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15 - Temporal patterns in diversification rates
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- By Andy Purvis, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, C. David L. Orme, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Nicola H. Toomey, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Paul N. Pearson, School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University
- Edited by Roger Butlin, University of Sheffield, Jon Bridle, University of Bristol, Dolph Schluter, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- Book:
- Speciation and Patterns of Diversity
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 22 January 2009, pp 278-300
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- Chapter
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Summary
Introduction
The study of rates of speciation and extinction, and how these have changed over time, has traditionally mainly been the preserve of paleontology (Simpson 1953; Stanley 1979; Raup 1985). More recently, phylogenies of extant species have been shown to contain information on these rates and how they may have changed, under the assumption that the same rules have applied in all contemporaneous lineages (Harvey et al. 1994; Kubo & Iwasa 1995; see Nee 2006 for a recent review). The first section of this chapter contrasts the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches – paleontological and phylogenetic – to the study of macroevolution in general.
Moving to a specific macroevolutionary hypothesis, we then outline some tests of the hypothesis that diversification rates have declined in the recent past, either in response to changed abiotic conditions or as a result of density-dependence or diversity-dependence. It has long been appreciated that incomplete species-level sampling can cause a bias in favour of this hypothesis at the expense of the null hypothesis of no change (Pybus & Harvey 2000), but we highlight a further sort of incompleteness that is likely to be very widespread and which is not widely appreciated – products of recent lineage splits are unlikely to be considered as distinct species. We reanalyze the data from a key early paper (Zink & Slowinski 1995) to show how this incompleteness, which is inevitable when taxonomy and phylogeny meet, is sufficiently strong to account for much (though not all) of the apparent tendency for rates to have declined through time.