44 results
280 Enhancing Nephrology Care Access: Development and Implementation of a Telenephrology Dashboard Through Human-Centered Design
- Part of
- Melissa L. Swee, Bradley S. Dixon, M. Lee Sanders, Kantima Phisitkul, Angie Thumann, Mary Vaughan Sarrazin, Qianyi Shi, Benjamin R. Griffin, Meenakshi Sambharia, Masaaki Yamada, Heather Reisinger, Diana I. Jalal
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 8 / Issue s1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 April 2024, p. 85
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our objective is to develop a Telenephrology dashboard for the 150,000 Veterans that obtain care through the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System. Our goal is to create a comprehensive and user-friendly tool for monitoring kidney health and facilitating remote nephrology consultations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We structured our intervention according to the five stages of human-centered design: (1) Empathize, (2) Define, (3) Ideate, (4) Prototype and (5) Test. During the empathy stage, the principal investigator spent 10 hours immersed in the clinical setting observing how nephrologists approach a remote nephrology consultation. These observations were augmented by unstructured interviews with clinicians and patients to better understand the process and dynamics. Following this, a rapid ideation workshop was convened to generate creative solutions that balance technical requirements with the needs of clinicians and patients. These led to rapid prototyping and testing to identify what elements of the prototypes worked and which needed improvement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Through the empathy and define stages, three needs were identified: (1) clarity in visualizing data, (2) accuracy of information, and (3) balancing standardization with individualization. During the rapid ideation workshop, the concept of a four-frame dashboard was settled upon. This led to the creation of five prototypes, which were tested. These were reconciled and modified to make a final product. This final product, the Telenephrology Dashboard, contains 5 elements that support nephrologists and supporting staff: (1) a graph of kidney function over time, (2) tables synthesizing lab data, (3) options to drill down events to specific times, (4) customization of views, and (5) integration of kidney disease progression models. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: A Telenephrology dashboard was created to facilitate remote nephrology consultations through a Human-Centered Design process. Our next steps include determining if this dashboard may improve end-user satisfaction, referring clinician satisfaction, access to specialist care, and patient outcomes.
A Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Algorithm for Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Data from a Single Sample Orientation
- Hamish G. Brown, Philipp M. Pelz, Shang-Lin Hsu, Zimeng Zhang, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Katherine Inzani, Evan Sheridan, Sinéad M. Griffin, Marcel Schloz, Thomas C. Pekin, Christoph T. Koch, Scott D. Findlay, Leslie J. Allen, Mary C. Scott, Colin Ophus, Jim Ciston
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 28 / Issue 5 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2022, pp. 1632-1640
- Print publication:
- October 2022
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Increasing interest in three-dimensional nanostructures adds impetus to electron microscopy techniques capable of imaging at or below the nanoscale in three dimensions. We present a reconstruction algorithm that takes as input a focal series of four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) data. We apply the approach to a lead iridate, Pb
$_2$Ir
$_2$O
$_7$, and yttrium-stabilized zirconia, Y
$_{0.095}$Zr
$_{0.905}$O
$_2$, heterostructure from data acquired with the specimen in a single plan-view orientation, with the epitaxial layers stacked along the beam direction. We demonstrate that Pb–Ir atomic columns are visible in the uppermost layers of the reconstructed volume. We compare this approach to the alternative techniques of depth sectioning using differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM) and multislice ptychographic reconstruction.
8 - Compensatory Responses to Wildlife Control
- from Part I - Evolution of Learning Processes
- Edited by Mark A. Krause, Southern Oregon University, Karen L. Hollis, Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts, Mauricio R. Papini, Texas Christian University
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- Book:
- Evolution of Learning and Memory Mechanisms
- Published online:
- 26 May 2022
- Print publication:
- 19 May 2022, pp 143-158
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Summary
Human predation not only reduces prey densities, but also induces profound phenotypical changes in prey. Changes are increasingly well documented in the context of wildlife exploitation and range from morphological and life history modifications to physiological and behavioral effects. We focus on a form of human predation that has received almost no attention until now: Predation inflicted by lethal control of nuisance, pest, and alien species. We highlight the potential consequences of phenotypical changes in target species and explain the mechanisms by which phenotypical changes can arise, with emphasis on the role of associative learning and generalization. We then present an overview of a research program examining the ways in which the invasive common myna (Acridotheres tristis), one of the most broadly distributed invasive birds globally, is changing its behavior in response to heavy trapping pressure in some areas of Australia. A series of studies demonstrate how mynas learn about novel threats. Free-ranging mynas display compensatory responses to the threats of trapping and the mechanism of change is likely to involve cognition. This work has expanded our understanding of the adaptive significance of learning and memory mechanisms in nonhumans and has informed trapping practices for pest birds in Australia. We hope the chapter will help stimulate more research into the phenotypical changes associated with lethal control for which our work can serve as a model.
Reduction of Central-Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Spinal Cord Injury Unit
- Stephanie L. Baer, Amy Halcyon Larsh, Annalise Prunier, Victoria Thurmond, Donna Goins, Nancy Hickox, Mary Gardenhire, Tiffany Walker, Sarah Bernal, Maryea Nowacki, Lenora Griffin, Heather Hunter-Watson
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, p. s370
- Print publication:
- October 2020
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Background: Central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are a complication of indwelling central venous catheters, which increase morbidity, mortality, and cost to patients. Objective: Due to increased rates in a spinal cord injury unit (SCIU), a performance improvement project was started to reduce CLABSI in the patient population. Methods: To reduce the incidence of CLABSI, a prevention bundle was adopted, and a peer-surveillance tool was developed to monitor compliance with the bundle. Staff were trained to monitor their peers and submit weekly surveillance. Audits were conducted by the clinical nurse leader with accuracy feedback. Bundle peer-surveillance was implemented in February of 2018 with data being fed back to leadership, peer monitors, and stakeholders. Gaps in compliance were addressed with peer-to-peer education, changes in documentation requirements, and meetings to improve communication and reduce line days. In addition, the use of an antiseptic-impregnated disc for vascular accesses was implemented for dressing changes. Further quality improvement cycles during the first 2 quarters of fiscal year 2019 included service-wide education reinforcement, identification in variance of practice, and reporting to staff and stakeholders. Results: CLABSI bundle compliance increased from 67% to 98% between February and October 2018. The weekly audit reporting accuracy improved from 33% to 100% during the same period. Bundle compliance was sustained through the fourth quarter of 2019 at 98%, and audit accuracy was 99%. The initial CLABSI rates the quarter prior to the intervention were 6.10 infections per 1,000 line days for 1 of the 3 SCIUs and 2.68 infections per 1,000 line days for the service overall. After the action plan was initiated, no CLABSIs occurred for the next 3 quarters in all SCIUs despite unchanged use of central lines (5,726 line days in 2018). The improvement was sustained, and the line days decreased slightly for 2019, with a fiscal year rate of 0.61 per 1,000 line days (ie, 3 CLABSIs in 4,927 central-line days). Conclusions: The incidence of CLABSI in the SCIU was reduced by an intensive surveillance intervention to perform accurate peer monitoring of bundle compliance with weekly feedback, communication, and education strategies, improvement of the documentation, and the use of antiseptic-impregnated discs for dressings. Despite the complexity of the patient population requiring long-term central lines, the CLABSI rate was greatly impacted by evidence-based interventions coupled with reinforcement of adherence to the bundle.
Funding: None
Disclosures: None
4486 Assessing the Validity of an ICD-9 and ICD-10 Coding Algorithm for Identifying Cervical Premalignant Lesions Using Administrative Claims Data
- Jaimie Zhi Shing, Marie Griffin, James C Slaughter, Manideepthi Pemmaraju, Edward F Mitchel, Rachel S Chang, Pamela C Hull
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue s1 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 July 2020, p. 45
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We compared the validity of an International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD) algorithm for identifying high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ (together referred to as CIN2+) from ICD 9th revision (ICD-9) and 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using Tennessee Medicaid data, we identified cervical diagnostic procedures in 2008-2017 among females aged 18-39 years in Davidson County, TN. Gold-standard cases were pathology-confirmed CIN2+ diagnoses validated by HPV-IMPACT, a population-based surveillance project in catchment areas of five US states. Procedures in the ICD transition year (2015) were excluded to account for implementation lag. We pre-grouped diagnosis and procedure codes by theme. We performed feature selection using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression with 10-fold cross validation and validated models by ICD-9 era (2008-2014, N = 6594) and ICD-10 era (2016-2017, N = 1270). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of 7864 cervical diagnostic procedures, 880 (11%) were true CIN2+ cases. LASSO logistic regression selected the strongest features of case status: Having codes for a CIN2+ tissue diagnosis, non-specific CIN tissue diagnosis, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, receiving a cervical treatment procedure, and receiving a cervical/vaginal biopsy. Features of non-case status were codes for a CIN1 tissue diagnosis, Pap test, and HPV DNA test. The ICD-9 vs ICD-10 algorithms predicted case status with 68% vs 63% sensitivity, 95% vs 94% specificity, 63% vs 64% positive predictive value, 96% vs 94% negative predictive value, 92% vs 89% accuracy, and C-indices of 0.95 vs 0.92, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Overall, the algorithm’s validity for identifying CIN2+ case status was similar between coding versions. ICD-9 had slightly better discriminative ability. Results support a prior study concluding that ICD-10 implementation has not substantially improved the quality of administrative data from ICD-9.
Population-based assessment of patient and provider characteristics influencing pediatric outpatient antibiotic use in a high antibiotic-prescribing state
- Sophie E. Katz, Milner Staub, Youssoufou Ouedraogo, Christopher D. Evans, Marion A. Kainer, Marie R. Griffin, Ritu Banerjee
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue 3 / March 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 January 2020, pp. 331-336
- Print publication:
- March 2020
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Objective:
To identify patient and provider characteristics associated with high-volume antibiotic prescribing for children in Tennessee, a state with high antibiotic utilization.
Design:Cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of pediatric (aged <20 years) outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in Tennessee using the 2016 IQVIA Xponent (formerly QuintilesIMS) database.
Methods:Patient and provider characteristics, including county of prescription fill, rural versus urban county classification, patient age group, provider type (nurse practitioner, physician assistant, physician, or dentist), physician specialty, and physician years of practice were analyzed.
Results:Tennessee providers wrote 1,940,011 pediatric outpatient antibiotic prescriptions yielding an antibiotic prescribing rate of 1,165 per 1,000 population, 50% higher than the national pediatric antibiotic prescribing rate. Mean antibiotic prescribing rates varied greatly by county (range, 39–2,482 prescriptions per 1,000 population). Physicians wrote the greatest number of antibiotic prescriptions (1,043,030 prescriptions, 54%) of which 56% were written by general pediatricians. Pediatricians graduating from medical school prior to 2000 were significantly more likely than those graduating after 2000 to be high antibiotic prescribers. Overall, 360 providers (1.7% of the 21,798 total providers in this dataset) were responsible for nearly 25% of both overall and broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions; 20% of these providers practiced in a single county.
Conclusions:Fewer than 2% of providers account for 25% of pediatric antibiotic prescriptions. High antibiotic prescribing for children in Tennessee is associated with specific patient and provider characteristics that can be used to design stewardship interventions targeted to the highest prescribing providers in specific counties and specialties.
2013 Trends in anogenital warts incidence: Potential impact of human papillomavirus vaccination, TennCare 2006–2015
- Jaimie Z. Shing, Marie Griffin, Manideepthi Pemmaraju, Edward Mitchel, Pamela Hull
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2018, p. 89
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: We aimed to assess trends in incidence of genital warts across human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine-eligible and nonvaccine-eligible age groups to determine the impact of the HPV vaccine among Medicaid enrollees in the state of Tennessee. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed 2006–2014 medical and pharmaceutical claims data from TennCare (Tennessee’s Medicaid program) enrollees aged 15–64 years. Incident cases of genital warts were defined as persons 12 months disease free and: (1) a diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum, or (2) a diagnosis of viral warts and genital-specific procedure, or (3) a prescription for genital warts medication and genital-specific procedure. Mann-Kendall trend tests were performed to assess for significant trends in incidence of genital warts by sex and age group; average annual percent changes were calculated to quantify these trends. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our analysis is in progress. We hypothesize that we will observe declines in genital warts among younger, vaccine-eligible age groups and no changes in older, nonvaccine-eligible age groups, with largest declines among females aged 15–19 years from 2006 to 2014. We also expect to see declines among younger males due to herd protection, with greater declines after 2011, when the vaccine was approved for males. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Significant declines among younger compared with older age groups would suggest HPV vaccine effectiveness for preventing genital warts.
2156: A confounder assessment of patient frailty in the relationship between antidiabetic medication and heart failure
- Caroline Presley, Marie Griffin, Jea Young Min, Robert Greevy, Christianne Roumie
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 1 / Issue S1 / September 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 May 2018, pp. 24-25
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study is part of a parent grant evaluating antidiabetic medications and risk for heart failure in an observational cohort of Veterans with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Confounding by indication remains a concern in many observational studies of medications because difficult to measure confounders such as frailty may influence prescribing of different medications based on patient characteristics. Frailty is a multidimensional syndrome of loss of reserves (energy, physical ability, cognition, health) that gives rise to vulnerability to adverse outcomes. The objective of this study is to determine if frailty is a potential confounder in Veterans with T2DM, that is, independently associated with exposure to a specific antidiabetic medications and hospitalization for decompensated heart failure. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with diabetes who were hospitalized within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Tennessee Valley Healthcare System from 2002 to 2012. Inclusion criteria were: age 18 years or older, receive regular VHA care (prescription fill or visit at least once every 180 d), a diagnosis of T2DM. A probability sample of HF and non-HF hospitalizations was collected. HF hospitalizations were selected on the basis of meeting either a primary diagnosis code (ICD-9) and/or disease related group (DRG) code for HF. For each hospitalization using a standardized chart abstraction tool, data was abstracted on: antidiabetic medication(s), patient frailty status, and reason for hospitalization (HF or non-HF). Antidiabetic medication regimens were categorized as follows: no medication treatment, metformin alone, sulfonylurea alone, insulin alone, insulin and one oral agent, and all other regimens. Patient frailty status was measured using a modified version of the Canadian Health and Aging frailty index (FI), which generates a score (range 0–1) by dividing the number of deficits present by the number of deficits measured. Established categories for FI scores are: non frail ≤0.10, vulnerable 0.10–0.21, frail 0.22–0.45, and very frail >0.45. Patient frailty status at the time of hospitalization was used as a surrogate for patient frailty at the time of prescription of antidiabetic medication; this is a limitation of this approach. Hospitalizations were classified as HF hospitalizations if 2 major or 1 major and 2 minor Framingham criteria were present. FI was compared across antidiabetic medication regimen categories and hospitalization type using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student t-test, respectively. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 500 hospitalizations reviewed, 430 patients had confirmed diabetes diagnosis, adequate data to calculate FI scores, and were included in this analysis. Patients were on average 66.9 (10.9) years old; 99% male and 75% were White. Overall, 268 patients (62.3%) were categorized as frail or very frail. The mean FI score was 0.23 (SD 0.07). FI scores were highest in patients receiving insulin alone (mean 0.26) compared with patients receiving metformin alone (mean 0.22), sulfonylurea alone (mean 0.23), or no medication (mean 0.22). The lowest mean frailty score was seen in patients taking all other drug combinations, 0.19. The differences across these patient groups were statistically significant with p<0.01. Further, 75% of patients on insulin alone were frail or very frail compared with 68% on sulfonylurea alone, 58% on metformin alone, and 58% on no medication. Framingham criteria for acute HF were present for 318 of 430 patients (74.0%). FI scores were higher in patients hospitalized for HF compared with non-HF hospitalizations (mean 0.24 vs. 0.21, p<0.01). A higher proportion of patients hospitalized for HF were classified as frail or very frail compared with those hospitalized for non-HF diagnosis (66.4% vs. 50.9%, p<0.01). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study demonstrates that certain antidiabetic medications are associated with patient frailty. In addition, those patients admitted for HF have higher FI scores than those admitted for non-HF diagnoses. Further investigation is planned to assess the degree to which frailty is captured by traditional covariates used in observational studies.
Chapter 7 - Self-regulated learning
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- By Patrick Griffin, University of Melbourne, Narelle English, Research Fellow, lecturer in assessment and doctoral candidate at the Assessment Research Centre, University of Melbourne., Nives Nibali, teacher and researcher currently working on a PhD and on the ‘Realising the Potential of Australia's High Capacity Students’ Project., Susan-Marie Harding, Research Fellow at the Assessment Research Centre, University of Melbourne., Lorraine Graham, Professor of Learning Intervention at the Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne.
- Patrick Griffin, University of Melbourne
-
- Book:
- Assessment for Teaching
- Published online:
- 17 August 2019
- Print publication:
- 18 October 2017, pp 141-160
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Summary
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to:
• define self-regulated learning (SRL)
• understand the importance of self-regulation for both teacher and student
• use evidence of learning to assess and support SRL strategies.
This chapter introduces the concept of student self-regulated learning (SRL). It is included in this book about assessment for teaching because the student must be part-teacher and part-student. It is also included because the rubrics written using the approach in this book complement students’ SRL skills by articulating the competencies they need to assess, monitor and reflect on in their learning. The teacher also has to be part-student. The role of the teacher is less of a transmitter and more of a co-facilitator. The teacher, using the approach of this book and understanding the elements of SRL presented in this chapter, can help the student to take a more active role in SRL. The student becomes dependent on self-assessment and on assessing peers in collaborative arrangements. Now the teacher has two roles: one in facilitating learning and the other in helping students understand the self-assessments that will govern the development of their SRL competency.
Introduction
In earlier chapters of this book we described assessment as the search for evidence of learning. In normal circumstances the search tends to be conducted or managed by the teacher. Student self-assessment may also be defined as students’ search for evidence of their own learning. But is it a search? Do students understand how to produce evidence of what they are learning? How do teachers and students work together to identify learning outcomes, the strategies that lead to those outcomes, and the evidence of having reached or attained those outcomes? Increasingly the role of the teacher is changing, from transmitter to more a facilitator of knowledge.
In this book we emphasise the role of developmental teaching and learning and assessment as key in dealing with the phenomenon of SRL. Both the teacher and the student can follow the student's growth and development if the road map is clear. This is discussed extensively in Chapter 10. For now, we will focus on the ideas of developmental teaching and learning where both the teacher and the student need to understand the developmental pathway the student is following.
3 - Invading New Environments: A Mechanistic Framework Linking Motor Diversity and Cognition to Establishment Success
- from Part I - Behaviour and the Invasion Process
- Edited by Judith S. Weis, Rutgers University, New Jersey, Daniel Sol
-
- Book:
- Biological Invasions and Animal Behaviour
- Published online:
- 27 October 2016
- Print publication:
- 13 October 2016, pp 26-46
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13 - Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980)
- from Part II - The feminist judgments
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- By Mary Ziegler, Professor at Florida State University College of Law., Leslie C. Griffin, Professor of Law at UNLV Boyd School of Law.
- Edited by Kathryn M. Stanchi, Linda L. Berger, Bridget J. Crawford
-
- Book:
- Feminist Judgments
- Published online:
- 05 August 2016
- Print publication:
- 02 August 2016, pp 242-256
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The Hyde Amendment, the law at the heart of Harris v. McRae, arguably represents the anti-abortion movement's most important victory since the U.S. Supreme Court held in Roe v. Wade that the Constitution protects a woman's right to choose abortion. Since September 1976, Congress has banned the use of federal dollars for the reimbursement of most abortion services under the Medicaid program. McRae matters most simply because the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a constitutional challenge to the Hyde Amendment, enabling the federal and state governments to ban funding for abortion. As Professor Leslie Griffin's opinion shows, McRae might have done even more damage to the cause of women's rights when the Court closed the door on Establishment Clause claims against abortion restrictions.
BACKGROUND
The story of Harris v. McRae began in the immediate aftermath of Roe v. Wade, when abortion opponents across the country gathered to respond to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision. From the beginning, the movement fixed its sights on a constitutional amendment banning abortion. The Hyde Amendment emerged from an equally important tactical response to Roe – one intended to limit access to the procedure as much as possible under the current law.
As Representative Henry Hyde of Illinois recognized, Medicaid played a vital part in the realization of the right to choose abortion. Created in 1965, Medicaid provided financial support to participating states to reimburse certain costs incurred in the treatment of needy patients. Because Medicaid operated as a cooperative federal-state program, some states had already banned the use of most abortion funding at the time Hyde pushed his proposal in Congress.
Just the same, Hyde understood the significance of a federal ban. Before 1976, Medicaid funded roughly 33 percent of all abortions. A study conducted in the late 1970s by Family Planning Perspectives found that, but for the Hyde Amendment, roughly 23 percent of women who carried a pregnancy to term would have made a different choice. On the day Congress enacted the initial version of the Hyde Amendment, Rhonda Copelon, Sylvia Law, and others – the attorneys for Cora McRae and those challenging the Hyde Amendment – filed suit. Americans United for Life, a group that increasingly embraced incremental restrictions on abortion, quickly sought to intervene and represent Representative Hyde and several congressional allies.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. 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List of Figures
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Readings on Audience and Textual Materiality
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The twelve essays in this edited collection variously examine ways in which the material text helps to direct the reader and shape the experience of the audience. The essays consider texts from later medieval England through to the twenty-first century. Central to the theme of the book is the role of materiality: how the physical object – book, manuscript, libretto – affects the experience of the person reading it.
Essays discuss early readers of manuscripts, digital technology, materiality and meaning, and book and textual cultures. Specific case-studies focus on the authorship of Frankenstein, the impact of the 1969 Penguin edition of Ulysses, the creation of P B Shelley’s reading public and the physical incarnations of W B Yeats’ poetry.
Notes
- Edited by Graham Allen, Carrie Griffin, Mary O'Connell
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Index
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Introduction
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- By Graham Allen, University College Cork, Carrie Griffin, Queen Mary University of London , Mary O’Connell, University College Cork
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Summary
once we acknowledge that the physical book as a whole is a rich complex of signs, each of which has its own human history and all of which unite to create the ‘finished’ book as a palpably articulated ‘text’ (to form it, not de-form it), then we enter an entirely new, more positive and, for me at least, more exciting phase of textual criticism.
By the time you read these opening lines you have already formed an impression of this book and perhaps established certain fundamental truths about it. These will most likely be challenged or confirmed as you read, but the point remains that you have established them using some textual and some non-textual signifiers. You encounter thresholds with each book you come across: the cover, the picture: what is inscribed on the outside of the volume either in text or in image. These signifiers lead you to conclusions about genre, audience, relevance and scope, and those conclusions are altered, or confirmed or dismissed, upon delving further into the object. In other words, you have first encountered the material form of the book: you have first read that materiality, and you read that materiality every time you come into contact with a physical text. This text has a physical reality. The physical, material nature of the text can change (you may be reading this, for instance, on a computer screen), but the materiality of the text always contributes to its meaning.
Acknowledgements
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6 - Writing Textual Materiality: Charles Clark, his Books and his Bookplate Poem
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Summary
In 1828 the 22 November edition of the Mechanics' Magazine reported on the invention of a new portable printing press. The inventor, Mr Charles Clark of Great Totham in Essex, wrote to describe his machine and the motivation behind its construction. Confessing that after his first ‘peep into a printing office’ he felt surprise at the relative simplicity of the press, he set about producing a smaller version which would be made of cheaper materials. The illustration Clark sent to accompany his letter shows a machine of about 6 ft in length. The platten, measuring fifteen by ten inches, and the table holding the type, were both made from highly polished stone; the rest of the press was made from elm wood. The editor of the magazine includes a note supporting Clark's assertions that the impressions produced by his machine were ‘fully’ equal to the Colombian or Stanhope Press. Clark describes the two chief recommendations of his portable press as the ease of use, even for someone unacquainted with printing, and the affordability: thirty shillings in comparison to £25 for a press of similar size. The letter concludes with Clark's hope that his invention would be of interest to people who would take pleasure in ‘printing little trifles for their own convenience or amusement’ he cites the example of William Cowper who owned a bellows press and was described by his biographer as a ‘printer as well as a writer of poetry’.
Frontmatter
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