37 results
19 - Luminescence Dating
- from Part VI - Absolute Dating Methods
- Edited by Michael P. Richards, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Kate Britton, University of Aberdeen
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- Archaeological Science
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- 19 December 2019
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- 16 January 2020, pp 424-438
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Summary
The range of chronological methods described by the term “luminescence dating” provides a rich set of tools for dating many types of events relevant to archaeological research. These include assessing the depositional age of sediments (the time elapsed since those sediment were deposited by, for example, water, wind, or human activity), and estimating the time since pottery, casting cores, or stones were last fired/heated. Following an initial suggestion by Daniels et al. (1953), luminescence dating methods were introduced into the archaeological context by Aitken et al. (1964) with the thermoluminescence (TL) dating of pottery. Since then, considerable improvements in understanding the basic underlying physical mechanisms have been translated into significant methodological breakthroughs. Notable among these was the development of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods (Huntley et al. 1985) and the improved confidence in dating sedimentary material that this brought. A more recent technologically driven advance was the dating of individual sand grains (so-called single-grain dating), allowing more in-depth assessments of dating reliability and widening the applicability of OSL dating (also referred to as “optical dating”).
Late Quaternary chronology of major dune ridge development in the northeast Rub' al-Khali, United Arab Emirates
- Oliver A. C. Atkinson, David S. G. Thomas, Andrew S. Goudie, Richard M. Bailey
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 76 / Issue 1 / July 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 93-105
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The northeastern sector of the Rub' al-Khali desert in the eastern United Arab Emirates (UAE) is dominated by large NE–SW trending dune ridges orientated perpendicular to the currently prevailing northwesterly wind regime. In this study, extensive use has been made of artificially exposed sections through these major dune ridges that reveal internal sedimentary structures and allow an intensive, high-resolution sampling programme to be carried out. Here, we present the optical dating results for samples from 7 sections. The results indicate that dune activity and preservation occurred within the periods 7–3 ka, 16–10 ka and 22–20 ka with evidence of earlier preservation during marine oxygen isotope stages MIS 3 and 5, with net accumulation rates in the range 2.2–25 m.ka− 1. In several instances, hiatuses in the preserved record of dune accumulation coincide with stratigraphic bounding surfaces visible in the exposed section profiles with associated truncation of internal sedimentary structures. Caution must be exercised when interpreting such gaps in the recorded accumulation chronologies of these dunes since these may simply constitute phases of low preservation potential rather than phases of low aeolian activity. Other factors such as sediment supply and availability in relation to sea-level dynamics may be significant and are also considered.
Rapid late Pleistocene/Holocene uplift and coastal evolution of the southern Arabian (Persian) Gulf
- Warren W. Wood, Richard M. Bailey, Brian A. Hampton, Thomas F. Kraemer, Zhong Lu, David W. Clark, Rhodri H.R. James, Khalid Al Ramadan
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 77 / Issue 2 / March 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 215-220
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The coastline along the southern Arabian Gulf between Al Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Dubai, UAE, appears to have risen at least 125 m in the last 18,000 years. Dating and topographic surveying of paleo-dunes (43–53 ka), paleo-marine terraces (17–30 ka), and paleo-marine shorelines (3.3–5.5 ka) document a rapid, > 1 mm/a subsidence, followed by a 6 mm/a uplift that is decreasing with time. The mechanism causing this movement remains elusive but may be related to the translation of the coastal area through the backbasin to forebulge hinge line movement of the Arabian plate or, alternatively, by movement of the underlying Infracambrian-age Hormuz salt in response to sea-level changes associated with continental glaciation. Independent of the mechanism, rapid and episodic uplift may impact the design of engineering projects such as nuclear power plants, airports, and artificial islands as well as the interpretation of sedimentation and archeology of the area.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Notes on Contributors
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- By Michael D. Bailey, Gideon Bohak, Louise M. Burkhart, David J. Collins, Owen Davies, Kyle A. Fraser, Richard Godbeer, David Allen Harvey, Yitzhak Hen, Friedhelm Hoffmann, Maijastina Kahlos, Sabina Magliocco, Helen Parish, Catherine Rider, Raquel Romberg, Daniel Schwemer, Kimberly B. Stratton, Alicia Walker, Margaret J. Wiener, Travis Zadeh
- Edited by David J. Collins, S. J., Georgetown University, Washington DC
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- The Cambridge History of Magic and Witchcraft in the West
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- 05 March 2015
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- 02 March 2015, pp ix-xii
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- By Brittany L. Anderson-Montoya, Heather R. Bailey, Carryl L. Baldwin, Daphne Bavelier, Jameson D. Beach, Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Kevin B. Bennett, Richard A. Block, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Corey J. Bohil, David B. Boles, Avinoam Borowsky, Jessica Bramlett, Allison A. Brennan, J. Christopher Brill, Matthew S. Cain, Meredith Carroll, Roberto Champney, Kait Clark, Nancy J. Cooke, Lori M. Curtindale, Clare Davies, Patricia R. DeLucia, Andrew E. Deptula, Michael B. Dillard, Colin D. Drury, Christopher Edman, James T. Enns, Sara Irina Fabrikant, Victor S. Finomore, Arthur D. Fisk, John M. Flach, Matthew E. Funke, Andre Garcia, Adam Gazzaley, Douglas J. Gillan, Rebecca A. Grier, Simen Hagen, Kelly Hale, Diane F. Halpern, Peter A. Hancock, Deborah L. Harm, Mary Hegarty, Laurie M. Heller, Nicole D. Helton, William S. Helton, Robert R. Hoffman, Jerred Holt, Xiaogang Hu, Richard J. Jagacinski, Keith S. Jones, Astrid M. L. Kappers, Simon Kemp, Robert C. Kennedy, Robert S. Kennedy, Alan Kingstone, Ioana Koglbauer, Norman E. Lane, Robert D. Latzman, Cynthia Laurie-Rose, Patricia Lee, Richard Lowe, Valerie Lugo, Poornima Madhavan, Leonard S. Mark, Gerald Matthews, Jyoti Mishra, Stephen R. Mitroff, Tracy L. Mitzner, Alexander M. Morison, Taylor Murphy, Takamichi Nakamoto, John G. Neuhoff, Karl M. Newell, Tal Oron-Gilad, Raja Parasuraman, Tiffany A. Pempek, Robert W. Proctor, Katie A. Ragsdale, Anil K. Raj, Millard F. Reschke, Evan F. Risko, Matthew Rizzo, Wendy A. Rogers, Jesse Q. Sargent, Mark W. Scerbo, Natasha B. Schwartz, F. Jacob Seagull, Cory-Ann Smarr, L. James Smart, Kay Stanney, James Staszewski, Clayton L. Stephenson, Mary E. Stuart, Breanna E. Studenka, Joel Suss, Leedjia Svec, James L. Szalma, James Tanaka, James Thompson, Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest, Lauren A. Vassiliades, Michael A. Vidulich, Paul Ward, Joel S. Warm, David A. Washburn, Christopher D. Wickens, Scott J. Wood, David D. Woods, Motonori Yamaguchi, Lin Ye, Jeffrey M. Zacks
- Edited by Robert R. Hoffman, Peter A. Hancock, University of Central Florida, Mark W. Scerbo, Old Dominion University, Virginia, Raja Parasuraman, George Mason University, Virginia, James L. Szalma, University of Central Florida
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Applied Perception Research
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- 05 July 2015
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- 26 January 2015, pp xi-xiv
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Contributors
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- By Lassi Alvesalo, Alberto Anta, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Shara E. Bailey, Priscilla Bayle, José María Bermúdez de Castro, Tracy K. Betsinger, Luca Bondioli, Scott E. Burnett, Concepcion de la Rúa, William N. Duncan, Ryan M. Durner, Heather J.H. Edgar, Scott M. Fitzpatrick, Michael R. Fong, Ana Gracia-Téllez, Theresa M. Grieco, Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg, Tsunehiko Hanihara, Brian E. Hemphill, Leslea J. Hlusko, Michael W. Holmes, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Toby E. Hughes, John P. Hunter, Joel D. Irish, Kent M. Johnson, Sri Kuswandari, Christine Lee, John R. Lukacs, Roberto Macchiarelli, Laura Martín-Francés, Ignacio Martínez, María Martinón-Torres, Arnaud Mazurier, Yuji Mizoguchi, Stephanie Moormann, Greg C. Nelson, Stephen D. Ousley, Oliver T. Rizk, G. Richard Scott, Roman Schomberg, Kes Schroer, Christopher M. Stojanowski, Grant C. Townsend, Christy G. Turner, Theresia C. Weston, Bernard Wood, Clément Zanolli, Linhu Zhang
- Edited by G. Richard Scott, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Joel D. Irish, Liverpool John Moores University
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- Anthropological Perspectives on Tooth Morphology
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- 05 March 2013
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- 21 February 2013, pp viii-xi
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Development of a food compositional database for the estimation of dietary intake of phyto-oestrogens in a group of postmenopausal women previously treated for breast cancer and validation with urinary excretion
- Don B. Clarke, Antony S. Lloyd, Judy M. Lawrence, Jonathan E. Brown, Lesley Storey, Monique Raats, Richard M. Rainsbury, D. J. Culliford, Victoria A. Bailey-Horne, Barbara M. Parry
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 109 / Issue 12 / 28 June 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 January 2013, pp. 2261-2268
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- 28 June 2013
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The scientific literature contains evidence suggesting that women who have been treated for breast cancer may, as a result of their diagnosis, increase their phyto-oestrogen (PE) intake. In the present paper, we describe the creation of a dietary analysis database (based on Dietplan6) for the determination of dietary intakes of specific PE (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A, coumestrol, matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol), in a group of women previously diagnosed and treated for postmenopausal breast cancer. The design of the database, data evaluation criteria, literature data entry for 551 foods and primary analysis by LC–MS/MS of an additional thirty-four foods for which there were no published data are described. The dietary intake of 316 women previously treated for postmenopausal breast cancer informed the identification of potential food and beverage sources of PE and the bespoke dietary analysis database was created to, ultimately, quantify their PE intake. In order that PE exposure could be comprehensively described, fifty-four of the 316 subjects completed a 24 h urine collection, and their urinary excretion results allowed for the description of exposure to include those identified as ‘equol producers’.
Contributors
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- By Osama Abu-Ghazza, Anthony Addei, Karolina Afors, Nilesh Agarwal, Hiran Amarasekera, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, Cheron Bailey, Amarnath Bhide, Edwin Chandraharan, Hlupekile Chipeta, Lorraine Cleghorn, Kirsty Crocker, Stergios K. Doumouchtsis, Michael Egbor, Emma Evans, Inidika Gawarammana, Malik Goonewardene, Siromi Gunaratne, Kapila Gunawardane, Sarah Hammond, Richard Hartopp, Adnan Hasan, Alexander Heazell, Lucy Higgins, Polly Hughes, Rehana Iqbal, Priyantha Kandanearachchi, Lakshman Karalliedde, Nigel Kennea, Andrew Kent, Julia Kopeika, Archana Krishna, Anay Kulkarni, Nicola Lack, Tahir A. Mahmood, Jessica Moore, Vivek Nama, Anomi Panditharatne, Tim Patel, Leonie Penna, Chitra Ramanathan, M. F. M. Rameez, Probhodana Ranaweera, Justin Richards, Mohamed Rishard, Hemantha Senanayake, Hassan Shehata, Manilka Sumanatilleke, Vikram Sinai Talaulikar, Derek Tuffnell, Austin Ugwumadu, Ingrid Watt-Coote, Deepal S. Weerasekera, Renate Wendler, Christina Wood, Niraj Yanamandra
- Edited by Edwin Chandraharan, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
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- Book:
- Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
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- 05 November 2012
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- 11 October 2012, pp ix-xii
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Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use
- Sarah J. Canning, M. Begoña Santos, Robert J. Reid, Peter G.H. Evans, Richard C. Sabin, Nick Bailey, Graham J. Pierce
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- Journal:
- Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 88 / Issue 6 / September 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 July 2008, pp. 1159-1166
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The white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, is commonly found throughout the North Sea and shelf waters of the North Atlantic. Little is known about the behaviour and ecology of this species, especially in British coastal waters. In this paper we present details of the seasonal and geographical distribution of white-beaked dolphins around the UK, along with new information on their diet and habitat use. Analysis of historical stranding records show a segregation of the sexes, with a significant difference between when males and females strand in UK waters. There has been a steady decline in reported strandings since the 1970s and seasonal differences in the distribution of strandings suggest that sea temperature may limit white-beaked dolphin distribution around the British coast. Stomach contents' analysis, from dolphins stranded mainly on the Scottish east coast, identified haddock and whiting as the predominant fish species being taken. Boat surveys were performed along the north-east Scottish coast to examine relationships between topography, environmental conditions, dolphin presence and group size. Dolphin presence was related to seabed slope and aspect while variation in temperature explained almost 45% of variation in observed group size, with smaller groups associated with higher sea temperatures.
Part II - Compliance and Trading
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
- Published online:
- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 107-108
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Bibliography
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
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- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 343-352
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2 - A Political History of Federal Acid Rain Legislation
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
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- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 13-30
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Summary
EARLY HISTORY OF FEDERAL REGULATION OF SO2 EMISSIONS
The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments
The 1990 Acid Rain Program and the factors that influenced its structure cannot be understood in isolation from the earlier history of the federal government's efforts to limit SO2 emissions produced in conjunction with the generation of electricity. The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments, the first significant U.S. federal air pollution legislation, led to the establishment of national maximum standards for ambient concentrations of SO2, as for those of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulates, ozone, and lead. The states were largely responsible for meeting these standards in each local area. Each state was required to develop and have approved by EPA a state implementation plan (SIP) specifying actions to be taken to bring the state into compliance with the standards before the deadlines specified in the statute. The motivation for controlling SO2 emissions at this time was not concern about damage caused by acid rain. Rather, it rested on concerns about the effects of ambient SO2 concentrations on human health (for which “primary standards” were specified in the statute) and on other aspects of human welfare such as visibility (for which “secondary standards” were specified in the statute).
The 1970 Amendments also imposed New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) applicable only to SO2 emissions from new power plants. According to the NSPS, the emissions rate (ER) for new coal plants could not exceed 1.21b of sulfur dioxide per million Btu of fuel burned (0.81b/mmBtu for oil).
Index
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
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- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 353-362
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7 - Emissions Trading: Development of the Allowance Market
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
- Published online:
- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 167-196
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Summary
The argument for the cost-minimizing properties of emissions trading rests, of course, on the assumption that an external market for permits exists and that it is reasonably efficient. By “efficient” we mean that the prices for permits are transparent to buyers and sellers, transaction costs are low, arbitrage opportunities are quickly exploited, and buyers and sellers take full advantage of the opportunities to reduce compliance costs by engaging in trading activity. The limited experience with emissions trading prior to 1990 was not particularly encouraging in this regard (Hahn, 1989; Hahn and Hester, 1989), and there was considerable doubt whether the tradable permit feature of Title IV would meet with any greater success than did earlier programs involving emissions trading.
Unlike previous tradable permit programs, Title IV embraces emissions trading among utilities with remarkably few restrictions. First, allowances can be traded nationally. Second, no review or prior approval of trades is necessary. Third, the purchase and holding of allowances is not restricted to utilities for which these permits would become a necessary input for the coal- or oil-fired generation of electricity. All sources receiving allowance allocations as well as third parties, such as brokerage firms and individuals, are free to buy allowances from or sell them to any other party. Fourth, neither the frequency nor the mechanisms for trading allowances is limited. Finally, allowances that are good for use in one year may be saved and used in future years.
1 - A Market-Based Experiment
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
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- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 3-12
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Summary
A STAR IS BORN (?)
More than thirty years ago, Dales (1968) demonstrated that, in theory, an emissions-trading system, in which rights to emit pollution are available in fixed and limited aggregate amount and are freely tradable, would induce rational firms to reduce pollution at the least possible cost. This basic theoretical argument has been refined and elaborated many times since. Over this same period, the alternative command-and-control approach to environmental policy, in which the design or performance of individual pollution sources is specified, has been applied to a wide variety of problems and has generally performed poorly, with excessive costs and, often, failure to achieve environmental objectives. Nonetheless, until quite recently, emissions trading and related approaches (such as emission taxes) attracted little but hostility from noneconomists and were rarely employed in practice.
Then, with relatively little fanfare, Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (1990 CAAA, Public Law 101–549), the U.S. Acid Rain Program, passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President George Bush in 1990, established the first large-scale, long-term U.S. environmental program to rely on tradable emission permits (called “allowances” in the legislation) to control emissions. Its target was electric utility emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), the major precursor of acid rain.
Since 1990, policymakers' interest in emissions trading has grown rapidly. This growth accelerated in 1995, when Title IV came into effect. Most observers quickly judged the program to be a great success, largely because the price of emission rights (allowances) was well below expectations.
Preface
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
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- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp xvii-xx
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Summary
This book brings together the results of more than five years of research conducted by the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with which all of the authors have been affiliated. The Center seeks to provide rigorous, empirically grounded, and accessible economic analysis to inform the public policy debate. It has been the focus of applied economics research on energy and environmental issues at MIT for more than twenty years. The Center historically has concentrated on topics – like emissions trading – that are both interesting to academics and relevant to policymakers and industry analysts. Market-based emissions control instruments are increasingly in vogue, and we are pleased to provide this evaluation of the remarkable public policy experiment with emissions trading that was initiated by Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, the U.S. Acid Rain Program. We hope that our research will contribute to the consideration of market-based systems as tools for meeting at least some demands for environmental amenities.
As is the case for any major endeavor, there is a long list of people without whose assistance this book would never have appeared. This research has grown out of the inspired suggestion and accompanying funding by the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), which initially encouraged us to combine our collective experience to provide an evaluation for NAPAP's Quadrennial Report to the U.S. Congress.
Part III - Questions and Implications
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
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- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 251-252
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12 - Concluding Observations
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
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- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 314-322
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Summary
The U.S. Acid Rain Program – Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments – was passed by Congress and signed by President Bush to reduce SO2 emissions that contribute to acid rain. Neither Congress, nor President Bush, nor most of Title IV's other supporters conceived of the program as a policy experiment. Our analysis indicates that the Acid Rain Program has thus far been a notable success. Title IV more than achieved the SO2 emissions-reduction goal established for Phase I, and it did so on time, without extensive litigation, and at costs lower than predicted. Moreover, there has been 100% compliance by all affected sources. Not only have there been no violations of the law, but no administrative exemptions or exceptions have been granted to permit noncompliance. After all, no affected source has been able to claim that compliance would be a special hardship, since it could always meet its compliance obligations simply by purchasing allowances on the open market. We are unaware of any other U.S. environmental program that has achieved this much, and we find it impossible to believe that any feasible alternative command-and-control program could have done nearly as well. This performance justifies emission trading's recent emergence as a star on the environmental policy stage.
But, just as no single actor can excel in all roles, neither emissions trading nor any other approach to environmental policy can provide low-cost solutions to all environmental problems.
3 - The Political Economy of Allowance Allocations
- A. Denny Ellerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul L. Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Juan-Pablo Montero, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Elizabeth M. Bailey
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- Markets for Clean Air
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- 10 December 2009
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- 19 June 2000, pp 31-76
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COMPETING THEORIES OF DISTRIBUTIVE POLITICS
In this chapter, we analyze how Congress, influenced by the executive branch and various special interests, distributed SO2 allowances among electric utilities as an integral part of the process of crafting acid rain legislation that could pass both houses of Congress and be signed by President Bush. The environmental economics and regulation literature contains essentially no empirical work on the economic effects of alternative market-based control mechanisms on different interest groups, largely because the historical record contains few applications of such mechanisms. In particular, little attention has been devoted to how interest-group politics and associated rent-seeking behavior affect the allocation of rights to pollute in the context of a tradable-permit system. Without this type of knowledge it is impossible to understand the political feasibility of alternative control instruments or how they might be structured to have a better chance of gaining acceptance in the political process. The ability to structure market-based mechanisms for internalizing environmental externalities that are acceptable politically will depend heavily on their incidence; that is, on their effects on different interest groups who are represented in one way or another in the branches of government that ultimately make policy decisions. Whenever valuable property rights are created by legislation, the associated allocation decisions are likely to be highly politicized in much the same way as is tax legislation or appropriations bills. Understanding better how the political process deals with such issues, in which costs and benefits are distributed among the population, can help in designing environmental control programs that are politically acceptable as well as theoretically appealing.