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Issues and pressures facing the future of soil carbon stocks with particular emphasis on Scottish soils
- S. BUCKINGHAM, R. M. REES, C. A. WATSON
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 152 / Issue 5 / October 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2013, pp. 699-715
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- Article
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Soil organic carbon (C) plays a critical role in supporting the productive capacity of soils and their ability to provide a wide range of ecologically important functions including the storage of atmospherically derived carbon dioxide (CO2). The present paper collates available information on Scottish soil C stocks and C losses and reviews the potential pressures on terrestrial C, which may threaten future C stocks. Past, present and possible future land use, land management practices and land use changes (LUCs) including forestry, agriculture, nitrogen (N) additions, elevated CO2 and climate change for Scotland are discussed and evaluated in relation to the anthropogenic pressures on soil C.
The review deduces that current available data show little suggestion of significant changes in C stocks of Scottish soils, although this may be due to a lack of long-term trend data. However, it can be concluded that there are many pressures, such as climate change, intensity of land use practices, scale of LUC, soil erosion and pollution, which may pose significant threats to the future of Scottish soil C if these factors are not taken into consideration in future land management decisions. In particular, this is due to the land area covered by vulnerable peats and highly organic soils in Scotland compared with other areas in the UK. It is therefore imperative that soil C stocks for different land use, management practices and LUCs are monitored in more detail to provide further insight into the potential changes in sequestered C and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions, as advised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
6 - Flows with interfaces
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- By A. E. Hasha, J. W. M. Bush, M. F. G. Johnson, M. J. Miksis, R. A. Schluter, S. G. Bankoff, I. L. Kliakhandler, S. H. Davis, S. G. Bankoff, B. J. Fischer, A. A. Darhuber, S. M. Troian, T. Maxworthy, R. Buckingham, J. W. M. Bush, S. T. Thoroddsen, L. Mahadevan, A. A. Vedernikov, B. Scheid, E. Istasse, J. C. Legros
- M. Samimy, Ohio State University, K. S. Breuer, Brown University, Rhode Island, L. G. Leal, University of California, Santa Barbara, P. H. Steen, Cornell University, New York
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- Book:
- A Gallery of Fluid Motion
- Published online:
- 25 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 12 January 2004, pp 63-71
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Summary
We examine the form of the free surface flows resulting from the collision of equal jets at an oblique angle. Glycerol-water solutions with viscosities of 15–50 cS were pumped at flow rates of 10–40 cc/s through circular outlets with diameter 2 mm. Characteristic flow speeds are 1–3 m/s. Figures 2–4 were obtained through strobe illumination at frequencies in the range 2.5–10 kHz.
At low flow rates, the resulting stream takes the form of a steady fluid chain, a succession of mutually orthogonal fluid links, each comprised of a thin oval sheet bound by relatively thick fluid rims (Fig. 1). The influence of viscosity serves to decrease the size of successive links, and the chain ultimately coalesces into a cylindrical stream.
As the flow rate is increased, waves are excited on the sheet, and the fluid rims become unstable (Figs. 2 and 3). Droplets form from the sheet rims but remain attached to the fluid sheet by tendrils of fluid that thin and eventually break. The resulting flow takes the form of fluid fishbones, with the fluid sheet being the fish head and the tendrils its bones. Increasing the flow rate serves to broaden the fishbones.
In the wake of the fluid fish, a regular array of drops obtains, the number and spacing of which is determined by the pinch–off of the fishbones (Fig. 4). At the highest flow rates examined, the flow is reminiscent of that arising in acoustically excited fan-spray nozzles.