13 results
A Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Algorithm for Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Data from a Single Sample Orientation
- Hamish G. Brown, Philipp M. Pelz, Shang-Lin Hsu, Zimeng Zhang, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Katherine Inzani, Evan Sheridan, Sinéad M. Griffin, Marcel Schloz, Thomas C. Pekin, Christoph T. Koch, Scott D. Findlay, Leslie J. Allen, Mary C. Scott, Colin Ophus, Jim Ciston
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 28 / Issue 5 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2022, pp. 1632-1640
- Print publication:
- October 2022
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Increasing interest in three-dimensional nanostructures adds impetus to electron microscopy techniques capable of imaging at or below the nanoscale in three dimensions. We present a reconstruction algorithm that takes as input a focal series of four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) data. We apply the approach to a lead iridate, Pb$_2$Ir$_2$O$_7$, and yttrium-stabilized zirconia, Y$_{0.095}$Zr$_{0.905}$O$_2$, heterostructure from data acquired with the specimen in a single plan-view orientation, with the epitaxial layers stacked along the beam direction. We demonstrate that Pb–Ir atomic columns are visible in the uppermost layers of the reconstructed volume. We compare this approach to the alternative techniques of depth sectioning using differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM) and multislice ptychographic reconstruction.
8 - Compensatory Responses to Wildlife Control
- from Part I - Evolution of Learning Processes
- Edited by Mark A. Krause, Southern Oregon University, Karen L. Hollis, Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts, Mauricio R. Papini, Texas Christian University
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- Book:
- Evolution of Learning and Memory Mechanisms
- Published online:
- 26 May 2022
- Print publication:
- 19 May 2022, pp 143-158
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Summary
Human predation not only reduces prey densities, but also induces profound phenotypical changes in prey. Changes are increasingly well documented in the context of wildlife exploitation and range from morphological and life history modifications to physiological and behavioral effects. We focus on a form of human predation that has received almost no attention until now: Predation inflicted by lethal control of nuisance, pest, and alien species. We highlight the potential consequences of phenotypical changes in target species and explain the mechanisms by which phenotypical changes can arise, with emphasis on the role of associative learning and generalization. We then present an overview of a research program examining the ways in which the invasive common myna (Acridotheres tristis), one of the most broadly distributed invasive birds globally, is changing its behavior in response to heavy trapping pressure in some areas of Australia. A series of studies demonstrate how mynas learn about novel threats. Free-ranging mynas display compensatory responses to the threats of trapping and the mechanism of change is likely to involve cognition. This work has expanded our understanding of the adaptive significance of learning and memory mechanisms in nonhumans and has informed trapping practices for pest birds in Australia. We hope the chapter will help stimulate more research into the phenotypical changes associated with lethal control for which our work can serve as a model.
4486 Assessing the Validity of an ICD-9 and ICD-10 Coding Algorithm for Identifying Cervical Premalignant Lesions Using Administrative Claims Data
- Jaimie Zhi Shing, Marie Griffin, James C Slaughter, Manideepthi Pemmaraju, Edward F Mitchel, Rachel S Chang, Pamela C Hull
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue s1 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 July 2020, p. 45
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We compared the validity of an International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD) algorithm for identifying high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ (together referred to as CIN2+) from ICD 9th revision (ICD-9) and 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using Tennessee Medicaid data, we identified cervical diagnostic procedures in 2008-2017 among females aged 18-39 years in Davidson County, TN. Gold-standard cases were pathology-confirmed CIN2+ diagnoses validated by HPV-IMPACT, a population-based surveillance project in catchment areas of five US states. Procedures in the ICD transition year (2015) were excluded to account for implementation lag. We pre-grouped diagnosis and procedure codes by theme. We performed feature selection using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression with 10-fold cross validation and validated models by ICD-9 era (2008-2014, N = 6594) and ICD-10 era (2016-2017, N = 1270). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of 7864 cervical diagnostic procedures, 880 (11%) were true CIN2+ cases. LASSO logistic regression selected the strongest features of case status: Having codes for a CIN2+ tissue diagnosis, non-specific CIN tissue diagnosis, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, receiving a cervical treatment procedure, and receiving a cervical/vaginal biopsy. Features of non-case status were codes for a CIN1 tissue diagnosis, Pap test, and HPV DNA test. The ICD-9 vs ICD-10 algorithms predicted case status with 68% vs 63% sensitivity, 95% vs 94% specificity, 63% vs 64% positive predictive value, 96% vs 94% negative predictive value, 92% vs 89% accuracy, and C-indices of 0.95 vs 0.92, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Overall, the algorithm’s validity for identifying CIN2+ case status was similar between coding versions. ICD-9 had slightly better discriminative ability. Results support a prior study concluding that ICD-10 implementation has not substantially improved the quality of administrative data from ICD-9.
13 - Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980)
- from Part II - The feminist judgments
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- By Mary Ziegler, Professor at Florida State University College of Law., Leslie C. Griffin, Professor of Law at UNLV Boyd School of Law.
- Edited by Kathryn M. Stanchi, Linda L. Berger, Bridget J. Crawford
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- Book:
- Feminist Judgments
- Published online:
- 05 August 2016
- Print publication:
- 02 August 2016, pp 242-256
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The Hyde Amendment, the law at the heart of Harris v. McRae, arguably represents the anti-abortion movement's most important victory since the U.S. Supreme Court held in Roe v. Wade that the Constitution protects a woman's right to choose abortion. Since September 1976, Congress has banned the use of federal dollars for the reimbursement of most abortion services under the Medicaid program. McRae matters most simply because the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a constitutional challenge to the Hyde Amendment, enabling the federal and state governments to ban funding for abortion. As Professor Leslie Griffin's opinion shows, McRae might have done even more damage to the cause of women's rights when the Court closed the door on Establishment Clause claims against abortion restrictions.
BACKGROUND
The story of Harris v. McRae began in the immediate aftermath of Roe v. Wade, when abortion opponents across the country gathered to respond to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision. From the beginning, the movement fixed its sights on a constitutional amendment banning abortion. The Hyde Amendment emerged from an equally important tactical response to Roe – one intended to limit access to the procedure as much as possible under the current law.
As Representative Henry Hyde of Illinois recognized, Medicaid played a vital part in the realization of the right to choose abortion. Created in 1965, Medicaid provided financial support to participating states to reimburse certain costs incurred in the treatment of needy patients. Because Medicaid operated as a cooperative federal-state program, some states had already banned the use of most abortion funding at the time Hyde pushed his proposal in Congress.
Just the same, Hyde understood the significance of a federal ban. Before 1976, Medicaid funded roughly 33 percent of all abortions. A study conducted in the late 1970s by Family Planning Perspectives found that, but for the Hyde Amendment, roughly 23 percent of women who carried a pregnancy to term would have made a different choice. On the day Congress enacted the initial version of the Hyde Amendment, Rhonda Copelon, Sylvia Law, and others – the attorneys for Cora McRae and those challenging the Hyde Amendment – filed suit. Americans United for Life, a group that increasingly embraced incremental restrictions on abortion, quickly sought to intervene and represent Representative Hyde and several congressional allies.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Contributors
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- By Blair C. Armstrong, David A. Balota, Lawrence W. Barsalou, Jos J. A. Van Berkum, Lera Boroditsky, Gregory A. Bryant, Cristina Cacciari, Joana Cholin, Morten H. Christiansen, Stella Christie, Eve V. Clark, Herbert H. Clark, Eliana Colunga, John F. Connolly, Michael J. Cortese, Seana Coulson, George S. Cree, Christopher M. Crew, Gary S. Dell, Kevin Diependaele, Judit Druks, Thomas A. Farmer, Anne Fernald, Kelly Forbes, Carol A. Fowler, Michael Frank, Stephen J. Frost, Dedre Gentner, Raymond W. Gibbs, Monica Gonzalez-Marquez, Arthur C. Graesser, Jonathan Grainger, Zenzi M. Griffin, Mary Hare, Harlan D. Harris, Marc F. Joanisse, Leonard Katz, Albert Kim, Gina R. Kuperberg, Nicole Landi, Birte Loenneker-Rodman, Danielle S. MacNamara, James S. Magnuson, Ken McRae, W. Einar Mencl, Daniel Mirman, Jennifer B. Misyak, Srini Narayanan, Kate Nation, Randy L. Newman, Lee Osterhout, Roberto Padovani, Karalyn Patterson, Kenneth R. Pugh, Terry Regier, Douglas Roland, Jay G. Rueckl, Vasile Rus, Jenny R. Saffran, Sarah D. Sahni, Arthur G. Samuel, Rebecca Sandak, Dominiek Sandra, Sophie Scott, Mark S. Seidenberg, Linda B. Smith, Michael J. Spivey, Meghan Sumner, Daniel Tranel, Gabriella Vigliocco, Nicole L. Wilson, Anna Woollams
- Edited by Michael Spivey, Ken McRae, University of Western Ontario, Marc Joanisse, University of Western Ontario
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics
- Published online:
- 05 November 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 August 2012, pp xi-xiv
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An economic analysis of continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome—Corrigendum
- Helen L. A. Weatherly, Susan C. Griffin, Catriona Mc Daid, Kate H. Durée, Robert J. O. Davies, John R. Stradling, Marie E. Westwood, Mark J. Sculpher
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 27 / Issue 3 / July 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 July 2011, p. 271
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An economic analysis of continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
- Helen L. A. Weatherly, Susan C. Griffin, Catriona Mc Daid, Kate H. Durée, Robert J. O. Davies, John R. Stradling, Marie E. Westwood, Mark J. Sculpher
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 25 / Issue 1 / January 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 January 2009, pp. 26-34
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Objectives: An important option for the medical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during sleep. This study reports on the cost-effectiveness of CPAP compared with dental devices and lifestyle advice. The work was commissioned by the NHS HTA Programme to inform the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence's (NICE) appraisal of CPAP.
Methods: A Markov model compared the interventions over the expected patient lifetime. The primary measure of cost-effectiveness was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. The QALY incorporated the impact of treatments on daytime sleepiness, blood pressure and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
Results: On average, CPAP was associated with higher costs and QALYs compared with dental devices or lifestyle advice. In the base-case analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for CPAP compared with dental devices was around £4,000 per QALY (2005–06 prices). The probability that CPAP is more cost-effective than dental devices or lifestyle advice at a threshold value of £20,000 per QALY was 0.78 for men and 0.80 for women. Several sensitivity analyses were undertaken and it was found that the ICER for CPAP consistently fell below £20,000 per QALY gained, apart from in a subgroup with mild disease.
Conclusions: The model suggests that CPAP is cost-effective compared with dental devices and lifestyle advice for adults with moderate or severe symptomatic OSAHS at the cost-effectiveness thresholds used by NICE. This finding is reflected in the NICE guidance.
Assessment of obesity and fear of fatness among inner-city Dublin schoolchildren in a one-year follow-up study
- Anne C Griffin, Katherine M Younger, Mary AT Flynn
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 7 / Issue 6 / September 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2007, pp. 729-735
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Background:
Positive secular trends in adolescent obesity and an increased prevalence of fear of fatness, particularly among girls, have been documented world-wide. There is a lack of consensus about assessment criteria for childhood obesity and no standard exists for assessing Irish children. In 1990, the Irish National Nutrition Survey used body mass index (BMI) ≥26kgm−2 to describe the prevalence of overweight among Irish adolescents.
Objectives:(1) To examine the range in classification of Dublin schoolchildren as overweight according to four standard assessment methods; (2) to assess changes in weight status, prevalence of fear of fatness and accompanying slimming practices in a one-year follow-up; and (3) to compare the prevalence of overweight with that documented in 1990 among adolescents of similar age.
Design:A one-year follow-up study of 199 healthy schoolchildren (90 boys and 109 girls; mean age of 11 years at baseline) attending seven fee-paying (six single- and one mixed-sex) and eight non-fee-paying (four single- and four mixed-sex) primary schools in Dublin city centre.
Measurements:Weight, height, waist circumference and triceps skinfold were measured and used in five definitions of overweight, including published cut-off points of BMI-for-age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BMI-for-age charts for boys and girls; BMI reference curves for the UK 1990; International Obesity Task Force age- and sex-specific BMI cut-offs), actual relative weight and BMI≥26kgm−2. Assessment of body image perceptions and satisfaction (using figure line drawings) was reported in a questionnaire specifically designed for this study.
Results:The prevalence of overweight within the total group differed between the four standard definitions of weight status, by 9% at baseline and 8% at follow-up. Accordingly, increasing trends over the year ranged from zero to 3%. Using the criterion BMI≥26kgm−2, 6% of Dublin schoolchildren were overweight, compared with 1.9% of schoolchildren in 1990. Significantly more girls than boys were affected by fear of fatness and were trying to lose weight.
Conclusion:A standard method for assessment of weight status is urgently needed for the evaluation of obesity prevention initiatives among Irish schoolchildren. Such initiatives need to be sensitive to the pervasiveness of fear of fatness among adolescent girls.
Olfactory predator recognition: wallabies may have to learn to be wary
- Daniel T. Blumstein, Melissa Mari, Janice C. Daniel, Jodie G. Ardron, Andrea S. Griffin, Christopher S. Evans
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- Journal:
- Animal Conservation forum / Volume 5 / Issue 2 / May 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 June 2002, pp. 87-93
- Print publication:
- May 2002
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Many species modify their behaviour in response to the scents of their predators, but species or populations living without predators may lose such abilities. This loss has been suggested to be irreversible, and to constitute a significant hurdle in restoring historical ecosystems. Olfactory predator recognition was studied in two macropodid marsupials - the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis). Both species are in the ‘critical weight range’ of Australian native mammals that have been negatively affected by the introduction of novel predators since European settlement. Predator-naïve animals were tested by exposing subjects simultaneously to two feeders with either a predator or a herbivore faecal or urine sample beneath the food tray. The presence of predator olfactory cues beneath the feeder did not affect foraging behaviour or feeder use when compared to control stimuli (herbivore faeces or urine). Previous studies have found that predator-experienced herbivorous marsupials modify their behaviour in the presence of predator scents. In contrast, our studies of predator-naïve individuals found no evidence of such selectivity, suggesting that marsupial herbivores may have to learn to modify their behaviour in response to olfactory cues from predators. This implies that the loss of olfactory predator recognition may not be irreversible. Animals translocated from predator-free areas could potentially be trained to recognise the smells of their predators.
Effect of heat treatment on casein micelle profiles obtained by controlled pore-glass chromatography
- Malcolm Anderson, Carolyn Moore, Mary C. A. Griffin
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 53 / Issue 4 / November 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2009, pp. 585-593
- Print publication:
- November 1986
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The effect of heat treatment on the profiles of casein micelles obtained at 340 and 280 nm from controlled pore-glass chromatography of milk was studied in a series of unhomogenized whole milk samples which had been heated in a pilot plant at 75, 90, 105, 120, 135 and 150 °C for holding times of 4, 16, 32, 72, 150 and 300 s. A second experiment was carried out in which whole milk was preheated at temperatures between 70 and 110 °C for 13, 60 and 180 s before being treated at 120 °C for 4 s or 150 °C for 16 s. The average micelle size in some of the samples was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. Profiles were divided into four fractions in which micelle size decreased from fraction 1 to fraction 4. The dimensions of these fractions were expressed in terms of size relative to that of the total profile. Fraction 4 was not affected by any of the heat treatments. Fractions 1–3 were significantly affected only by temperatures above 120 °C. Between 120 and 150 °C fraction 1 increased significantly while fractions 2 and 3 showed a corresponding decrease. Holding time affected fraction 1 only above 120 °C. For fraction 2 there was no effect in < 32 s at temperatures less than 150 °C. Fraction 3 was the most sensitive to changes in holding time, but no effect was observed below 105 °C. Average micelle size measurements indicated that a substantial size increase only occurred in those milks heated at 135 °C for longer than 16 s and in all the samples at 150 °C. To assess whether this increase in micelle size was reversible, samples were dialysed against a 70 mm-NaCl solution containing 10 mm-EDTA and then separated by column chromatography on Sephacryl S-300. The proportion of materials which was undissociated by dialysis remained unchanged for temperatures below 120 °C, but progressively increased with treatments more severe than 120 °C for 16 s. Column profiles were not influenced by variations in the conditions of preheating
Fixation of bovine casein micelles for chromatography on controlled pore glass
- Malcolm Anderson, Mary C. A. Griffin, Carolyn Moore
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 51 / Issue 4 / November 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2009, pp. 615-622
- Print publication:
- November 1984
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Glutaraldehyde was used to fix the size distribution of casein micelles in skim milk before their fractionation by permeation chromatography on controlled pore glass. The effect of fixation was assessed by comparing the size and absorption profile for column fractions obtained from samples which were fixed before fractionation with those of unfixed samples and of samples that were fixed only after completion of chromatography. Micelle size was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. Column profiles were obtained from absorption measurements at 340 nm and after pronase digestion at 280 nm to determine relative protein concentration. For comparative purposes the elution profile was divided into 4 peak areas, of which I-III contained most of the casein micelles, and IV consisted of the smallest micelles, soluble casein and whey protein. Average micelle size was unaltered by fixation but was larger in fractions from prefixed skim milk than those from unfixed samples. Fixation increased the absorbance readings but the elution profile at 340 nm for peak areas I-III was essentially the same for unfixed fractions and those obtained when fixation was applied after chromatography. However, areas I-III accounted for a much larger proportion of the total profile area when the latter procedure was followed. Total profile area increased with fixation time and temperature but this did not affect the elution profile. The results indicate that fixation with glutaraldehyde does not induce artefactual changes in casein micelle size.
Chemical characterization of milk concentrated by ultrafiltration
- Margaret L. Green, K. John Scott, Malcolm Anderson, Mary C. A. Griffin, Frank A. Griffin
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 51 / Issue 2 / May 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2009, pp. 267-278
- Print publication:
- May 1984
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Whole milks concentrated 1·5–4-fold and acidified and citrated milks concentrated 2·8-fold by ultrafiltration at 50 °C were analysed for chemical changes relevant to further processing, storage or nutrition. Fat and protein were entirely retained in the concentrate. The retention of water-soluble vitamins, Ca, Mg, phosphate and trace minerals depended on the proportion bound to the protein. Ascorbic acid was rapidly destroyed during concentration. Because of the differential retention of nitrogenous components, protein comprised a progressively higher proportion of the total N as the milk became more concentrated. No denaturation of whey protein or disruption of casein micelles was detected during concentration of whole milk, but some solubilization of the casein occurred after citration. Reduction of fat globule size occurred early in the concentration process, damage to the fat globule membrane was indicated and the milk became more susceptible to lipolysis. Apart from a tendency for preacidified or precitrated concentrates to gel, no change in the susceptibility of the milks to heat damage was detected.