6 results
6 - Planetary Integrity
- Edited by Frank Biermann, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands, Thomas Hickmann, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Carole-Anne Sénit, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
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- Book:
- The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals
- Published online:
- 21 July 2022
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- 04 August 2022, pp 140-171
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Summary
This chapter asks whether the Sustainable Development Goals have advanced planetary ecological integrity, that is, strengthened policies towards the preservation of global commons at various levels of governance. We start with a brief account of the concept of planetary integrity, before engaging in a theoretical debate about the potential role of the Sustainable Development Goals in advancing planetary integrity, drawing on a literature survey. Finally, we assess the transformative potential of the goals for planetary integrity by focusing on governance interventions at international, regional, local and transnational levels. Our research shows that while the Sustainable Development Goals have raised concern about environmental protection, they do not motivate transformative change towards planetary integrity. Specifically, the literature raises doubts about the actual steering effects of the goals owing to their poor additionality with respect to existing environmental agreements, their inherent contradictions, and their weak ambition when it comes to planetary integrity.
Chapter 1 - Property: Concept, rationale, contexts
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- By Peter D Burdon, University of Adelaide
- Hossein Esmaeili, Flinders University of South Australia, Brendan Grigg, Flinders University of South Australia
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- The Boundaries of Australian Property Law
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- 21 June 2018
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- 05 July 2016, pp 6-21
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Summary
There is nothing which so generally strikes the imagination, and engages the affections of mankind, as the right of property; or that sole and despotic dominion which one man claims and exercises over the external things of the world, in total exclusion of the right of any other individual in the universe.
Introduction
Property is both a concept and a legal institution. A lot of what is explored in this book concerns the latter – property as invoked in law and the property that relates to relations in Australian society. But in order to understand what is happening in property law it is necessary to understand a bit about the concept of property. Indeed, the two dimensions of property are inseparable and the concept is continually informing, justifying and reinforcing the institution.
This chapter contains two parts. The first presents a legal–philosophical analysis into the question: what is property? Here, property is described as an indeterminate concept that escapes ridged or fixed definition. Focusing predominately on real property, the part contends that property is about things; legal rights; evolves with respect to social relationships; and has a spatial dimension.
Following this, it is noted that property can be organised in three distinct ways: public property, common property and private property. While all societies promote a mixed property system, the most important in Western society is private property. However, despite the ubiquity of private property, it is rare for lawyers to consider the extra-legal or moral justifications for our possessions. For this reason, the second part of the chapter outlines four prominent justifications for private property. Those justifications relate to property derived from labour; human development and flourishing; economic efficiency; and natural or environmental use. While each has merits, this chapter also seeks to problematise and unsettle the theoretical basis for each justification.
What is property?
Property is how people envision it – that is, what concept they have of it and also a social, political and legal institution, implemented to resolve particular conflicts in society.
Chapter 6 - Native title: History and conflict
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- By Peter D Burdon, University of Adelaide
- Hossein Esmaeili, Flinders University of South Australia, Brendan Grigg, Flinders University of South Australia
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- The Boundaries of Australian Property Law
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- 21 June 2018
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- 05 July 2016, pp 118-139
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Introduction
In Australian universities, property law is often taught in a way that excludes Indigenous perspectives of the land. This exclusion can even occur during weeks dedicated to native title. For this reason, it is important to stress that the law of native title is not the same thing as Indigenous land law or the law that was practised by Indigenous Australians prior to colonisation in 1788. Rather, native title is a peculiar body of Western jurisprudence that was first articulated in Australia by seven non-indigenous High Court judges in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (‘Mabo (No 2)’) and subsequently refined by the federal government in the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) and the Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cth). The linguistic anthropologist Peter Sutton makes this point as follows:
Native title rights are rights recognised by Australian law, not customary rights per se …. Native title rights are products of a process in which evidence about indigenous cultural understandings and practices comes under legal scrutiny and is tested, usually by non-indigenous professionals. It is common for that body of information to be presented in the form of written and oral anthropological evidence, or anthropological evidence combined with that obtained directly from those whose native title application is being determined.
One of the key organising ideas in this chapter is the tension between traditional land law and native title. This tension is examined through accounts of traditional law, drawing on both Indigenous accounts and anthropological evidence. Following this, is a description of the English law in Australia and some of the early attempts in Australian law to recognise the prior ownership of Aboriginal people. This narrative highlights the early land rights legislation and the social and political context that gave rise to the recognition of common law native title Mabo (No 2). After considering some of the reactions to Mabo (No 2), the chapter looks at the way native title was defined in the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) and how the Act represents a further movement away from traditional law and provides successful claimants with very limited rights.
The next issue examined is whether native title has equal or lesser status to Western property rights. This discussion encompasses a close look at pastoral leases and the decision in Wik Peoples v Queensland.
Genetic structure of populations of Alternaria brassicicola suggests the occurrence of sexual recombination
- Clive H. BOCK, Peter H. THRALL, Jeremy J. BURDON
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- Journal:
- Mycological Research / Volume 109 / Issue 2 / February 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2005, pp. 227-236
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- February 2005
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Substantial polymorphism was detected between isolates from five populations of Alternaria brassicicola attacking Cakile maritima along the New South Wales coast of Australia, with a maximum of two genotypes being shared between population pairs. Of ten pair-wise population comparisons, six had no pathogen genotypes in common; only one genotype occurred five times, and most (93%) were found only once. Although an UPGMA based on Nei's measure of genetic distance separated the five populations, a cluster analysis using individual isolates failed to group them according to population, indicating significant gene flow. An analysis of molecular variance indicated ca 14% of the variation occurred between populations, representing moderate population differentiation over the spatial scale of the study. Tests of the relative contribution of clonality and sexual recombination indicated low, albeit significant levels of linkage disequilibrium in all populations. The level of linkage disequilibrium, and the high genotype diversity, provides support for the contention that a hitherto unidentified sexual stage might be a significant factor in the life-cycle of A. brassicicola.
Detection of genetic variation in Alternaria brassicicola using AFLP fingerprinting
- Clive H. BOCK, Peter H. THRALL, Curt L. BRUBAKER, Jeremy J. BURDON
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- Journal:
- Mycological Research / Volume 106 / Issue 4 / April 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2002, pp. 428-434
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- April 2002
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Genetic variation within and between eighteen isolates of Alternaria brassicicola, five isolates of A. alternata, and a single isolate of Rhynchosporium secalis was compared using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs). The AFLPs consistently distinguished between the three species. AFLPs thus provide a reliable tool for identifying A. brassicicola. The analysis of eighteen isolates of A. brassicicola from different sites also indicated at least moderate levels of genetic diversity within A. brassicicola along the New South Wales coast. Of 43–66 markers scored per primer combination, 16·7–27·9% were polymorphic. On the basis of an unweighted paired group method of arithmetic averages analysis using data from four primer combinations, most isolates were identified as separate genotypes. However, multiple isolates from particular locations tended to cluster together, implying the potential for population structure, and there was a significant positive correlation between Nei's measure of genetic distance and physical distance (r = 0·5486, P<0·001). Despite the absence of an identified sexual stage, A. brassicicola would appear to have a means for generating and maintaining significant variation.
5 - The metapopulation paradigm: a fragmented view of conservation biology
- Edited by Andrew G. Young, Division of Plant Industry CSIRO, Canberra, Geoffrey M. Clarke, Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra
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- Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations
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- 29 January 2010
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- 12 October 2000, pp 75-96
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ABSTRACT
In the past, single-population approaches have dominated ecology and evolutionary biology. However, populations are not isolated either in time or space, but are connected by among-population processes such as migration and gene flow. While this concept is not new, until recently, there have been relatively few studies that have explicitly investigated the effects of spatial structure on demographic and genetic processes in the context of conservation. The metapopulation framework explicitly recognises and provides a conceptual tool for dealing with the interactions of within- (e.g. birth, death, competition) and among-population processes (e.g. dispersal, gene flow, colonisation and extinction). The ever-growing diversity of empirical and theoretical studies that demonstrate the importance of spatial structure in determining ecological and evolutionary trajectories also indicates that long-term conservation programmes need to focus on regional rather than local within-population persistence. In this regard, it is important to realise that ultimately all populations are ephemeral, and therefore colonisation processes must also be preserved. Clearly, not all species whose populations have undergone fragmentation fit the definition of a metapopulation. Nevertheless, a metapopulation approach to conservation biology is likely to provide a useful tool for developing management strategies as it addresses genetic, species and community effects of fragmentation in a single framework, thereby making explicit questions regarding extinction, population connectedness, species behavioural patterns and the survival of coevolved systems. In essence, a metapopulation perspective ensures a processoriented, scale-appropriate approach to conservation that focuses attention on among-population processes critical for persistence of many natural systems.
THEMETAPOPULATION PARADIGM: AN INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, ecological studies of natural systems have been dominated by a focus on single populations, or several populations sampled at a single point in time.