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Head and Neck Cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines, Sixth Edition
- Jarrod J Homer, Stuart C Winter, Elizabeth C Abbey, Hiba Aga, Reshma Agrawal, Derfel ap Dafydd, Takhar Arunjit, Patrick Axon, Eleanor Aynsley, Izhar N Bagwan, Arun Batra, Donna Begg, Jonathan M Bernstein, Guy Betts, Colin Bicknell, Brian Bisase, Grainne C Brady, Peter Brennan, Aina Brunet, Val Bryant, Linda Cantwell, Ashish Chandra, Preetha Chengot, Melvin L K Chua, Peter Clarke, Gemma Clunie, Margaret Coffey, Clare Conlon, David I Conway, Florence Cook, Matthew R Cooper, Declan Costello, Ben Cosway, Neil J A Cozens, Grant Creaney, Daljit K Gahir, Stephen Damato, Joe Davies, Katharine S Davies, Alina D Dragan, Yong Du, Mark R D Edmond, Stefano Fedele, Harriet Finze, Jason C Fleming, Bernadette H Foran, Beth Fordham, Mohammed M A S Foridi, Lesley Freeman, Katherine E Frew, Pallavi Gaitonde, Victoria Gallyer, Fraser W Gibb, Sinclair M Gore, Mark Gormley, Roganie Govender, J Greedy, Teresa Guerrero Urbano, Dorothy Gujral, David W Hamilton, John C Hardman, Kevin Harrington, Samantha Holmes, Jarrod J Homer, Deborah Howland, Gerald Humphris, Keith D Hunter, Kate Ingarfield, Richard Irving, Kristina Isand, Yatin Jain, Sachin Jauhar, Sarra Jawad, Glyndwr W Jenkins, Anastasios Kanatas, Stephen Keohane, Cyrus J Kerawala, William Keys, Emma V King, Anthony Kong, Fiona Lalloo, Kirsten Laws, Samuel C Leong, Shane Lester, Miles Levy, Ken Lingley, Gitta Madani, Navin Mani, Paolo L Matteucci, Catriona R Mayland, James McCaul, Lorna K McCaul, Pádraig McDonnell, Andrew McPartlin, Valeria Mercadante, Zoe Merchant, Radu Mihai, Mufaddal T Moonim, John Moore, Paul Nankivell, Sonali Natu, A Nelson, Pablo Nenclares, Kate Newbold, Carrie Newland, Ailsa J Nicol, Iain J Nixon, Rupert Obholzer, James T O'Hara, S Orr, Vinidh Paleri, James Palmer, Rachel S Parry, Claire Paterson, Gillian Patterson, Joanne M Patterson, Miranda Payne, L Pearson, David N Poller, Jonathan Pollock, Stephen Ross Porter, Matthew Potter, Robin J D Prestwich, Ruth Price, Mani Ragbir, Meena S Ranka, Max Robinson, Justin W G Roe, Tom Roques, Aleix Rovira, Sajid Sainuddin, I J Salmon, Ann Sandison, Andy Scarsbrook, Andrew G Schache, A Scott, Diane Sellstrom, Cherith J Semple, Jagrit Shah, Praveen Sharma, Richard J Shaw, Somiah Siddiq, Priyamal Silva, Ricard Simo, Rabin P Singh, Maria Smith, Rebekah Smith, Toby Oliver Smith, Sanjai Sood, Francis W Stafford, Neil Steven, Kay Stewart, Lisa Stoner, Steve Sweeney, Andrew Sykes, Carly L Taylor, Selvam Thavaraj, David J Thomson, Jane Thornton, Neil S Tolley, Nancy Turnbull, Sriram Vaidyanathan, Leandros Vassiliou, John Waas, Kelly Wade-McBane, Donna Wakefield, Amy Ward, Laura Warner, Laura-Jayne Watson, H Watts, Christina Wilson, Stuart C Winter, Winson Wong, Chui-Yan Yip, Kent Yip
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 138 / Issue S1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2024, pp. S1-S224
- Print publication:
- April 2024
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Effects of semaglutide on body weight in clozapine-treated people with schizophrenia and obesity: study protocol for a placebo-controlled, randomised multicentre trial (COaST)
- Dan Siskind, Andrea Baker, Anthony Russell, Nicola Warren, Gail Robinson, Stephen Parker, Sarah Medland, Steve Kisely, Tineka Hager, Urska Arnautovska
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 9 / Issue 4 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 July 2023, e136
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Background
People with schizophrenia die almost 20 years earlier than the general population, most commonly from avertable cardiometabolic disease. Existing pharmacological weight-loss agents including metformin have limited efficacy. Recently available glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonists such as semaglutide have shown promise for weight loss but have yet to be trialled in this population.
AimsTo examine the efficacy of semaglutide to ameliorate antipsychotic-induced obesity in people with schizophrenia who have been treated with clozapine for more than 18 weeks.
MethodThis is a 36-week, double-blinded, randomised placebo-controlled trial. We will recruit 80 clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, aged 18–64 years, with a baseline body mass index ≥26 kg/m2, who will be randomised to subcutaneous semaglutide of 2.0 mg once a week or placebo for 36 weeks. The primary endpoint will be percentage change in body weight from baseline.
ResultsThis trial will assess the efficacy and side-effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide on body weight and provide evidence on the possible clinical utility of semaglutide in patients with inadequate response to metformin. The study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (www.anzctr.org.au) with clinical trial registration number ACTRN12621001539820.
ConclusionThis research could benefit individuals with schizophrenia who experience significant health issues, leading to premature mortality, owing to antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.
A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Manitoba, Canada
- Jason Gibbs, Emily Hanuschuk, Reid Miller, Melanie Dubois, Massimo Martini, Steve Robinson, Phoenix Nakagawa, Cory S. Sheffield, Sophie Cardinal, Thomas M. Onuferko
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 155 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 January 2023, e3
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We record 392 species or morphospecies of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) for Manitoba, Canada, which is 154 more species than reported in 2015 and includes five new generic records since 2015 (Ashmeadiella, Brachymelecta, Eucera, Neolarra, and Triepeolus). Thirteen new records reported here are new for Canada: Calliopsis (Nomadopsis) australior Cockerell, Perdita (Perdita) tridentata Stevens, Brachymelecta interrupta (Cresson), Diadasia (Dasiapis) ochracea (Cockerell), Melissodes bidentis Cockerell, Nomada crawfordi crawfordi Cockerell, Nomada fuscicincta Swenk, Nomada sphaerogaster Cockerell, Nomada xantholepis Cockerell, Triepeolus cf. grindeliae Cockerell, Dianthidium (Dianthidium) parvum (Cresson), Coelioxys (Xerocoelioxys) nodis Baker, and Megachile (Megachiloides) dakotensis Mitchell. We remove the following species from the list of Manitoba bees based on re-examination of voucher material: Andrena (Ptilandrena) geranii Robertson, Andrena (Rhacandrena) robertsonii Dalla Torre, Andrena (Simandrena) nasonii Robertson, Andrena (Trachandrena) ceanothi Viereck, Andrena (Trachandrena) quintilis Robertson, Lasioglossum (Hemihalictus) pectoraloides (Cockerell), Lasioglossum (Lasioglossum) forbesii (Robertson), and Dianthidium (Dianthidium) concinnum (Cresson). We propose that Nomada alpha paralpha Cockerell, 1921 and N. alpha dialpha Cockerell, 1921 are junior synonyms of N. alpha Cockerell, 1905. Nomada arenicola Swenk, 1912 is considered a junior synonym of N. fervida Smith, 1854. Protandrena albertensis (Cockerell) and Neolarra mallochi Michener are recognised as valid species. We provide additional notes on taxonomy, nomenclature, and behaviour for select species in the list.
Measuring 3D Chemistry with Fused Multi-Modal Electron Tomography
- Jonathan Schwartz, Jacob Pietryga, Jonathan Rowell, Jeffrey A. Fessler, Steve Rozeveld, Yi Jiang, Zichao Wendy Di, Richard Robinson, Robert Hovden
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 28 / Issue S1 / August 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 July 2022, pp. 2622-2624
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- August 2022
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Monitoring a Fragile Child Protection System: a Longitudinal Local Area Ecological Analysis of the Inequalities Impact of Children’s Services Inspections on Statutory Child Welfare Interventions in England
- DAVARA L BENNETT, DANIELA K SCHLÜTER, GABRIELLA MELIS, CALUM JR WEBB, STEVE REDDY, BEN BARR, SOPHIE WICKHAM, DAVID TAYLOR-ROBINSON
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- Journal:
- Journal of Social Policy / Volume 53 / Issue 3 / July 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 July 2022, pp. 617-637
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- July 2024
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Child protection systems monitoring is key to ensuring children’s wellbeing. In England, monitoring is rooted in onsite inspection, culminating in judgements ranging from ‘outstanding’ to ‘inadequate’. But inspection may carry unintended consequences where child protection systems are weak. One potential consequence is increased child welfare intervention rates. In this longitudinal ecological study of local authorities in England, we used Poisson mixed-effects regression models to assess whether child welfare intervention rates are higher in an inspection year, whether this is driven by inspection judgement, and whether more deprived areas experience different rates for a given inspection judgement. We investigated the impact of inspection on care entry, Child Protection Plan-initiation, and child-in-need status. We found that inspection was associated with a rise in rates across the spectrum of interventions. Worse judgements yielded higher rates. Inspection may also exacerbate existing inequalities. Unlike less deprived areas, more deprived areas judged inadequate did not experience an increase in the less intrusive ‘child-in-need’ interventions. Our findings suggest that a narrow focus on social work practice is unlikely to address weaknesses in the child protection system. Child protection systems monitoring should be guided by a holistic model of systems improvement, encompassing the socioeconomic determinants of quality.
Wars and State-Making Reconsidered - The Rise of the Developmental State*
- Steve Pincus, James Robinson
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- Journal:
- Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales: English Edition / Volume 71 / Issue 1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 August 2017, pp. 9-34
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This article argues that the term “fiscal-military state” is a misnomer, particularly when applied to one of the paradigmatic cases of early modern state formation, Britain. Britain devoted a significantly smaller proportion of government revenues to military expenses than any other European state. Moreover, its overall expenditure included important non-military elements and massive investment in colonial development, a fact that standard accounts fail to take into consideration. The existing fiscal historiography also ignores large swaths of other types of state activity. Finally, the article argues that the British state—and quite probably other early modern states—was not forged in warfare. If war did not make the British state, this would explain why the British state was less narrowly focused on making war.
Sensitivity of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Vegetable Crop Seedlings to Fluridone in Irrigation Water
- Stratford H. Kay, David W. Monks, Steve T. Hoyle, Darren K. Robinson
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 8 / Issue 2 / June 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 250-257
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The sensitivities of tobacco, tomato, pepper, and cucumber seedlings to an aquatic herbicide, fluridone, were examined in growth chamber and greenhouse studies. New leaves of tobacco seedlings became chlorotic after 6-d exposure to fluridone concentrations of 5 μg/L or greater in hydroponic float culture, and dry weights were significantly reduced at 100 μg/L or greater. When treated only once at the beginning of a 2-wk evaluation period, all crops except cucumber exhibited injury symptoms at 100 μg/L. When grown in sand, pepper and tomato were injured at 25 μg/L; tobacco injury occurred at 10 μg/L. Dry weights of pepper, tobacco, and tomato seedlings decreased significantly at 250, 50, and 250 μg/L, respectively, on potting mix; effects on dry weights were not significant for plants on sand. Cucumber was injured by treatment at 100 μg/L or greater in sand, but there were no effects on dry weights in either sand or potting mix. When treated three times weekly for 2 wk with fluridone, pepper, tobacco, and tomato grown in potting mix were injured by 50, 25, and 100 μg/L; when grown in sand, injury occurred at 10, 5, and 10 μg/L, respectively. Dry weights of pepper, tobacco, and tomato were reduced by 50,50, and 100 μg/L, respectively, in potting mix; effects on dry weights were not significant for plants in sand. Cucumber seedlings were damaged by 250 μg/L or higher on potting mix and 100 μg/L or higher on sand, but there were no effects on dry weights regardless of substrate. Threshold injury levels for plants grown in potting mix to the second true leaf stage and then treated three times weekly were 25 μg/L for pepper and tobacco and 50 μg/L for tomato; dry weights were significantly reduced in pepper at 25 μg/L and in tobacco and tomato at 50 μg/L. Cucumber seedlings were not injured by any treatment in this test.
Control of Flaxleaf Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) in Wheat and Sorghum
- Hanwen Wu, Steve Walker, Geoff Robinson, Neil Coombes
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 24 / Issue 2 / June 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 102-107
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Flaxleaf fleabane is a difficult-to-control weed in dryland minimum tillage farming systems in the northeast grains region of Australia. Experiments were conducted between 2003 and 2005 to identify effective control strategies on flaxleaf fleabane in wheat and sorghum. A preplant application of chlorsulfuron at 15 g ai/ha in wheat controlled flaxleaf fleabane ≥ 90%. The efficacy of early postemergent applications of metsulfuron–methyl at 4.2 g ai/ha varied between years. However, the flaxleaf fleabane was controlled > 85% with metsulfuron–methyl at 4.2 g ai/ha plus MCPA at 420 g ae/ha plus picloram at 26 g ae/ha, or metsulfuron–methyl followed by late postemergent 2,4-D amine at 300 g ae/ha. In sorghum, a preplant application of glyphosate at 900 g ae/ha plus 2,4-D amine at 900 g ae/ha or dicamba at 500 g ae/ha at 1 mo before sorghum planting provided ≥ 95% control. Preplant atrazine at 2,000 g ai/ha controlled flaxleaf fleabane 83 to 100% in sorghum. At-planting atrazine at 2,000 or 1,000 g ai/ha can be applied to control new emergence of flaxleaf fleabane and grasses, depending on the weed pressure and spectrum. Flaxleaf fleabane reduced sorghum yield 65 to 98% if not controlled.
Faire la guerre et faire l ’État: Nouvelles perspectives sur l’essorde l’État développementaliste
- Steve Pincus, James Robinson
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- Journal:
- Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales / Volume 71 / Issue 1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 5-35
- Print publication:
- March 2016
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Cet article propose une critique de la pertinence de la notion d’État fiscal-militaire, en se penchant plus particulièrement sur le cas exemplaire de la Grande-Bretagne qui consacra une part significativement moindre des revenus du gouvernement au domaine militaire que tout autre État européen. En outre, il met en lumière d’autres sources de dépenses civiles importantes, notamment l’investissement massif de l’État britannique dans le développement colonial, dont les travaux existants ne tiennent pas compte, de même que l’historiographie fiscale ignore de larges pans de l’activité étatique. Finalement, nous défendons la thèse que l’État britannique – ainsi que d’autres États modernes, de manière très probable – n’a pas été forgé par les guerres. La guerre n’a pas fait l’État britannique, et c’est pour cette raison qu’il fut peu enclin à s’engager dans des conflits armés.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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From materials research to climate change: David Eaglesham assesses the solar energy industry
- Steve M. Yalisove, Arthur L. Robinson
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- Journal:
- MRS Bulletin / Volume 37 / Issue 9 / September 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 September 2012, pp. 800-801
- Print publication:
- September 2012
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seven - Community dynamics and planning
- Nick Gallent, University College London, Steve Robinson
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- Book:
- Neighbourhood Planning
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 07 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 30 May 2012, pp 79-94
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Summary
Neighbourhood planning is rooted in community dynamics, in the relationships and interactions that bind people together. These interactions may create what Tönnies (1887) described as a ‘unity of will’ and a sense of shared identity (see also Cohen, 1985), although they can also be a source of division, as fractures form between competing groups and diverse interests (Panelli, 2006). Broadly, communities are constituted of networks of social exchange and it is through these networks that community action is realised, often grounded in the emergence of ‘community leaders’ and in the coalescence of groupings that play a key role in catalysing interest around planning, development and broader service issues. In this chapter, we examine these groupings and these dynamics within the case study communities, drawing out the context for neighbourhood planning. This chapter also elaborates on the catalysts for, and motivating factors behind, community-based planning: who drives the process and who is co-opted or selected to move things forward. It presents an initial view of 10 communities from the perspective of groups, always including the parish clerk, tied to the parish councils. These are not necessarily viewed as primary nodes within local networks, but as practical entry points into communities, which is what they proved to be for the purposes of the study.
The study parishes
Throughout the chapters that follow, parishes are referred to using a notation that is designed to conceal their identities. Some of the information and views relayed by these ‘parish groups’ (PGs) was clearly confidential and not for public dissemination. For this reason, the 10 study parishes are referred to as ‘PG1’ to ‘PG10’. Sometimes the identity of parishes is revealed in the narratives and quotations presented. Where this clearly does not infringe on confidentiality, no attempt is made to conceal their identity. The case study parishes are shown in Figure 7.1 How community activism is triggered within different places is inevitably affected by the different experiences of the parishes. This issue is examined later in this chapter. On occasions, community activity gestates slowly as interest in local issues takes root; but sometimes it happens suddenly as passions are inflamed and communities seek to right what they view as great wrongs.
three - Localism and its antecedents
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The ‘localism’ of the UK coalition government is rooted in some of the ideas introduced in the last chapter. It connects with a participatory and collaborative (or ‘iterative’) understanding of how the structures of governance should function (Corry and Stoker, 2002; Stoker, 2004, 2007) and, like other collaborative approaches that operate at the interface with ‘communities of interest’, is viewed as an antithesis to centralised control, exerted through executive decision-making structures. With individualisation and globalisation as its backdrop, it is presented as the means to achieve democratic renewal and to rebuild trust between policy communities and communities of interest. Local control over service delivery and community input into policy making seem to have an obvious meaning, and these are not new ideas. In the mid-2000s, Labour's programme of local government modernisation was frequently described as a form of ‘new localism’ (Davies, 2008, p 3). And during that period, others regularly noted the turn towards localism that appeared inherent in UK public policy (see Morphet, 2004a; Coaffee and Headlam, 2008). Localism is not new, but has deep roots in state theory and particularly in those discourses that focus on the relationship between local and central government and the extent to which the former can be freed from centralised control while still working to secure success in big government initiatives and programmes, in pursuit of a wider public good. However, use of the term is often couched in political rhetoric and conceptual uncertainty. Like other misused terms, ‘sustainability’ being the most obvious example, it can mean different things to different audiences. The purpose of this chapter is to clarify the origins of localism, to review the part it looks set to play in the coalition's ‘Big Society’ and then to focus on its ‘neighbourhood planning’ component and how this, framed by the broader ambition of localism, has become government's chosen mode of iterative governance and democratic renewal.
The centre and the local
Localism seeks a revision of the relationship between central state and governance structures at the local level, with a view to coping with the increasing diversity of individual and community needs and aspirations.
two - Democratic renewal, planning and housing growth in England
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The political and policy framework in which local government operates, and which determines its relationship with key policy actors and with community and interest groups, has been heavily amended over the last 15 years. Successive Labour governments from 1997 drove forward a programme of state modernisation and local government reform that appeared to challenge executive forms of ‘top-down’ control, by centralised departments and agencies, giving momentum instead to collaborative and participative forms of ‘governance’, characterised by bottom-up input into decision-making processes by a range of local actors from across the public, private and voluntary sectors. Labour's reform programme, carried forward in several pieces of major legislation, sought to respond to an undercurrent of frustration with the failed politics of the 1980s and 1990s, which seemed locked within a model of executive, centralised power. The New Labour project from 1997 onwards was one of devolution of responsibility for decision making away from the centre, to new political structures in the Home Nations and the English regions and to existing local state apparatus, albeit revamped, modernised and better connected to broader community interests. The passing of responsibility further down the ‘chain of command’ to community governance structures, later dubbed ‘communities in control’, was famously claimed as evidence of government's commitment to ‘double devolution’ (Mulgan and Bury, 2006).
The legislation designed to realise a ‘governance shift’ in the UK, and specifically in England, is reviewed later in this chapter. But before dealing with the detail of local government reform, and contrasting its objectives with those of systemic changes to planning, it is useful to explore the roots of this process. All British governments, including the current coalition government, have during the period outlined above, appeared to concede power to the local state and to communities. Power has seemingly bled from the public to the private realm, bringing those who were previously governed into the process of government. There is, of course, a broader debate as to whether power has in fact relocated, or whether the emergent apparatus of collaborative governance is designed simply to appease local populations without bringing any genuine change. This question is examined through the lens of neighbourhood planning in England, but here we begin with a focus on the drivers of democratic and functional renewal, rooted in what has been viewed as a ‘disaggregation’ of state and society, ongoing in Western democracies for at least the past three decades.
Authors’ note
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Abbreviations
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Part Three - The interface with policy actors
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ten - Working with local government
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In this chapter and the next, the focus is placed on communication between parish councils, policy actors, service providers and other bodies external to the communities. Reflecting the distinction drawn between bonding and bridging tactics, this analysis has been divided into two chapters. The current chapter considers direct links to the local authority, predicated on a lobbying relationship, with parish councils seeing themselves as part of the hierarchy of local government. The next then looks at a broader range of bridged links through intermediaries, including the support groups introduced in Chapter Seven, the area’s LSP and more incidental intermediaries including ward members. The distinction between direct and bridged links is not easy to make. It is sometimes not clear whether a bridge was intended or accidental: parish groups, for example, may have dealings with housing officers regarding a specific development site, but these officers may then bring crucial information (on community feeling) to planning colleagues, potentially influencing policies or decisions. In such instances, there may have been no intention to bridge, but a strong link to housing resulted in an effective, bridged, forward connection. In general, the distinction drawn here is this: lobbying tends to be the object of a direct link, predicated on the belief that pressure can be exerted to change a decision; in contrast, placing (usually of evidence) is the object of an indirect link, performed in the belief that an intermediary can help transmit this evidence (perhaps a community-based plan), in a translated and useable form, to a decision taker.
To maintain confidentiality, parish groups are referred to using the notation introduced in Chapter Seven. The policy actors, however, are named unless there is a good reason for not doing so.
Lobbying links to the local authority
The majority of parish groups had what they judged to be ‘strong ties’ into Ashford Borough Council, usually through named officers who had either a parish liaison role or became known to the community during a local project: housing and development control officers had often built up relationships with parishes during and following planning applications. The few parishes who thought that their ties were weak tended to have little direct contact with officers, leaving their ward member to ‘represent their interests’.
five - Ashford and its strategic planning context
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There has been an ebb and flow of interest in strategic regional planning in the UK (Tewdwr-Jones, 2004), with the strategic perspective and control at the regional level enjoying notably greater support under some governments than others. Planning at this level has its origins in the 1940 Barlow Report (Barlow, 1940), which gave rise to the post-war New Towns programme and broader attempts to redistribute industry and decant people away from inner-urban locations. Strategic regional planning, together with the public building programmes of the post-war era, share a common root in comprehensive planning and public sector control. After the war, successive waves of New Towns signalled periodic returns to stronger central planning at those times when recurrent concerns over regional economic policy intersected with housing shortages (Aldridge, 1979; Gilg, 2005). Yet, the strategic planning function was slow to evolve from the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. The focus at first was on local plans, with their development control and local policy remit. These co-existed with grander strategies for industry and new settlements but were also quite separate. It was not until the late 1960s, with the arrival of ‘structure plans’, at the county level, that a broader framework of cross-border coordination was set in place, which, according to Department of the Environment Circular 44/71 (DoE, 1971), was designed to connect national and regional priorities and programmes (including the New Towns) with more local social, economic and environmental goals.
Connectivity between levels of planning – bringing local issues into broader frameworks – was intended as a key feature of the system, although big strategies often fought against powerful ideological positions: for example, with top-down planning in pursuit of prescribed development outcomes being viewed as insensitive and as a threat to enterprise – a view held by Thatcher after 1979 and Cameron in 2011. In the 1970s, this led to a programme of deregulation and, contrary to the views of successive Labour governments, the belief that the concentration of industry and of people in Southern England was no bad thing, but rather just a consequence of market advantage, which regional planning should not seek to undermine (Tewdwr-Jones, 2002).
fourteen - Responsibility and responsiveness: lessons from parish planning
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The purpose of this and the next chapter is to reappraise some of the lessons arising from community-based parish planning in England, and to use these to illuminate the path of future local government reform and how networked community governance, of the type unpacked in the last 13 chapters, might realise its full potential in the years ahead. The narrative provided so far is distilled into a number of critical discussions around the mechanics of community-based planning, connectivity to strategic frameworks, and the responsibilities versus the responsiveness that communities seek through local action.
Lessons in community governance and support
The objective of neighbourhood or community-based planning is not solely to influence planning or even wider public policy. It has a crucial role in triggering collective interest, among residents, in local projects and in setting community priorities. Parish councils have been instrumental in this process, although how representative their views and priorities actually are is sometimes doubted. Councils, especially in areas popular with retiring households, may be dominated by older residents whose priorities differ from those of younger families. But this is not a universal pattern. Some parishes have a strong through-flow of participants, with the composition of their councils continually changing and mirroring shifts within communities themselves. Parish councils may form a discrete clique within a disengaged community, but the parish plan process may act to widen inputs and bring community benefits that outlast, and are often bigger than, the plan itself.
Community planning support groups have a critical part to play in this process. Alongside the important role they perform in connecting communities to service providers through a practical process of ‘bridging’, these groups also work with parish councils to widen inclusion in the participatory processes leading to plan production. As well as injecting additional skills and knowledge, support groups play a key part in ‘democratising’ the community planning process, broadening ownership of it. This is often their main function, although the desire of many communities to realise a more direct policy influence – through their plans – means that an increasing amount of effort is expended on plan implementation through ‘bridging’ activities.