10 results
Derivation and validation of a risk assessment model for drug-resistant pathogens in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia
- Michael B. Rothberg, Sarah Haessler, Abhishek Deshpande, Pei-Chun Yu, Peter K. Lindenauer, Marya D. Zilberberg, Thomas L. Higgins, Peter B. Imrey
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 44 / Issue 7 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 September 2022, pp. 1143-1150
- Print publication:
- July 2023
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Objective:
To derive and validate a model for risk of resistance to first-line community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapy.
Design:We developed a logistic regression prediction model from a large multihospital discharge database and validated it versus the Drug Resistance in Pneumonia (DRIP) score in a holdout sample and another hospital system outside that database. Resistance to first-line CAP therapy (quinolone or third generation cephalosporin plus macrolide) was based on blood or respiratory cultures.
Setting:This study was conducted using data from 177 Premier Healthcare database hospitals and 11 Cleveland Clinic hospitals.
Participants:Adults hospitalized for CAP.
Exposure:Risk factors for resistant infection.
Results:Among 138,762 eligible patients in the Premier database, 12,181 (8.8%) had positive cultures and 5,200 (3.8%) had organisms resistant to CAP therapy. Infection with a resistant organism in the previous year was the strongest predictor of resistance; markers of acute illness (eg, receipt of mechanical ventilation or vasopressors) and chronic illness (eg, pressure ulcer, paralysis) were also associated with resistant infections. Our model outperformed the DRIP score with a C-statistic of 0.71 versus 0.63 for the DRIP score (P < .001) in the Premier holdout sample, and 0.65 versus 0.58 (P < .001) in Cleveland Clinic hospitals. Clinicians at Premier facilities used broad-spectrum antibiotics for 20%–30% of patients. In discriminating between patients with and without resistant infections, physician judgment slightly outperformed the DRIP instrument but not our model.
Conclusions:Our model predicting infection with a resistant pathogen outperformed both the DRIP score and physician practice in an external validation set. Its integration into practice could reduce unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on presentations to health services following self-harm: systematic review
- Sarah Steeg, Ann John, David J. Gunnell, Nav Kapur, Dana Dekel, Lena Schmidt, Duleeka Knipe, Ella Arensman, Keith Hawton, Julian P. T. Higgins, Emily Eyles, Catherine Macleod-Hall, Luke A. McGuiness, Roger T. Webb
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 221 / Issue 4 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 July 2022, pp. 603-612
- Print publication:
- October 2022
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Background
Evidence on the impact of the pandemic on healthcare presentations for self-harm has accumulated rapidly. However, existing reviews do not include studies published beyond 2020.
AimsTo systematically review evidence on presentations to health services following self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic.
MethodA comprehensive search of databases (WHO COVID-19 database; Medline; medRxiv; Scopus; PsyRxiv; SocArXiv; bioRxiv; COVID-19 Open Research Dataset, PubMed) was conducted. Studies published from 1 January 2020 to 7 September 2021 were included. Study quality was assessed with a critical appraisal tool.
ResultsFifty-one studies were included: 57% (29/51) were rated as ‘low’ quality, 31% (16/51) as ‘moderate’ and 12% (6/51) as ‘high-moderate’. Most evidence (84%, 43/51) was from high-income countries. A total of 47% (24/51) of studies reported reductions in presentation frequency, including all six rated as high-moderate quality, which reported reductions of 17–56%. Settings treating higher lethality self-harm were overrepresented among studies reporting increased demand. Two of the three higher-quality studies including study observation months from 2021 reported reductions in self-harm presentations. Evidence from 2021 suggests increased numbers of presentations among adolescents, particularly girls.
ConclusionsSustained reductions in numbers of self-harm presentations were seen into the first half of 2021, although this evidence is based on a relatively small number of higher-quality studies. Evidence from low- and middle-income countries is lacking. Increased numbers of presentations among adolescents, particularly girls, into 2021 is concerning. Findings may reflect changes in thresholds for help-seeking, use of alternative sources of support and variable effects of the pandemic across groups.
Learning to deliver LGBT+ aged care: exploring and documenting best practices in professional and vocational education through the World Café method – CORRIGENDUM
- Trish Hafford-Letchfield, Alfonso Pezzella, Sandra Connell, Mojca Urek, Anže Jurček, Agnes Higgins, Brian Keogh, Nina Van de Vaart, Irma Rabelink, George Robotham, Elisa Bus, Charlotte Buitenkamp, Sarah Lewis-Brooke
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- Journal:
- Ageing & Society / Volume 43 / Issue 1 / January 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 April 2021, p. 249
- Print publication:
- January 2023
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Learning to deliver LGBT+ aged care: exploring and documenting best practices in professional and vocational education through the World Café method
- Trish Hafford-Letchfield, Alfonso Pezzella, Sandra Connell, Mojca Urek, Anže Jurček, Agnes Higgins, Brian Keogh, Nina Van de Vaart, Irma Rabelink, George Robotham, Elisa Bus, Charlotte Buitenkamp, Sarah Lewis-Brooke
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- Journal:
- Ageing & Society / Volume 43 / Issue 1 / January 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 April 2021, pp. 105-126
- Print publication:
- January 2023
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Substantial evidence on the adverse impact of ageing on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT+) populations through the lack of inclusive care services has highlighted the need for education and training of the health and social care workforce to enhance their skills, knowledge and capabilities in this area. We describe a cross-national collaboration across four European Union countries called BEING ME. This collaboration examined the current pedagogic environment within professional, vocational and community-based education to identify what is most valuable for addressing these needs. The World Café method enabled a process of structured learning and knowledge exchange between stakeholders resulting in: (a) identification of best practices in pedagogies, (b) generation of tailored co-produced educational resources, and (c) recommendations on how to improve the knowledge and capabilities of future care professionals in the area of LGBT+ affirmative practices. Combined with themes from the post-Café evaluation, our findings suggest that underpinning professional and vocational education with a person-in-environment perspective facilitates going some way to acknowledging the historical context of older LGBT+ people's lives. Addressing the unique needs of sub-populations within LGBT+ communities and setting these in the context of holistic and person-centred care may better enable the meeting of their unique diverse needs for ageing. Recommendations are made for learning and teaching strategies to support improved LGBT+ aged care.
2 - Data modelling for analysis, discovery and retrieval
- from PART 1 - ANALYSIS AND RETRIEVAL OF DIGITAL CULTURAL OBJECTS
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- By Sarah Higgins, Aberystwyth University
- Edited by Allen Foster, Pauline Rafferty
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- Book:
- Managing Digital Cultural Objects
- Published by:
- Facet
- Published online:
- 09 June 2018
- Print publication:
- 31 July 2016, pp 25-60
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Summary
Introduction
Effective analysis, discovery and retrieval of digital cultural objects are reliant on the underlying data model adopted by an implementation. The manner in which the digital objects have been created will determine whether they can be interrogated for complex analysis. The type and scope of the metadata captured will determine the tools that can be provided for both browsing and searching, and the resulting discovery. The structure and content standards adopted for metadata creation and the formats used for digital object creation will determine whether they can be readily shared across technical implementations. Establishing the aims of the creation and delivery of a collection of digital cultural objects, and modelling the data and metadata requirements to fulfil the established aims, underpin the operational management of digital cultural objects in the custodial environment.
Defining requirements
Data modelling should not actually focus on the data to be delivered in the first instance. Rather it starts with two fundamental questions which will drive the creation of cultural digital objects and the technical specification for delivering them:
What audience is the material for?
How will the identified audience use the material?
It is only after a requirements-gathering exercise to answer these questions that an initiative should start to think about the types of digital object that will be created and supported, the structure and organization of these objects and the functionality and services that will be provided to enable analysis, discovery and retrieval (Shen et al., 2005).
Requirements gathering can be a complex process that involves looking closely at the needs of the proposed users and the wider social, personnel and technical issues. The design of a requirements-gathering exercise can be informed through the use of conceptual models which describe the wider functions of a digital library or digital repository and consider the actors as well as the data.
The OAIS Reference Model
The OAIS (Open Archival Information System) Reference Model (ISO 14721) (Consultative Committee for Space Data System Practices, 2012) is widely used as a framework for modelling a digital collection's technical and organizational requirements and conformance with the standard regarded as best practice, especially if digital objects are to be managed over the long term.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Contributors
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- By Osama Abu-Ghazza, Anthony Addei, Karolina Afors, Nilesh Agarwal, Hiran Amarasekera, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, Cheron Bailey, Amarnath Bhide, Edwin Chandraharan, Hlupekile Chipeta, Lorraine Cleghorn, Kirsty Crocker, Stergios K. Doumouchtsis, Michael Egbor, Emma Evans, Inidika Gawarammana, Malik Goonewardene, Siromi Gunaratne, Kapila Gunawardane, Sarah Hammond, Richard Hartopp, Adnan Hasan, Alexander Heazell, Lucy Higgins, Polly Hughes, Rehana Iqbal, Priyantha Kandanearachchi, Lakshman Karalliedde, Nigel Kennea, Andrew Kent, Julia Kopeika, Archana Krishna, Anay Kulkarni, Nicola Lack, Tahir A. Mahmood, Jessica Moore, Vivek Nama, Anomi Panditharatne, Tim Patel, Leonie Penna, Chitra Ramanathan, M. F. M. Rameez, Probhodana Ranaweera, Justin Richards, Mohamed Rishard, Hemantha Senanayake, Hassan Shehata, Manilka Sumanatilleke, Vikram Sinai Talaulikar, Derek Tuffnell, Austin Ugwumadu, Ingrid Watt-Coote, Deepal S. Weerasekera, Renate Wendler, Christina Wood, Niraj Yanamandra
- Edited by Edwin Chandraharan, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
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- Book:
- Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
- Published online:
- 05 November 2012
- Print publication:
- 11 October 2012, pp ix-xii
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2 - The lifecycle of data management
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- By Sarah Higgins, Aberystwyth University
- Edited by Graham Pryor
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- Book:
- Managing Research Data
- Published by:
- Facet
- Published online:
- 09 June 2018
- Print publication:
- 20 January 2012, pp 17-46
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Summary
Introduction
Digital materials are inherently fragile and need to be managed from the outset if they are to remain retrievable, identifiable and usable for the community that needs to access, use and reuse the information they contain. The set of activities required to manage data, known collectively as digital curation, aims to ensure that not only is the bit-stream maintained but that the data can be discovered and rendered throughout its lifecycle. Such lifecycle management ensures that documented policies and processes are developed, roles and responsibilities are defined, and the technical framework is in place to create, store and manage research data collections while delivering user access.
Drivers for lifecycle management of data
The science of archives and records management has long adopted a lifecycle approach to managing information. The imperative of an archivist is to ensure that information created in the course of a business or activity is adequately managed so that it can be identified, located and used when required, to support future activities. In the analogue world, paper or photographic materials may deteriorate over time through bad handling or poor storage conditions, allowing damp, mould, insect infestation or vermin damage to accrue. The context of their creation may be lost through divorce from their original environment, or poor documentation. The ability to find them may be hampered through inadequate cataloguing or misplacement. Capable management throughout the lifecycle ensures that these problems are minimized. The threats to digital material and the techniques for managing them may differ, but the underlying principles and the underpinning processes and policies, originally developed for dealing with the mountains of paper created in the pre-digital world, remain applicable to the digital paradigm.
The necessity of adopting the lifecycle approach to the management of data is discussed by Pennock (2007). Digital materials rely on a combination of hardware, software and storage media to create, store, access and render them. From the moment they are created they are vulnerable to the speed with which technology advances and the possibility of the failure of these technologies, so data can rapidly become inaccessible, or even completely lost. Additionally, the ease with which data can be moved, copied, edited and deleted may make its integrity and reliability questionable and its provenance dubious, with consequent repercussions for reuse. A lack of metadata may make it unidentifiable, irretrievable and unusable.
4 - Radiological assessment
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- By Sarah Higgins, South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Adrian Lim, Charing Cross Hospital
- Edited by Nigel Acheson, David Luesley
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- Book:
- Gynaecological Oncology for the MRCOG and Beyond
- Published online:
- 05 August 2014
- Print publication:
- 01 January 2011, pp 53-66
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Summary
Radiological assessment forms an integral part of the multidisciplinary management of gynaecological cancers. This chapter describes the role of imaging modalities in gynaecological cancer. Peritoneal spread from other tumours can mimic ovarian cancer. Ultrasound or computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsies of peritoneal deposits can be performed, and the transvaginal ultrasound approach can be used for isolated pelvic disease. Imaging has a vital role to play in determining correct management of cervical cancer, at initial staging, recurrent disease and looking for complications. The role of cross-sectional imaging in the management of endometrial cancer has changed as a result of the (A Study in the Treatment of Endometrial Cancer (ASTEC)) trial. CT is performed in stage IV disease, and plays a role in radiotherapy planning in more advanced stages of disease. CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed in cases which are chemoresistant or have a high FIGO score.
Laboratory measurements of modulation of short-wave slopes by long surface waves
- Sarah J. Miller, Omar H. Shemdin, Michael S. Longuet-Higgins
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 233 / December 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 389-404
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Hydrodynamic modulation of wind waves by long surface waves in a wave tank is investigated, at wind speeds ranging from 1.5 to 10 m s−1. The results are compared with the linear, non-dissipative, theory of Longuet-Higgins & Stewart (1960), which describes the modulation of a group of short gravity waves due to straining of the surface by currents produced by the orbital motions of the long wave, and work done against the radiation stresses of the short waves. In most cases the theory is in good agreement with the experimental results when the short waves are not too steep, and the rate of growth due to the wind is relatively small. At the higher wind speeds, the effects of wind-wave growth, dissipation and wave-wave interactions are dominant.