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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Contributors
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- By Avishek Adhikari, Susanne E. Ahmari, Anne Marie Albano, Carlos Blanco, Desiree K. Caban, Jonathan S. Comer, Jeremy D. Coplan, Ana Alicia De La Cruz, Emily R. Doherty, Bruce Dohrenwend, Amit Etkin, Brian A. Fallon, Michael B. First, Abby J. Fyer, Angela Ghesquiere, Jay A. Gingrich, Robert A. Glick, Joshua A. Gordon, Ethan E. Gorenstein, Marco A. Grados, James P. Hambrick, James Hanks, Kelli Jane K. Harding, Richard G. Heimberg, Rene Hen, Devon E. Hinton, Myron A. Hofer, Matthew J. Kaplowitz, Sharaf S. Khan, Donald F. Klein, Karestan C. Koenen, E. David Leonardo, Roberto Lewis-Fernández, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Michael R. Liebowitz, Sarah H. Lisanby, Antonio Mantovani, John C. Markowitz, Patrick J. McGrath, Caitlin McOmish, Jeffrey M. Miller, Jan Mohlman, Elizabeth Sagurton Mulhare, Philip R. Muskin, Navin Arun Natarajan, Yuval Neria, Nicole R. Nugent, Mayumi Okuda, Mark Olfson, Laszlo A. Papp, Sapana R. Patel, Anthony Pinto, Kristin Pontoski, Jesse W. Richardson-Jones, Carolyn I. Rodriguez, Steven P. Roose, Moira A. Rynn, Franklin Schneier, M. Katherine Shear, Ranjeeb Shrestha, Helen Blair Simpson, Smit S. Sinha, Natalia Skritskaya, Jami Socha, Eun Jung Suh, Gregory M. Sullivan, Anthony J. Tranguch, Hilary B. Vidair, Tor D. Wager, Myrna M Weissman, Noelia V. Weisstaub
- Edited by Helen Blair Simpson, Columbia University, New York, Yuval Neria, Columbia University, New York, Roberto Lewis-Fernández, Columbia University, New York, Franklin Schneier, Columbia University, New York
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- Anxiety Disorders
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- 10 November 2010
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- 26 August 2010, pp vii-xii
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OH emission and absorption associated with supernovae in Arp 220
- Colin J. Lonsdale, Katherine R. de Kleer, Philip J. Diamond, Hannah Thrall, Carol J. Lonsdale, Harding E. Smith
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- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 3 / Issue S242 / March 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2007, pp. 432-436
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- March 2007
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We present parsec-resolution spectral-line VLBI data for two epochs separated by 15 months as a precise new probe of the innermost regions of the nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy (ULIRG) Arp 220. This galaxy hosts a powerful starburst, with an associated supernova (SN) rate of order 4/yr. An extensive population of compact continuum sources interpreted as radio supernovae (RSNe) and young supernova remnants (SNR) has been imaged. We show here that many of the supernova-related radio continuum point sources exhibit clear evidence of OH absorption or maser emission in the intervening gas, and as such provide us with a sampling of conditions along very narrow and specific lines of sight through the nuclear environment. The OH gas along these lines of sight exhibits velocity dispersions of up to several tens of km/sec, and that in some cases, multiple distinct concentrations of masing gas at different radial velocities can be discerned. There is evidence for variability in the OH properties on ~1yr timescales. Our results are discussed in the context of the overall OH megamaser properties of Arp 220.
The Bilingual Family
- A Handbook for Parents
- 2nd edition
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- Published online:
- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003
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First published in 1986, The Bilingual Family has provided thousands of parents with the information and advice they need to make informed decisions about what language policy to adopt with their children. This second edition contains updated references and new entries to the alphabetical reference guide.
Frontmatter
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp i-vi
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Index
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp 188-190
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Recommended resources
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp 178-179
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Contents
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp vii-x
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Bibliography
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp 180-181
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3 - Some things you should know about being bilingual
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp 33-49
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Summary
Bilingualism is a matter of degree
Everybody knows what ‘bilingual’ means; yet, as we have seen, as soon as we start trying to define the concept precisely, things get very complicated. This is not just hair splitting; if bilingualism is complex, it is because it is directly related to complex social issues.
Most definitions run into trouble because they derive from a view of bilingualism that is idealised. The bilingual is regarded as ‘someone who speaks two languages perfectly’. For example, in the quotation from Bloomfield given above (section 2.1) we found him referring to bilingualism as ‘native-like control of two languages’. But what is ‘native-like control’? We only have to look around us to see that people vary enormously in the degree to which they can control their native language, and exactly the same is true for the non-native. At what point, then, do we decide that he is now ‘native-like’? As Bloomfield continues:
Of course, one cannot define a degree of perfection at which a good foreign speaker becomes a bilingual: the distinction is relative.
This is not a contradiction, but a realisation that bilingual people have to be placed on a continuum raelative to the notion of ‘native-like control’ of two languages. In other words, the problem is that of defining degrees of bilingualism. Bilingualism is not a black-and-white, all-or-nothing phenomenon; it is a more-or-less one. We recognise this every time we say that: ‘Fred speaks better German than Joe’.
However, just as it is hard to think of people who really have achieved total mastery of two languages in every possible domain, so it is difficult to go to the opposite extreme and say like Haugen that ‘bilingualism is understood … to begin at the point where the speaker of one language can produce complete meaningful’.
Part III - An alphabetical reference guide
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp 135-177
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Summary
Accent
Up to the time when both languages are completely separated, some bilingual children go through periods during which they speak one of their languages with a foreign accent. This usually happens when one of the languages develops more quickly than the other because of the circumstances, for example, the child hears much more German than English and so speaks English with a German accent. This should not be any cause for concern: provided your child continues to receive sufficient practice in both languages, she will acquire the ability to speak both without an accent. Mockery or humour at the expense of the child's accent, even when meant affectionately, should be avoided at all costs as it might make the child anxious and self-conscious.
Children who undergo successive bilingualism (see p. 69) before the age of twelve to fourteen usually acquire perfect accents in the second language to be learnt, provided that the bilingual environment is maintained. With very few exceptions, adults are unable to acquire perfect accents, even when their ability to speak the language is native-like in every other aspect.
Parents should beware of expecting ‘higher’ standards of pronunciation from their children than they expect of themselves. Above all, avoid puristic (and unrealistic) nit-picking of the ‘Did I hear you say often with a “t”?’ type or pouncing on intrusive ‘r’ s.
2 - What is bilingualism?
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp 22-32
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Summary
Some definitions of bilingualism
If you ask people in the street what ‘bilingual’ means, they will almost certainly reply that it is being able to speak two languages ‘perfectly’. Unfortunately, we cannot even describe exactly what speaking one language perfectly involves. No one speaks the whole of the English language: for example, do you know what ‘stubs to can wall penetration welds’ are? Or what ‘tort’ is? Or a ‘treble top’? Probably not, unless you happen to be a welder, a lawyer or a darts player, and the chances of your being all three are almost non-existent. Each of us speaks part of our mother tongue. The bilingual does, too, that is, she speaks parts of two languages, and they very rarely coincide exactly. If she is a lawyer, for example, she may work only in English in her office or in court, but speak French at home, with the result that her legal English is far better (as such) than her legal French, and her domestic French is far better (as such) than her domestic English. How can we compare the two then? All we can say is that they are different tools for different purposes.
This problem, the fact that it is almost impossible to compare an individual's abilities in two different languages because we are not measuring the same things, is central to all discussion of bilingualism, and shows why the person in the street's ‘definition’ just will not do, except in very rare circumstances. It also explains why so many different definitions of bilingualism exist and why, though each may be a valid statement about one type of bilingualism, none is satisfactory or exhaustive.
References
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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- 27 March 2003, pp 181-187
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5 - What will influence your decision whether to bring up your children as bilinguals?
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 27 March 2003, pp 77-92
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Summary
QUESTIONS YOU SHOULD ASK YOURSELF
In Chapter 2, we saw that bilingualism exhibits extremely varied patterns throughout the world and that bilingual individuals live in a variety of linguistic situations. This is why the decision to bring children up as bilinguals from birth, or to switch to or add another language later on (during an extended stay abroad, for example) is rarely a clear-cut problem with only a single possible solution. Here are some of the most important factors involved in determining whether or not to go bilingual.
What is your own language background and history?
If they are bilingual themselves, parents are likely to have very strong views on the matter. In our experience, most of them will opt for bilingualism as the only ‘natural’ or ‘sensible’ thing to do. However, it can work both ways: parents whose language recalls a country or a period they wish to reject or forget may decide that they will drop it. This is understandable enough, though it may be a decision that will be greatly regretted by their children and even their grandchildren. Andrea's grandfather escaped from northern Italy early last century to avoid conscription into the Austrian army. In London, he became a leader of the Italian Fascisti. His large and socially mobile family did not bring up a single one of his grandchildren speaking any Italian, one of the reasons being their clear wish to break with such an embarrassing past. (The grandfather was interned, although that was the cause of more anger than shame.) Andrea was brought up in the States but later returned to Europe and spent a year in Italy studying the dialect spoken by her grandparents.
Quotations
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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4 - The development of the bilingual child
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 27 March 2003, pp 50-76
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Summary
SIMULTANEOUS ACQUISITION
Most of what we know about the simultaneous acquisition of two languages by children is based on case studies or reports produced by parents-cum-linguists observing their own children. As often as not, these studies take the form of a ‘linguistic diary’ recording a child's development during all or part of her early childhood.
From a strictly scientific point of view, such a procedure has an obvious disadvantage, namely, that the results cannot really be regarded as objective or generalisable, since the parents, just because they are parents, may distort the results. None the less, improvements in recording techniques, and in particular the use of video and sound recordings, make such data not only increasingly reliable for research (Deuchar and Quay, 2000; Vihman, 1999) but extremely useful to would-be bilingual families, since they show that it has been done before, and done successfully.
By ‘successful’, we mean here that all the children who have been studied in this way have grown up to be perfectly ‘normal’, none of them having exhibited any sign of being disturbed by their experience. Moreover, these children, while usually dominant in one of their languages at the time their case was reported, were none the less able to use their other languages when circumstances required. This phenomenon has been observed frequently, although for the parents concerned there will, naturally enough, always be a sense of wonder when it happens. An example is given in Case Study 3: a monolingual German grandmother came to stay with her daughter, French son-in-law and grandson.
Preface
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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Summary
This is a handbook for all parents who might be considering bringing up their children as bilinguals. It is written for the English-speaking family living in Stuttgart, or Madrid or Strasbourg, the Spanish woman who has settled in Germany or the Danish family who live in North America. It is not about bilingual societies: we will not talk about the distribution of speakers of different languages in countries such as Finland or Wales. The linguistic problems of immigrant groups are not discussed either: they involve social and political issues that go well beyond the scope of this book.
Although a majority of our examples concern European families, what we have to say will also be relevant to parents in many other parts of the world. In the same way, although many, but not all, of our case studies refer to professional families, we believe that the book should be useful to the wider range of increasingly mobile families who are faced with the problem of educating their children in two or more languages. What we have aimed at here is to help, inform and reassure parents by making available to them the experiences of a number of other families. The term ‘family’ refers to the social unit formed by any parent(s) plus children.
We have no particular theoretical or psychological axe to grind: this is not a set of dogmatic, hard and fast rules, but rather a practical discussion of some of the basic issues that we hope will help parents in their own particular situation.
Part I - A survey of the issues
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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The authors
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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- 29 March 2010
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Part II - Case studies: a number of bilingual families, and how they did it
- Edith Harding-Esch, Philip Riley
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- The Bilingual Family
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Summary
In this section, you will find eighteen case studies in which we have tried to paint the ‘linguistic family portraits’ of a variety of bilingual families. These studies are based on observation and extensive interviewing. In the preparation of the second edition, we have been able to contact some of the children whose parents had been interviewed nearly twenty years ago and we asked them for their thoughts about their bilingual experience. Quotes from them have been added at the end of the relevant case studies. We wish to express here our gratitude for their kind cooperation.
What we hope to do is to describe to present or future parents of bilingual children a representative selection of the arrangements that the families in question have found to be feasible and practical in their particular situations. By comparing the descriptions given here with your own circumstances, you will be able to take advantage of the accumulated experience which these studies contain and to make more informed decisions.
Do not be surprised, though, if you do not find a case study that corresponds exactly to your own situation. As we have tried to show, bilingualism is a complex phenomenon and the changes that can be rung on it seem infinite. None the less, we do believe that these cases do cover, at least in outline, the most common and successful forms of family bilingualism.