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Childhood bullying victimization is associated with use of mental health services over five decades: a longitudinal nationally representative cohort study
- S. Evans-Lacko, R. Takizawa, N. Brimblecombe, D. King, M. Knapp, B. Maughan, L. Arseneault
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 47 / Issue 1 / January 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 September 2016, pp. 127-135
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Background
Research supports robust associations between childhood bullying victimization and mental health problems in childhood/adolescence and emerging evidence shows that the impact can persist into adulthood. We examined the impact of bullying victimization on mental health service use from childhood to midlife.
MethodWe performed secondary analysis using the National Child Development Study, the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. We conducted analyses on 9242 participants with complete data on childhood bullying victimization and service use at midlife. We used multivariable logistic regression models to examine associations between childhood bullying victimization and mental health service use at the ages of 16, 23, 33, 42 and 50 years. We estimated incidence and persistence of mental health service use over time to the age of 50 years.
ResultsCompared with participants who were not bullied in childhood, those who were frequently bullied were more likely to use mental health services in childhood and adolescence [odds ratio (OR) 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.88–3.40] and also in midlife (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.10–1.55). Disparity in service use associated with childhood bullying victimization was accounted for by both incident service use through to age 33 years by a subgroup of participants, and by persistent use up to midlife.
ConclusionsChildhood bullying victimization adds to the pressure on an already stretched health care system. Policy and practice efforts providing support for victims of bullying could help contain public sector costs. Given constrained budgets and the long-term mental health impact on victims of bullying, early prevention strategies could be effective at limiting both individual distress and later costs.
The effect of severe nutritional deprivation in early post-natal life on tissue and cellular responses during subsequent growth of lambs to the age of 4 months
- N. M. Tulloh, Helen Brimblecombe, Carolyn Dennis
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 106 / Issue 2 / April 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 341-350
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The growth of 16 ram lambs was severely restricted for the first 6 weeks of post-natal life. Subsequently, these lambs (group R) were fed ad libitum. The diet was based on reconstituted cows' whole milk and lucerne chaff. A control (group C) of 16 similar lambs was fed ad libitum on the same diet from birth.
Lambs were weighed regularly and, in group C, four lambs were killed at the age of 1 day and then two at each of the following body weights: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 kg. In group R, five lambs were killed at the commencement of ad libitum feeding (age 43 days) and two each at the same body weights as in group C, except that only one lamb was available at 20 kg. After slaughter, the brain, liver, kidneys and the semitendinosus and gastrocnemius muscles were removed, weighed, stored and, with the exception of the liver, were analysed later for the following components: DNA, RNA and protein. Carcass weight and the weight of the kidney and channel (KC) fat were recorded. The femurs and metacarpals were removed from each carcass and cleaned, weighed and measured.
During the 6 weeks of restricted feeding, group R gained 0·9 kg while the ad libitum group C gained 13·5 kg. However, during recovery, group R grew faster than group C (0·37 ν 0·34 kg/day), reducing the weight for age difference near the end to 29 days at mean body weights of 30 kg.
Because of the design of the experiment, at the same age all measurements on group R animals, after the commencement of ad libitum feeding, were smaller than in group C. For this reason, the interpretation of the results has been based on differences between regression equations relating the various measurements to empty-body weight or to one another.
At the start of ad libitum feeding, brain weight, carcass weight, femur weight and femur length were bigger, while liver weight and KC fat weight were smaller in group R than in group C. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences between treatments for these measurements. Metacarpal shape differed between groups, the bone being relatively longer and narrower in group R than in group C, throughout the period of ad libitum feeding.
There were no significant differences between treatments in the relationships between DNA and corresponding tissue weights. However, the RNA was significantly less in both muscles in group R than in group C at the beginning of ad libitum feeding, but this difference had disappeared by the end of the experiment.
The brain protein: DNA and the brain weight: DNA ratios did not differ between treatments nor did they change significantly during the experiment. The semitendinosus was the only other tissue for which protein content was available and the protein: DNA ratio for this muscle differed between treatments, reflecting an acceleration of division by cell nuclei during the recovery period. The other tissue weight: DNA relationships did not differ between treatments and all ratios increased to values similar to those reported elsewhere. RNA:DNA ratios differed between treatments for both muscles, suggesting that high rates of protein synthesis occurred in group R during the recovery period.
In spite of the apparent normality of group R when measurements were related to EBW or tissue weights at the end of the experiment, only a long-term investigation would determine whether the weight-for-age difference of the type reported here would persist in adult life.