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Three-dimensional food printing: its readiness for a food and nutrition insecure world
- Liezhou Zhong, Joshua R. Lewis, Marc Sim, Catherine P. Bondonno, Mark L. Wahlqvist, Amin Mugera, Sharon Purchase, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, Michael J. Considine, Stuart K. Johnson, Amanda Devine, Jonathan M. Hodgson
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 82 / Issue 4 / December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2023, pp. 468-477
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Three-dimensional (3D) food printing is a rapidly emerging technology offering unprecedented potential for customised food design and personalised nutrition. Here, we evaluate the technological advances in extrusion-based 3D food printing and its possibilities to promote healthy and sustainable eating. We consider the challenges in implementing the technology in real-world applications. We propose viable applications for 3D food printing in health care, health promotion and food waste upcycling. Finally, we outline future work on 3D food printing in food safety, acceptability and economics, ethics and regulations.
Diets high in n-3 fatty acids are associated with lower arterial stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a latent profile analysis – CORRIGENDUM
- Richard J. Woodman, Leena R. Baghdadi, E. Michael Shanahan, Inushi de Silva, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Arduino A. Mangoni
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 121 / Issue 9 / 14 May 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 April 2019, p. 1080
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- 14 May 2019
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Diets high in n-3 fatty acids are associated with lower arterial stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a latent profile analysis
- Richard J. Woodman, Leena R. Baghdadi, E. Michael Shanahan, Inushi de Silva, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Arduino A. Mangoni
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 121 / Issue 2 / 28 January 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 November 2018, pp. 182-194
- Print publication:
- 28 January 2019
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Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids can influence inflammation and markers of arterial stiffness that are increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it is unknown whether specific patterns of dietary fatty acid intake are similarly associated. In a longitudinal study, eighty-six RA patients reported their dietary intake and had arterial stiffness measured using the augmentation index (AIx) at baseline and 8 months. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to characterise patterns of fatty acid intake using sixteen major fatty acids. Models for two to six profiles were compared using the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria. Associations between AIx and the profiles were adjusted for age, sex, disease activity, fish oil supplementation, medications, physical activity and socio-economic status. LPA identified five distinct profiles. Profile 1 subjects (n 7) reported significantly higher intake of palmitoleic acid (16 : 1), arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6), EPA (20 : 5n-3), DHA (22 : 6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-3) (P<0·001 for each) than profiles 2 (n 14), 3 (n 19), 4 (n 23) and 5 (n 23) and significantly higher grilled and tinned fish consumption. The AIx varied significantly across the five profiles (P=0·023); subjects in profile 1 had a significantly lower AIx than those in profile 3 (β=–7·2 %; 95 % CI –11·5, –2·9; P=0·001) who had the lowest reported intake of n-3 fatty acids. Fish oil supplementation was also independently associated with lower AIx (β=–4·15 %; 95 % CI –6·73, –1·56; P=0·002). A diet characterised by a higher reported intake of n-3 fatty acids, palmitoleic acid (16 : 1) and arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) is associated with a lower AIx in RA patients.
Contributors
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- By Janice Capel Anderson, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Constantine Belezos, Ian Boxall, Marc Zvi Brettler, Edward Breuer, Daniel Bruno, Mark Chapman, W. T. Dickens, Mark W. Elliott, Eldon Epp, Tassilo Erhardt, Timothy Gorringe, Harriet Harris, Peter C. Hodgson, Leslie Howsam, Werner G. Jeanrond, Scott McLaren, Wayne A. Meeks, Néstor Míguez, Stephen D. Moore, Robert Morgan, Halvor Moxnes, Peter Neuner, Mark Noll, Jorunn Økland, Gaye Ortiz, John Riches, Christopher Rowland, Nicolaas A. Rupke, Edmund J. Rybarczyk, Lamin Sanneh, Constantine Scouteris, R. S. Sugirtharajah, Willard M. Swartley, William R. Telford, David Thompson, Elena Volkova, J. R. Watson, Gerald West, Michael Wheeler, Keith Whitelam
- Edited by John Riches, University of Glasgow
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- The New Cambridge History of the Bible
- Published online:
- 09 June 2015
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- 13 April 2015, pp xi-xii
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Antarctic climate change and the environment: an update
- John Turner, Nicholas E. Barrand, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Peter Convey, Dominic A. Hodgson, Martin Jarvis, Adrian Jenkins, Gareth Marshall, Michael P. Meredith, Howard Roscoe, Jon Shanklin, John French, Hugues Goosse, Mauro Guglielmin, Julian Gutt, Stan Jacobs, Marlon C. Kennicutt II, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Paul Mayewski, Francisco Navarro, Sharon Robinson, Ted Scambos, Mike Sparrow, Colin Summerhayes, Kevin Speer, Alexander Klepikov
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- Polar Record / Volume 50 / Issue 3 / June 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 April 2013, pp. 237-259
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We present an update of the ‘key points’ from the Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE) report that was published by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) in 2009. We summarise subsequent advances in knowledge concerning how the climates of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean have changed in the past, how they might change in the future, and examine the associated impacts on the marine and terrestrial biota. We also incorporate relevant material presented by SCAR to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, and make use of emerging results that will form part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report.
2009 Influenza Pandemic Impact on Sick Leave Use in the Veterans Health Administration: Framework for a Health Care Provider–Based National Syndromic Surveillance System
- Tamara M. Schult, Ebi R. Awosika, Michael J. Hodgson, Richard A. Martinello
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 5 / Issue S2 / September 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2013, pp. S235-S241
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Objective: To determine relations between sick leave use and the 2009 novel influenza A (H1N1) influenza pandemic among clinical and nonclinical staff in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).
Methods: Aggregate sick leave use for all VHA employees was monitored in near-real time during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic and compared with historical data from 2004 to 2008. The ratio of sick leave use between clinical and nonclinical staff was examined. An autoregressive integrated moving average model was used to assess whether the pandemic had a significant effect on sick leave use.
Results: The H1N1 influenza pandemic was associated with a significant effect on sick leave use in the VHA during the second wave of the pandemic. During this wave, the ratio of clinical to nonclinical sick leave use changed; clinical staff began taking more leave than nonclinical staff for 3 successive 2-week pay periods, with ratio measures of 1.004, 1.018, and 1.011, respectively. Using an autoregressive integrated moving average model with a pulse variable representing the pandemic, there was a significant effect on sick leave use. The average hours of sick leave used per full-time equivalent staff member per month increased by 0.3904 hours (P = .003) for clinical staff and 0.3898 hours (P = .01) for nonclinical staff over previous months during the first month of the second pandemic wave.
Conclusions: Work loss associated with a pandemic is an important indicator of disease activity and may be a more sensitive indicator of emerging strains than deaths. Monitoring sick leave use in near real time in a large national health care system may be an important early indicator of pandemic severity with practical implications that should be considered in addition to more traditional measures of influenza epidemic and pandemic severity.
(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S235-S241)
Innovative Approaches for Understanding Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Declination in Healthcare Personnel Support Development of New Campaign Strategies
- Tamara M. Schult, Ebi R. Awosika, Michael J. Hodgson, Pamela R. Hirsch, Kristin L. Nichol, Sue R. Dyrenforth, Scott C. Moore
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 33 / Issue 9 / September 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 924-931
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- September 2012
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Objective.
The main objectives of our study were to explore reasons for seasonal influenza vaccine acceptance and declination in employees of a large integrated healthcare system and to identify underlying constructs that influence acceptance versus declination. Secondary objectives were to determine whether vaccine acceptance varied by hospital location and to identify facility-level measures that explained variability.
Design.A national health promotion survey of employees was conducted that included items on vaccination in the 2009-2010 influenza season. The survey was administered with two other institutional surveys in a stratified fashion: approximately 40% of participating employees were randomly assigned to complete the health promotion survey.
Setting.National single-payer healthcare system with 152 hospitals.
Participants.Employees of the healthcare system in 2010 who responded to the survey.
Methods.Factor analysis was used to identify underlying constructs that influenced vaccine acceptance versus declination. Mean factor scores were examined in relation to demographic characteristics and occupation. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to determine whether vaccine acceptance varied by location and to identify facility-level measures that explained variability.
Results.Four factors were identified related to vaccine declination and were labeled as (1) “don't care,” (2) “don't want,” (3) “don't believe,” and (4) “don't know.” Significant differences in mean factor scores existed by demographic characteristics and occupation. Vaccine acceptance varied by location, and vaccination rates in the previous year were an important facility-level predictor.
Conclusions.Results should guide interventions that tailor messages on the basis of particular reasons for declination. Occupation-specific and culturally appropriate messaging should be considered. Continued efforts will be taken to better understand how workplace context influences vaccine acceptance.
Glacial geomorphology and cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al exposure ages in the northern Dufek Massif, Weddell Sea embayment, Antarctica
- Dominic A. Hodgson, Michael J. Bentley, Christoph Schnabel, Andreas Cziferszky, Peter Fretwell, Peter Convey, Sheng Xu
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- Journal:
- Antarctic Science / Volume 24 / Issue 4 / 17 July 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 April 2012, pp. 377-394
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We studied the glacial geomorphology and geochronology of two ice-free valleys in the Dufek Massif (Antarctic Specially Protected Area 119) providing new constraints on past ice sheet thickness in the Weddell Sea embayment. 10Be and 26Al cosmogenic surface exposure dating provided chronological control. Seven glacial stages are proposed. These include an alpine glaciation, with subsequent (mid-Miocene?) over-riding by a warm-based ice sheet. Subsequent advances are marked by a series of minor drift deposits at 760 m altitude at > 1 Ma, followed by at least two later ice sheet advances that are characterized by extensive drift sheet deposition. An advance of plateau ice field outlet glaciers from the south postdated these drift sheets. The most recent advance involved the cold-based expansion of the ice sheet from the north at the Last Glacial Maximum, or earlier, which deposited a series of bouldery moraines during its retreat. This suggests at most a relatively modest expansion of the ice sheet and outlet glaciers dominated by a lateral ice expansion of just 2–3 km and maintaining a thickness similar to that of the northern ice sheet front. These observations are consistent with other reports of modest ice sheet thickening around the Weddell Sea embayment during the Last Glacial Maximum.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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George VI Ice Shelf: past history, present behaviour and potential mechanisms for future collapse
- James A. Smith, Michael J. Bentley, Dominic A. Hodgson, Alison J. Cook
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- Journal:
- Antarctic Science / Volume 19 / Issue 1 / March 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2007, pp. 131-142
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George VI Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, covering a total area of 25 000 km2. The northern ice front of George VI Ice Shelf presently marks the southernmost occurrence of recent ice-shelf retreat on the Antarctic Peninsula and according to some predictions the ice shelf is close to its thermal limit of stability. If these predictions are accurate and we are witnessing the first stages of retreat then it is critical that we take the opportunity to examine the ice shelf in its pre-collapse phase. This paper provides a review of the geological evolution, glaciology and interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. We also discuss the present behaviour of the ice shelf, in the context of recent retreat of its northern and southern ice fronts, and outline several possible mechanisms for future ice shelf collapse. What emerges from this review is that the stability of George VI Ice Shelf is sensitive not only to the recent rapid regional atmospheric warming on the Antarctic Peninsula which has led to the gradual retreat of the northern and southern ice shelf fronts, but also to changes in ocean circulation, particularly intrusions of warm Upper Circumpolar Deep Water onto the continental shelf. It is likely that any future change in the stability of George VI Ice Shelf will involve a combined atmospheric and oceanic forcing.
5 - The use of model Pseudomonas fluorescens populations to study the causes and consequences of microbial diversity
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- By Paul B. Rainey, University of Auckland and University of Oxford, Michael Brockhurst, University of Oxford, Angus Buckling, University of Bath, David J. Hodgson, University of Exeter, Rees Kassen, University of Oxford
- Edited by Richard Bardgett, Lancaster University, Michael Usher, University of Stirling, David Hopkins, University of Stirling
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- Biological Diversity and Function in Soils
- Published online:
- 17 September 2009
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- 22 September 2005, pp 83-99
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Summary
SUMMARY
The microbial world is tremendously diverse. This fact was established in the early days of microbiology and is supported by ever increasing lists of 16S rDNA sequences and more recently by whole genome comparisons.
It is now time to divert attention from lists of organisms – even though these lists are undoubtedly incomplete – to questions such as the evolutionary and ecological causes of diversity; the ecological factors maintaining diversity and the significance of diversity in terms of ecosystem function.
Recognising the inherent difficulties of addressing these questions within the soil environment we have chosen to use experimental populations of bacteria maintained in simple laboratory environments. These populations have allowed us to reduce complexity to the point where insights into mechanistic processes become possible and have permitted rigorous empirical tests of fundamental ecological and evolutionary concepts.
Particularly significant has been clear demonstrations of the importance of ecological opportunity and competition in driving diversification of microbial populations. In addition, it has been possible to show how productivity, disturbance and predation can shape patterns of diversity by affecting the outcome of competition and how the observed patterns of diversity depend upon environmental complexity.
Most recently we have begun to explore the consequences of microbial diversity in terms of ecosystem properties and have been able to show, at a mechanistic level, how diversity, productivity and invasibility are connected.
Introduction
Recent technological advances have confirmed a long-held suspicion that soils are biologically diverse.
Plate section
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
- Published online:
- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp -
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17 - Information for family and friends
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
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- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp 257-259
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Summary
AN is a disease, like asthma is a disease. It is not dieting, a strong wish to be thin, or malingering. People afflicted with AN have within their minds two realities. One reality is a normal and healthy one. Just like you and I, those who suffer from AN want to be happy, healthy, and normal. The other reality is best understood as a phobia, a state of immense fear and concern. In AN, the phobia is that of loss of control, leading to obesity. Just like a phobia of going outside, AN has far-reaching implications. The phobia of personal obesity leads to changes in exercise, eating, unusual behaviors, and AN almost constant state of fear, anxiety, and inability to cope with life. The weight loss that results from this phobic state can be life-threatening.
What causes anorexia nervosa?
Anorexia is a disease that occurs in about one in 100–200 women and about two in 1000 men. The onset of AN is preceded by weight loss. The weight loss may have occurred for any reason, e.g. dieting, travel, diarrhea, or after surgery. AN also requires a certain genetic make-up. AN cannot occur in those who do not have a genetic predisposition to the disease. Even with a genetic predisposition and weight loss, other factors, such as social, environmental, family, or psychological stressors, may be necessary for the disease to manifest itself.
3 - History, examination, and investigations
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
- Published online:
- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp 24-47
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Summary
Special considerations for history taking in eating disorder patients
Leave your office to meet the patient and observe their behavior with those who have accompanied them. Note their state of affect and ability to walk, then gait, weakness, and unsteadiness.
Certain elements of the history, such as those related to abuse or sexual issues, may best be left to a subsequent interview when rapport has been developed.
Instruct the patient to change in a private area, to keep on their underwear, and to wear the gown open to the back. Examining the patient while fully dressed may lead to failure to observe the degree of emaciation and other physical signs. It is preferable to perform the physical examination in the presence of a female trusted by the patient. Do not do rectal, pelvic, or breast examination as part of an eating disorder assessment physical examination.
Mental status examination
General appearance and behavior
Does the patient appear physically unwell, anxious, or depressed? Is he or she emaciated, or are they wearing clothes that obscure their figure? Is the patient restless? Many anorexic patients are unable to sit still or even sit, even when asked to do so, and continually jiggle their feet.
Speech
Is the patient communicative, or do they answer only briefly and reluctantly. Does the patient set out to justify their reasons for dieting? Do they avoid eye contact when asked potentially confrontational questions about eating, exercise, vomiting, or laxative abuse?
4 - Medical manifestations by system
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
- Published online:
- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp 48-85
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Summary
The medical symptoms and signs of AN and, although less serious, of other eating disorders are part of the illness, and hence it is more appropriate to think of them as medical manifestations rather than merely complications. Although the disorder usually starts in adolescence, its course is often prolonged; AN patients may be ill for many years, and the majority of severely ill AN patients are in early or mid adult life. Hence, AN is a matter of concern for adult physicians as well as for pediatricians and adolescent medicine specialists. Figure 4.1 shows a mnemonic that is useful for remembering the physical signs of eating disorders.
Manifestations result from starvation or from the behaviors adopted to induce it. They are not indicative of underlying pathology. The inexperienced clinician who undertakes unnecessary investigations to exclude all possible causes for each abnormal finding is doing the patient a disservice by delaying appropriate treatment. Rather, all clinicians should be aware of the wide range of physical abnormalities that are commonly found in anorexic patients (Table 4.1). Many of these abnormalities, such as decreased serum concentrations of gonadotropins and steroid sex hormones, alterations to the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone, and raised circulating concentrations of cortisol and growth hormone, are best regarded as physiological adaptations to the state of starvation and do not require treatment. However, some medical complications are not only clinically important but are also life-threatening; these require special attention.
7 - Medical and nutritional therapy
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
- Published online:
- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp 128-170
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15 - Nursing patients with anorexia nervosa
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
- Published online:
- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp 245-249
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Summary
Introduction
Caring for patients with dieting disorders can be one of the most challenging and rewarding roles for nurses. However, even for the most experienced clinician, it can also be frustrating, anxiety-provoking, and emotionally draining, and nurses must be aware of the potential for burnout and emotional over- or underinvolvement.
Nurses become many things to a patient with AN, most essentially someone who is familiar with the patient's feelings, ideas, emotions, routines, rituals, and behaviors. Nurses need to be skilled in recognizing and interpreting the physiological and psychological signs, symptoms, and complications of the disorder. It is imperative that they develop AN empathic, non-judgmental approach, and that they maintain clear professional boundaries — yet a nurse's job is to challenge fixed and unrealistic beliefs and to assist in the development of motivation to change, so it is necessary to form a strong and trusting bond. As well, nurses provide information, act as role models, and support the patient and their family through the recovery process.
In order to fulfill this challenging and difficult role, nurses need education, clinical supervision, support from management and administration, collaboration and communication with other nursing colleagues, and recognition from other members of the treatment team that the nurse's role is valuable and vital.
16 - The role of the dietitian
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
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- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp 250-256
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Summary
A team approach is vital for effective treatment of eating disorders. The specialist clinical dietitian, as part of the team, is the most qualified person to provide accurate education about nutrition, weight gain, weight maintenance, the resumption of normal eating, and the nutritional methods of avoiding the refeeding syndrome.
Nutrition treatment is not as simple as applying AN educational formula and handing out a diet sheet. Nutrition intervention is complex, and eating disorder patients are resistant to nutritional treatment. Compliance may be reduced by perceived coercion, psychiatric comorbidities such as borderline personality disorders, self-harm, and suicidality, and ethical issues such as the need to report at-risk children to the law. Dietary change may be dependent on the patient's psychological progress.
The objectives of this chapter are to:
Review the range of dietetic interventions that are professionally acceptable to dietitians.
List some methods of dealing with the emotional issues that are likely to occur during treatment.
Promote self-care (supervision) for all dietitians working with eating disordered patients.
Discuss distinctions between specialist and non-specialist dietitians.
Clinical boundaries
Discuss the therapeutic limitations of nutrition counseling and make clear the need for concurrent psychotherapy at the first interview.
Professional boundaries
Work as a member of a team: before initiating any nutrition intervention, make certain that a doctor is following the patient medically on a regular basis and that psychological therapy is being carried out by a qualified practitioner. Emphasize the link between the patient's eating disorder and their emotional health in the dietetic sessions. Set AN upper limit of six dietetic sessions with a patient who is not engaged in a psychological intervention. This is to avoid clouding the dietetic intervention with emotional issues, to encourage psychological treatment, and to protect the patient against inadequate treatment.
[…]
5 - The clinician's response to common physical complaints
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
- Published online:
- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp 86-112
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Summary
Many of the physical symptoms of AN arerelated directly to the effects of semi-starvation, while other physical symptoms areassociated mainly with behavioral problems such as excessive exercising, vomiting, and purging. Table 5.1 lists the most common physical manifestations in AN. Table 5.2 lists the physical manifestations most commonly found in BN.
Edema
Case
A 25-year-old female gains 10 kg in seven days. She is extremely anxious and agitated and threatens to discharge herself against medical advice. The nurse asks you why she has gained so much weight.
Comment
During feeding, edema occurs due to volume depletion, low metabolic rate, behaviors such as vomiting and laxative, enema, and diuretic use, which cause the body to have high circulating hormones that promote the retention of fluid. Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the pituitary, renin is secreted by the kidney, angiotension is formed in the blood, and aldosterone is produced by the adrenal gland. The amount of fluid that might be retained in a patient is impossible to predict, but it is often 3—5 kg of water. The fluid retention is much greater in patients with a history of binge—purge behavior or diuretic use.
If the patient is suspected of having edema, apply steady, firm pressure with the pad of your thumb over the skin covering the lower tibia, just about the ankle. After 15 seconds, a small pit will appear if edema is present.
PART V - AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST
- C. Laird Birmingham, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Pierre J. V. Beumont, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Medical Management of Eating Disorders
- Published online:
- 18 December 2009
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- 23 September 2004, pp 235-238
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Summary
Introduction
This section of the book is directed at a more selective audience than Parts I–IV. First, it deals with the specific roles that general practitioners, nurses, and dietitians play in the management of patients with AN and other eating disorders. Second, it provides a brief section on the essential information that should be given to patients, their families, and their friends. Third, it draws conclusions about the possible future direction of clinical work in eating disorders and to the possibility of prevention programs with AN appraisal of risk factors.