates of LARC uptake, LARC discontinuation and incident pregnancy following family planning counseling. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We enrolled 3 cohorts of single sexually active HIV-negative women between the ages of 18–45 years: single mothers (SM) in Zambia, female sex workers (FSW) in Zambia and FSW in Rwanda. Participants were followed every 3 months for up to 5 years. At each visit, we discussed fertility goals and counseled participants on HIV risk reduction and contraceptive options. Eligible participants (not pregnant, already using a LARC method, or using a permanent contraceptive method) were offered a LARC method, specifically the copper IUD or Jadelle implant. Data was collected on demographic factors, sexual behavior, sexual and reproductive history, and gynecological exams and laboratory tests were performed if necessary. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 458 Rwandan FSW, 555 Zambian FSW, and 521 Zambian SM were enrolled, with a median follow-up time of 6 months, 12 months, and 9 months, respectively. Accounting for any LARC uptake during longitudinal follow-up, our preliminary results show an increase in LARC usage from 21% at screening to 51% at the end of follow-up among Rwandan FSW, an increase from 12% to 42% in Zambian FSW and an increase from 18% to 44% in Zambian SM. We hypothesize that demographic factors (e.g., younger age, higher education level) and sexual history (e.g., greater number of sexual partners, any STIs or reproductive health disturbances) will be associated with increased rates of LARC uptake. We also hypothesize that LARC users will have significantly lower proportions of contraceptive method discontinuation and incident pregnancy compared to non-LARC users. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: FSW and SM are disproportionately affected by high rates of unintended pregnancy, which can lead to obstetric complications and poor psychosocial outcomes. It is imperative that family planning interventions in developing countries target these populations to overcome obstacles in reproductive health and promote gender equality. Our study will provide necessary insights to an integrated family planning program, which will guide future efforts to design, implement and evaluate family planning initiatives for high-risk populations.