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Impact of surfactants on the rise of deformable bubbles and interfacial gas–liquid mass transfer
- Kalyani Kentheswaran, William Antier, Nicolas Dietrich, Benjamin Lalanne
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 970 / 10 September 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 August 2023, A5
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Axisymmetric numerical simulations of the hydrodynamics around rising bubbles are performed in order to investigate the impact of surfactants on the bubble dynamics. Surfactants are assumed to be insoluble. The transport of the adsorbed surfactants is computed along the deforming surface at large surface Péclet number, and Marangoni stresses are taken into account. This simulation model leads to the stagnant-cap regime, with partially immobile interfaces. A parametric study is performed on cases at given Archimedes number, by varying the degree of contamination (Marangoni number) but maintaining a nearly constant Eötvös number. The presence of surfactants affects the rise velocity for oblate bubbles less than for spherical bubbles: the increase of the drag coefficient, due to interface contamination, is mitigated by a lower bubble deformation. When the cap angle $\theta _{cap}$ belongs to the southern hemisphere, the aspect ratio $\chi$ is found to decrease with contamination: the dynamic pressure responsible for the bubble distortion is lowered, related to the decline of kinetic energy. As soon as $\theta _{cap}$ lies in the northern hemisphere, the pressure stress causing distortion becomes independent on $\theta _{cap}: \chi$ no longer evolves with contamination, and already matches the prediction for fully immobile interfaces. Mass transfer of a passive scalar across the contaminated interface is also analysed. Surprisingly, the Sherwood number $Sh$ is found to follow the same law as for spherical shapes (Kentheswaran et al., Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 198, 2022, 123325), allowing us to predict the decrease in $Sh$ due to contamination. These results reveal the couplings between interface immobilisation, bubble deformation, rise velocity and interfacial mass transfer.
5 - Myanmar under Contested Military Rule
- Edited by Justine Chambers, Australian National University, Canberra, Michael R. Dunford, Australian National University, Canberra
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- Book:
- Myanmar in Crisis
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 01 March 2024
- Print publication:
- 26 June 2023, pp 95-124
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Summary
Since the February 2021 coup, the Myanmar junta, known as the State Administrative Council (SAC), has tried to embed its government and exert control over the population through administration, organised violence, and warfare (Callahan 2004). In response, a revolutionary movement has emerged contesting the military's legitimacy at national levels and resisting their authority at sub-national levels using violent and non-violent tactics.
This paper provides a contemporary snapshot of contested military rule in Myanmar more than a year after the coup d’etat, using evidence up to August 2022. First, it charts Myanmar's reordered political context. Second, it analyses overlapping realms of national contest over who has the legitimacy to govern between the junta and parallel National Unity Government (NUG), and the historically contested structure of the Myanmar state with new movements for democratic federalism. Third, it analyses the mix of new and old conflict dynamics, including waves of guerrilla warfare across once-peaceful areas in the Bamar heartland. Fourth, it introduces new evidence to examine changes to subnational contests for authority, including new practices of local governance by resistance forces, the post-coup expansion of territory for ethnic resistance organisations (EROs), and contested administration by the junta.
In this disrupted era, resistance to military rule and coercion has a new cast of characters and multi-ethnic alliances. While the military has consolidated and restructured control over the central state apparatus, this paper argues that subnational and local authority has become more complex and contested than ever before, including in the Bamar heartland. The post-coup political landscape is one of altered power struggles, revolutionary contests, civil disobedience, and increased conflict intensity which shows no signs of abating.
METHODOLOGY
The new realities of Myanmar's post-coup environment provide unique security challenges for international and local researchers. This paper draws on new qualitative research conducted in Yangon Region, Sagaing Region, Rakhine State, Mon State, and Northern Shan State by Myanmar researchers between November 2021 and February 2022. A template of case study questions was prepared and shared with researchers who conducted semi-structured key informant interviews in Myanmar language with known contacts in different sites. Much of the research was done through safe electronic practices to avoid meeting in public places. For their safety, the researchers are anonymous.
The psychological and social impact of the digital self-support system ‘Brain in Hand’ on autistic people: prospective cohort study in England and Wales
- Samuel Tromans, William Henley, Ian Summers, Danielle Bilkey, Jenna Datson, Nicola Doherty, Louise Morpeth, Sarah Benbow, Rebecca Jelbert, Ashok Roy, Lance Watkins, Bhathika Perera, Saman Shazad, Richard Pender, Regi Alexander, Richard Laugharne, Rohit Shankar
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 9 / Issue 3 / May 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 May 2023, e96
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Background
Brain in Hand (BIH) is a UK-based digital self-support system for managing anxiety and social functioning.
AimsTo identify the impact of BIH on the psychological and social functioning of adults with autism.
MethodAdults with diagnosed or suspected DSM-5 (level 1) autism, identified by seven NHS autism services in England and Wales, were recruited for a 12-week prospective mixed-methods cohort study. The primary quantitative outcome measures were the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for People with Learning Disabilities (HONOS-LD) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Fisher's exact test explored sociodemographic associations. Paired t-test was utilised for pre–post analysis of overall effectiveness of BIH. Multivariable linear regression models, univariable pre–post analysis, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, logistic regression analysis, Bonferroni correction and normative analysis were used to give confidence in changes identified. A thematic analysis of semi-structured exist interviews following Braun and Clarke's six-step process of 10% of participants who completed the study was undertaken.
ResultsSixty-six of 99 participants completed the study. There was significant reduction in mean HONOS-LD scores, with 0.65 s.d. decrease in those who used BIH for 12 weeks. Significant positive changes were identified in HONOS-LD subdomains of ‘self-injurious behaviours’, ‘memory and orientation’, ‘communication problems in understanding’, ‘occupation and activities’ and ‘problems with relationship’. A significant reduction in the anxiety, but not depression, component of the HADS scores was identified. Thematic analysis showed high confidence in BIH.
ConclusionsBIH improved anxiety and other clinical, social and functioning outcomes of adults with autism.
Case Studies
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 197-198
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Chapter 13 - Divergent Interests of Adversarial Lawyers and Their Clients
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 111-116
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Summary
The lawyer's job is to represent his or her client and to be the conduit through which the client receives information about the legal process. Lawyers play an instrumental role in ensuring that clients understand all the information they receive. They also give advice to their clients, especially with regard to the question central to JDR: “Should I settle this case?”
It is not always obvious what the attorney's interest is in promoting settlement. Is it the same as their client’s? If the case settles, the lawyer might well be forgoing additional fees. If a case can immediately settle in mediation with a skilled attorney, why wasn't the agreement reached previously in trial? Why did it take so long and cost so much to get to that point?
There have always been lawyers who argue against mediating legal disputes. Some of the classic anti-mediation claims are: “We are big people, we can settle the darn thing, what do we need a third party for?” and “Why do our clients have to be there?” This is a bit reminiscent of the familiar argument, “We settle almost all cases anyway, what more do you want?”
The other reaction is an unspoken sentiment that runs through many cases. As one lawyer said, “Early settlement, in other words, settlement using court-connected mediation, perhaps kicks me squarely in the pocketbook. [The lawyer goes on to say] … If you are being entirely selfish just looking at the lawyers’ interest, then why do I want this?” This statement—anonymous of course—reflects the anxiety that many lawyers feel looking at the phenomenon of the court-connected mediation, especially where it is mandatory and especially where it takes place early in the litigation process.
The third reaction—another “pushback”—is that mediation will produce a “watered- down legal system.” This view proports that because mediation is not decided by a decision-maker according to recognized principles of law, legal principles are not imposed and required, and this is a dilution of what we think of as a justice system.
Another lawyer said: “I am personally concerned that if only 3 percent of cases actually go to trial; that means 97 percent of the time all of the pre-trial stuff is wasted to a large extent, so … 97 percent of the money that I make is from wasted time?” (Murphy and Molinari 2009).
Judicial Dispute Resolution
- New Roles for Judges in Ensuring Justice
- Lawrence Susskind, William A. Tilleman, Nicolás Parra-Herrera
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- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023
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This book describes the ways in which judges, using JDR, have been facilitating problem-solving among litigants, and in the process, ensuring more just outcomes. JDR or judicial dispute resolution is similar to mediation (or alternative dispute resolution - ADR, as it is sometimes called), but it is provided by a judge, not a private mediator. Very little has been written about JDR, especially in Canada where it has been pioneered for several decades, because all the records have remained confidential. The story can now be told because the authors were given exclusive access to the records and the parties (including the JDR judges) in nine illustrative cases.
The authors provide a complete Teaching Appendix summarizing the JDR cases from the standpoint of a variety of legal specialties, while highlighting the differences between JDR and ADR.
Contents
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp v-vi
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Chapter 12 - Juggling Complexity in JDR: The Falling Rocks Case
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 103-110
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Summary
What makes a good judge a good JDR judge? We know training and temperament are important. The ability to handle complexity is also essential and can include reading stacks of material, sorting through challenging facts and maneuvering between difficult attorneys. We begin with The Falling Rocks Case to illustrate how a seasoned judge settled an unusually complicated, decades-old lawsuit. We then review several other cases to pinpoint how good JDR judges handle the complexity of the JDR process.
The Falling Rocks Case
This case study involves a large city building with elegantly designed glass panels, wind, blowing rocks and allegations of nuisance and multiple defenses, such as the claim that an act of God explains the situation. The litigants include the city, the building's owners, the consulting engineers, and eventually the architects who designed a beautiful glass-heavy building. The lawsuits included an allegation that lawyers never want to see: limitations of action. The parties and their attorneys represented the city, the insurers, the building owners, the consulting engineer and the architect.
A storm passed through the city and allegedly blew rocks off the roof of a private building onto the city hall, damaging several expensive class pyramids. A year and a half later, the city advised the building owners to take immediate action to keep it from happening again. A few years after that, another storm blew more rocks onto the city's glass pyramids, breaking over one hundred panels. The city more or less looked the other way, but ten months later, still another storm broke more glass panels. That triggered the first lawsuit.
After hiring an expert to investigate, the city charged negligence in the design, inspection and replacement of the roof. It also charged nuisance for allowing the rocks to accumulate and sought an injunction requiring the building owners to remove the blowing rocks or make repairs to avoid any damage to the city hall again.
The building owners were angry, asserting that the lawsuit was “embarrassing and vexatious.” They denied all responsibility, claiming they had acted properly and alleged that the city either had purchased inferior glass panels or that the panels were installed improperly. Finally, claiming an act of God caused the damage, the owners asked the city to repair the owner's building if an injunction was issued.
Chapter 17 - Specialized JDRs (SPECs): A Look at Three Cases and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 135-142
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Summary
This chapter continues our discussion of JDR SPECs (Specialized JDRs) as described in Chapter 16 from the perspective of trial judges who do SPECs. We are interested in why judges might want to take on SPECs, which are unusually difficult JDR assignments.
SPEC JDRs started in Alberta around 2015 when the then-chief justice asked one of his experienced JDR judges to tackle some of the court's most difficult and time-consuming cases slated for several months’ court time. In preparation for the SPEC JDR, the judge called the parties into open court to propose this special JDR and to help him create tailor-made procedures, such as identifying the most critical pieces of evidence and considering if the parties wanted a “minitrial” within the JDR. This collaborative approach, particular to each case, meant each SPEC had slightly different procedures. They took longer than typical JDR cases—running about three days—but like typical JDRs, the settlement rates were very high, exceeding 80 percent.
As discussed in the previous chapter, SPECs are directed at resolving complicated litigation involving parties who have been in a serious disagreement. Given the amount of work involved, why would a judge want to be assigned to such a case, or be added to a SPEC roster? The answer is not immediately apparent. First, such cases have probably been in litigation for many years, often including appeals and returns to trial court; the record can be voluminous. Some SPEC cases include upwards of 100,000 pages of discovery and written and oral depositions; a judge's workload can be quite onerous. Second, the preparation time required is extensive especially when complicated by the fact that jurisdictional lines have been crossed.
JDR has evolved to handle challenges like these, but the work depends on the abilities of the SPEC JDR judge. A SPEC process might involve both a hearing and a mediation, or both. SPECs are almost like conducting a mediation, negotiation and trial all at the same time. There are opening and closing statements as well as witness statements that can happen all at once, with none being available at the beginning of the trial. SPECs are time consuming and the energy required of the judge is substantial.
Acknowledgments
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp ix-x
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Chapter 2 - Judicial Dispute Resolution (JDR) Around The World
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 9-18
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Summary
JDR, in one form or another, has been around for hundreds of years. The earliest examples involve Anglo-Saxon adjudication and arbitration that took place between the seventh and eleventh centuries A.D. (Sanchez 1996). In more recent centuries, judges have been called upon to settle, not adjudicate, all kinds of disputes, especially within families. In Canada, for the last thirty years, mini-trials (without juries) were promoted by the late Alberta Chief Justice William Ken Moore (Moore 1995). Throughout the 1980s, in both Canada and the U.S., the legal system placed increasing emphasis on what based on Frank Sander's ideas was coined as “the multi-door courthouse” and Judith Resnik called with some critical bite “the managerial judge,” encouraging the use of ADR to move cases off the court's docket (Sander 1979; Resnik 1982, 1995).
Sander's idea had an impact in the U.S. In 1980, Congress passed the Dispute Resolution Act “to provide financial assistance for the development and maintenance of effective, fair, inexpensive, and expeditious mechanisms for the resolution for minor disputes.” Then, in 1983, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were amended; Rule 16 endorsed the discussion of settlement at pre-trial conferences encouraging the parties to think hard about whether their dispute would be better resolved through voluntary resolution mechanisms than formal litigation.
The history of JDR in Canada is still an unfolding story aimed at imagining ways of empowering judges and parties to resolve their disputes and achieve a greater sense of justice.
The goal in a JDR remains to resolve a legal matter without consuming the usual level of court resources, while giving control back to the parties, control they relinquish when they choose to litigate. Giving the parties more authority and ensuring that they are treated fairly and respectfully is often the key to a greater sense of closure and satisfaction.
Anglo-Saxon Beginnings
In Valerie Sanchez's history of early ADR, she notes that Anglo-Saxon courts used a wide array of dispute resolution mechanisms akin to modern-day negotiation, mediation, arbitration and JDR. The emergence of Christian teachings paved the way for less vindictive conflict resolution that focused more on achieving peace.
Chapter 6 - JDR Produces Satisfactory Results: The Divorce Case
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 43-50
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Summary
Several studies suggest that ADR produces levels of satisfaction not achievable through other forms of dispute resolution (Sander 1996; Susskind 1995). This is likely due to ADR's lower cost and more rapid results. Mediation, in particular, engages the parties directly and gives them control over the outcome—something litigation does not do, in part because parties must speak through their counsel and cannot have a normal conversation with the judge. Private caucuses in JDR allow parties to speak directly and confidentially with the judge and with each other.
JDR usually moves the judge and the parties out of the courtroom to another part of the courthouse. It shuts down most fault-finding and avoids the airing of private grievances in a public setting (which often triggers escalation). JDRs are off the record, unlike normal courtroom proceedings which are taped or transcribed. Avoiding the trauma of cross-examination on almost every personal detail, including one's ability to parent, increases the odds of restoring family unity. Our JDR case studies show how voluntary agreements can arise from highly emotional contexts. We now look closely at a family law case, originally battled in court, but finally resolved through JDR.
Summary of The Divorce Case
The couple with two children were in a marriage that began to unravel. Dad filed first for divorce only a few years into the marriage, and mom filed soon thereafter, each seeking judicial resolution to settle several matters. Claims presented in affidavits and court filings sought a declaration of divorce, child support, clarity about parenting time, and a division of matrimonial property.
The parties received an interim court order calling for shared custody of their son, who would be with dad every other week. That worked until dad's work schedule changed, requiring him to commit to two weeks on and two weeks off. For a while, the parties managed to live within the new schedule; inevitably, though, disagreements arose. With nowhere else to go for help, the parties headed back to court.
Mom wanted to return to the terms of their initial court-ordered agreement, abandoning the informal arrangement they made when dad's schedule changed. In response, dad filed an application in court to officially amend the order to reflect his new schedule.
Chapter 16 - The Chief Justices and How to Triage Special (SPEC) JDR Cases
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 131-134
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Summary
A little-known way to get litigation into the JDR program is to simply write to the chief (or associate chief) justice and ask to have a case resolved by a senior judge in a special JDR hearing. In Alberta, such JDR case assignments have become known as Special Judicial Dispute Resolution (SJDRs), or SPECs. If the chief justice agrees, the next step is to have the scheduling manager allocate time for a senior justice to conduct the SPEC. In Alberta, this practice is fairly common and saves a great deal of trial time. This chapter explains how and why the chief justice asks a senior judge to do special JDRs ad hoc. Chapter 17 gives examples of real SPEC cases and how they resolved.
In pre-SPEC days, when the chief justice asked a senior JDR judge to take on a challenging case, it was one that would take at least three to four weeks of trial time. SPECs became the label for the most difficult cases, flagged for being in and out of motions court, special hearings and even trials to appeals and back again. They tend to involve numerous counsel and claims in the millions of dollars. It is not uncommon for such cases to actually take a decade to complete. So, but for the success of JDR SPEC, the trial time allocated to these difficult cases has been measured in years.
The triaging and docketing of SPEC cases depends on several metrics: heightened animosity between parties, or counsel; the amounts at stake in the controversy; the weeks of trial time likely to be required; the stress on judicial resources at the time; and other unique considerations like the involvement of third parties, counterclaims and multiple jurisdictional complications.
At the outset, the chief justice, or senior judge (on their behalf, with approval of the chief justice) writes a letter to counsel stating that a SPEC justice had been assigned to their case by the chief justice and inviting them to a one-hour court meeting to discuss and develop the SPEC procedures that will be used.
With input from the parties, the SPEC justice tailor-makes the JDR procedure, aiming for something between a normal JDR and a full-fledged trial.
Chapter 10 - Confidentiality and Privacy in JDR
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
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- 16 May 2023, pp 87-92
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Summary
Much has been written about confidentiality in ADR (Kovach 2005; Chatterjee and Lefcovitch 2008; Shiravi and Javad 2017). It is the bedrock of successful, informal problem-solving and fosters open discussion. Confidentiality is critical in JDR for a number of reasons, some of which we discovered in our research cases. In The Falling Rocks Case, we found that both attorneys and parties rely on confidentiality going into a JDR: ”.… Confidentiality, always a priority for the attorneys, was of primary importance for the insurance company's counsel: if the case went to trial, the claim would be publicly disclosed and it would likely provide a potential benchmark for future insurance claims. That scenario would not be in their best interest, so their counsels had a strong incentive to settle.”
Confidentiality in JDR eliminates precedents and that impacts judges, as well. Judges routinely rely on precedents in applying the law to their decisions and even finding the goalposts for assistance in JDRs. Wearing their settlement hat as a JDR judge, they may not seek advice or talk to anyone—including their colleagues—because they could later serve as trial judges if the case does not settle at the JDR. This isolation is important for the preservation of privacy reasons discussed in this chapter and referenced in The Motor Vehicle Case: “Confidentiality was a significant factor in this case. It meant that the justice could not be as transparent as she might have liked when strategizing with other justices about the best way to approach this JDR. Nonetheless, she preserved the conditions necessary for the parties to move forward with a fair trial and impartial justice.”
Although confidentiality brings challenges—including the constriction of legal precedent—it serves a vital role in helping parties come to resolution. Again, referring to The Motor Vehicle Accident Case, we identify the obstacles to confidentiality but more importantly, we learn why it brings about settlement opportunities when judges and parties are free from the encumbrances of precedent:
Confidentiality also contributes to a lack of precedent. Given that so many personal injury claims settle, it becomes more difficult for justices and lawyers to review standards and advocate for fair results. However, confidentiality may have been key in ensuring the dignity of the parties and in pushing them to settle; trial can be embarrassing, and the process can undermine relationships and injure reputations.
Chapter 9 - Types of Judges: Skill, Temperament and Attitude in JDR Temperament in an Estate Dispute Case
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 75-86
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Summary
What types of judges should or should not be asked to deliver JDR services? If we think of judges primarily as rule-followers, then those who know how JDR is supposed to work ought to be able to do the job. Should we assume that all judges who have had basic mediation and facilitation training will be successful JDR judges? Or, are temperament and attitude toward ADR as important as legal background and a rule-following orientation? In our view, only some judges have the appropriate temperament, attitude and necessary skills to conduct successful JDRs. Both knowledge about JDR and learned skills are essential, but so are the right temperament and attitude.
Why Talk about Types of Judges?
A “type” refers to a group that shares one or more common characteristics. Since JDR is a complex activity requiring active listening, considerable empathy, open-mindedness and a positive attitude toward empowering parties to settle their own disputes, we can divide judges into three groups vis a vis JDR: those who do not have either the necessary skills or the right temperament to practice JDR; those sufficiently skillful and temperamentally suited to provide JDR; and those who are appropriately skillful and temperamentally suited, but not interested in providing JDR. We think it is important for senior judges, court administrators and ADR trainers to know which judges are in which category. Just offering additional training to judges of the first and third types won't guarantee that they can deliver JDR services effectively.
This doesn't mean that JDR skills can't be taught, but skill training won't transform a judge with the wrong temperament or no interest in delivering JDR services. As Carrie Menkel-Meadow once put it more generally with regard to lawyering skills, “we aim to improve lawyering, yet, in doing so, we must take into account what lawyers are actually doing” (Menkel-Meadow 1993). We can extrapolate this to JDR: the aim is to improve the administration of justice, not just reduce the workload of the court. That means that judges must be able to mediate effectively in each JDR case that comes before them. But before that is possible, we must be sure that the right types of judges are assigned in the first place.
Chapter 8 - Justice and Fairness in JDR: The Motor Vehicle Accident with Pedestrian Case
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 63-74
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Summary
Is JDR Fair? Is it Just?
If we see that someone was robbed or killed without the perpetrator punished or the victim compensated, we say, “this is unjust.” And yet, when we are asked to define or explain the essence of fairness or justice, we find it hard to answer. We are unsure whether notions of justice are unique to individual actions or apply equally to institutions, laws, policies, or all of the above.
To answer the question of whether JDR is fair or just, we need to first grapple with its competing definitions. We will then couple a theoretical view of justice with the views of the parties in one of the actual JDR cases described in the appendix, The Motor Vehicle Accident with Pedestrian Case (The Motor Vehicle Case). Our goal is to show what justice looks like in practical terms.
The first distinction we want to make is between justice in the narrowest sense and justice in a broader sense. In the narrowest sense, it is a characterization of a decision made through the legal system—read litigation—following established rules and procedures. For people who define justice in this way, it is impossible to think of it being determined outside the legal system. For them, ADR or JDR could not possibly be a means for determining justice; they see justice as only what a court generates through a particular kind of battle. In ADR and JDR, the assumptions are different: the justice system is not a battleground where a pre-appointed judge makes a unilateral decision. JDR, specifically, opens a space for the disputing parties to generate a resolution of their differences with the assistance of a mediating judge. Whether the JDR process is fair or not, justice in the narrowest sense cannot be the product of a JDR process.
Justice in the broad sense, though, need not be linked to the judicial system. Broadly, it is the product of actions, institutions, policies and laws in a wide variety of contexts. It is not determined universally; it is generated contextually. As an illustration, “just” might be applied to a public policy decision aimed at allocating resources to different segments of the community (distributive justice). Or, it might be a way of characterizing an act of government aimed at punishing those who have harmed others (corrective justice or retributive justice) (Aristotle 1962, 2000).
Epilogue: The Future of JDR
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Judicial Dispute Resolution
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- Anthem Press
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- 28 February 2024
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- 16 May 2023, pp 167-170
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Summary
We have reported on the outstanding success of JDR in Canada. Our findings should encourage those in positions of power and responsibility to expand the availability of JDR both in terms of SPEC for complex cases caught for years in the vortex of the legal system, as well as JDR more generally because it enhances the quality of justice, reduces the cost of funding the judiciary, and speeds the disposition of legal claims.
JDR enhances the quality of justice in seven ways: (1) it gives plaintiffs and defendants more control over the outcome of the disputes; (2) it allows cases to be treated as the unique matters that they are, rather than pinning results to precedents set in other places and times when the circumstances may have been only somewhat similar; (3) it takes full advantage of the knowledge, skill, and stature of judges, but still leaves matters in the hands of clients and their lawyers; (4) it seeks to maximize the value to both sides in every legal dispute, rather than just picking a winner and a loser; (5) it improves relationships between the parties; (6) it gives certainty of result to the parties who might be experiencing unmanageable ambivalence about a conflict and (7) it preserves and sustains the public's faith in legal institutions as sites where peacemaking is fostered and conflicts are resolved.
In the long run, JDR builds citizens’ capacity to deal with their very personal and emotional differences in peaceful and collaborative ways rather than increasing the litigious nature of society. JDR certainly makes sense in a wide variety of family law and other civil suits and it could help in some criminal matters as well, especially in terms of sentencing (building on the restorative justice and Aboriginal justice systems) or diversionary programs.
Decisions to expand Canada's JDR system are completely in the hands of the chief justices of the various provincial and national courts. Under the banner of improving case management, they can build on JDR's advantages; no further legislation is needed from Parliament. As JDR grows, some lawyers might have to make adjustments in how they practice and bill for time, and they might have to acquire continuing legal education to bring them up to speed.
Frontmatter
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
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- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp i-iv
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Bibliography
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
-
- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 171-178
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Teaching Guide
- Lawrence Susskind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, William A. Tilleman, Columbia University, New York, Nicolás Parra-Herrera, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts and Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
-
- Book:
- Judicial Dispute Resolution
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 28 February 2024
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2023, pp 181-196
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- Chapter
- Export citation