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The incidence of psychotic disorders in the Republic of Ireland: a systematic review
- R. P. Jacinto, T. Ding, J. Stafford, G. Baio, J. B. Kirkbride
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- Journal:
- Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 July 2023, pp. 1-13
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Objectives:
Despite a substantial epidemiological literature on the incidence of psychotic disorders in Ireland, no systematic review has previously been undertaken. Such evidence can help inform understanding of need for psychosis care.
Methods:We conducted a prospectively registered systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42021245891) following PRISMA guidelines. We searched four databases (Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Embase) for papers containing incidence data on non-organic psychotic disorders, in people 16–64 years, published between 1950 and 2021 in the general adult population. We conducted duplicate screening, risk of bias assessments, and extracted data to a standardised template. We undertook a narrative synthesis for each major diagnostic outcome. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted for comparisons with ≥5 incidence rates.
Results:Our search yielded 1975 non-duplicate citations, of which 23 met inclusion criteria, containing incidence data ascertained between 1974 and 2016 (median study quality: 5/8; interquartile range: 4–6). Incidence of all psychotic disorders (N = 4 studies) varied from 22.0 (95%CI: 17.3–28.0) in Dublin to 34.1 per 100,000 person-years (95%CI: 31.0–37.5) in Cavan and Monaghan. The pooled incidence of schizophrenia (N = 6 studies, N = 8 settings) was 20.0 per 100,000 person-years, though with imprecision around this estimate (95%CI: 10.6–37.5; I2: 97.6%). Higher rates of most outcomes were observed in men. There was consistent evidence of raised rates in more deprived and fragmented social environments, but no clear pattern by rural-urban status.
Conclusions:Patterns of incidence of psychotic disorders in Ireland are broadly consistent with the wider literature from the Global North. Findings could help identify populations at higher risk of psychosis in Ireland.
Are squid statoliths hollow during embryogenesis?
- R. Rosa, G. Dionísio, A. Bensimon-Brito, A. Jacinto, M.S. Pimentel, K. Trübenbach, A. Moreno, P. Barquinha, M. Diniz
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 19 / Issue S4 / August 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 August 2013, pp. 89-90
- Print publication:
- August 2013
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Squid statoliths are paired calcareous concretions essentially composed of calcium carbonate crystallised as aragoniteand found inside cranial fluid-filled cavities, the statocysts - the main organ of detection of gravity and movement. Statolith use as an ageing tool was validated in the 1980s, when the daily periodicity of the growth increments was confirmed by chemically marking these structures in animals maintained in aquaria. Although statolith analysis has brought major advances in the knowledge of squid population-dynamics, little is known about the processes involved in statolith’s calcification and increment deposition (e.g. during embryogenesis). According to Villanueva (2000), embryonic statolith development involves the formation of structures such as the focus, nucleus, postnuclear zone and natal ring.
The aim of this study was to investigatethe microstructure of the embryonic statolith, considering all main structures,in recently-hatched squids using optical (fluorescence) microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy.
Recently-spawned egg masses of the European squid, Loligo vulgaris, were collected in the west coast of Portugal. After hatching at 13-15ºC, statoliths were removed from the paralarvae andpreserved at -20ºC. Prior to confocal analysis, statoliths were submitted to Alizarin red S (ARS) staining (5% of ARS in 0.1% KOH) to verify the presence of calcium content. In addition, images from optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were acquired.
The findings obtained by auto-fluorescence observation (Figure 1 A, B) and SEM (Figure 1 C), show that the embryonic statolith is hollow in some of the area between the nucleus and the natal ring. ARS stained samples analysed in confocal microscopy (Figure 2 A-G), confirmed the previous observation.
This surprising structural feature in the origin of CaCO3 sensorial structures has never been described before and suggests a production, with minimum of material and energy expenditure. This is fundamentally interesting not only in biological terms but also considering biotemplating orbiomimetics approaches (i.e. synthetic approaches), where hollow calcium carbonate structures have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique structural, optical, and surface properties that lead them to a wide range of applications, including as templates for functional architecture composite materials.
The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) supported this study through project grant PTDC/BIA-BEC/103266/2008 to R. Rosa.
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