3 results
Point-Prevalence Surveys of Antibiotic Use at Three Large Public Hospitals in Kenya
- Sylvia Omulo, Margaret Oluka, Loice Ombajo, Eric Osoro, Rosaline Kinuthia, Anastasia Guantai, Linus Ndegwa, Jennifer Verani, Sylvia Opanga, Evelyn Wesangula, Jarred Nyakiba, Jones Makori, Charles Kwobah, Wilson Sugut, Hanako Osuka, M. Kariuki Njenga, Douglas Call, Guy H. Palmer, Daniel VanderEnde, Ulzii-Oshikh Luvsansharav
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, pp. s353-s354
- Print publication:
- October 2020
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Background: Antibiotics are the most prescribed medicines worldwide, accounting for 20%–30% of total drug expenditures in most settings. Antimicrobial stewardship activities can provide guidance for the most appropriate antibiotic use. Objective: In an effort to generate baseline data to guide antimicrobial stewardship recommendations, we conducted point-prevalence surveys at 3 hospitals in Kenya. Methods: Sites included referral hospitals located in Nairobi (2,000 beds), Eldoret (900 beds) and Mombasa (700 beds). [Results are presented in this order.] Hospital administrators, heads of infection prevention and control units, and laboratory department heads were interviewed about ongoing antimicrobial stewardship activities, existing infection prevention and control programs, and microbiology diagnostic capacities. Patient-level data were collected by a clinical or medical officer and a pharmacist. A subset of randomly selected, consenting hospital patients was enrolled, and data were abstracted from their medical records, treatment sheets, and nursing notes using a modified WHO point-prevalence survey form. Results: Overall, 1,071 consenting patients were surveyed from the 3 hospitals (n = 579, n = 263, and n = 229, respectively) of whom >60% were aged >18 years and 53% were female. Overall, 489 of 1,071 of patients (46%) received ≥1 antibiotic, of whom 254 of 489 (52%) received 1 antibiotic, 201 of 489 (41%) received 2 antibiotics, 31 of 489 (6%) received 3 antibiotics, and 3 of 489 (1%) received 4 antibiotics. Antibiotic use was higher among those aged <5 years: 150 of 244 (62%) compared with older individuals (337 of 822, 41%). Amoxicillin/clavulanate was the most commonly used antibiotic (66 of 387, 17%) at the largest hospital (in Nairobi) whereas ceftriaxone was the most common at the other 2 facilities: 57 of 184 (31%) in Eldoret and 55 of 190 (29%) in Mombasa. Metronidazole was the next most commonly prescribed antibiotic (15%–19%). Meropenem was the only carbapenem reported: 22 of 387 patients (6%) in Nairobi, 2 of 190 patients (1%) in Eldoret, and 8 of 184 patients (4%) in Mombasa. Stop dates or review dates were not indicated for 106 of 390 patients (27%) in Nairobi, 75 of 190 patients (40%) in Eldoret, and 113 of 184 patients (72%) in Mombasa receiving antibiotics. Of 761 antibiotic prescriptions, 45% had a least 1 missed dose. Culture and antibiotic susceptibility tests were limited to 50 of 246 patients (20%) in Nairobi, 17 of 124 patients (14%) in Eldoret, and 23 of 119 patients (19%) in Mombasa who received antibiotics. The largest hospital had an administratively recognized antimicrobial stewardship committee. Conclusions: The prevalence of antibiotic use found by our study was 46%, generally lower than the rates reported in 3 similar studies from other African countries, which ranged from 56% to 65%. However, these survey findings indicate that ample opportunities exist for improving antimicrobial stewardship efforts in Kenya considering the high usage of empiric therapy and low microbiologic diagnostic utilization.
Funding: None
Disclosures: None
Risk Factors Associated with Acute Hepatitis C in Mongolia
- Munkhtsetseg Chunt, Ulzii-Oshikh Luvsansharav, tgon Dugersuren, Narantuya Gombojamts, Caitlin Biedron, Sarangua Ganbold, Dorjpagma Dorjdamba, Khorolgarav Ganbaatar, zarantuya Jadambaa, Yuka Jinnai, Jan Drobeniuc, James Baggs, Geoff Beckett, Tsatsralt-Od Bira, Rachel Smith
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, p. s375
- Print publication:
- October 2020
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Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is endemic in Mongolia, with reported prevalence of HCV antibody (anti-HCV) positivity of 11%–16% in the adult population. Healthcare-related risk factors associated with development of acute HCV infection have not been evaluated in this population. Methods:We conducted a prospective, matched case-control study to identify risk factors associated with acute HCV infection in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Cases were aged 18 years with discrete onset of symptoms consistent with acute viral hepatitis as well as jaundice or elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels who were admitted to the National Center for Communicable Diseases during January–October, 2019. Cases were both anti-HCV and HCV RNA positive and tested negative for acute hepatitis A, B, and E. Controls were randomly selected from the Population and Household Database, a national registry of all citizens, and were matched by age and gender. Data collection covered healthcare-associated and other risk factors in the 6 months before symptom onset (cases) or interview date (controls). Adjusted measures of association comparing cases and their matched controls were obtained using a multivariate conditional logistic regression model. Results: We enrolled 35 case patients and 104 controls. Median age of all participants was 44 (range, 23–63) years and 19% (27 of 139) were men. All case patients reported jaundice and loss of appetite; most cases reported nausea, malaise, and abdominal pain (97%, 91%, and 83%, respectively). The median ALT level among case patients was 1,185 IU/L (range, 212–3,349). Case patients were more likely than controls to have been admitted as inpatients (matched odds ratio [mOR], 4.3; 95% CI, 1.5–11.9), to have visited an outpatient clinic (mOR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3–10.2), to have had phlebotomy (mOR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.5–7.5) or endoscopy (mOR, 10.7; 95% CI, 2.2–51.2) as an outpatient procedure, and to have received an injection outside of healthcare settings (mOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0–5.1). Cases were also more likely to have lived in a yurt (mOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0–5.0) and to have lived with persons diagnosed with HCV infection (mOR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1–7.9). In a multivariate model, only outpatient endoscopy (adjusted OR, 10.8; 95% CI, 1.7–69.6) was significantly associated with case status. Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate risk factors for acute HCV infection among adults in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Outpatient endoscopy was associated with new HCV infections in this population; evaluation of gaps in infection control practices at settings providing these services are needed to prevent transmission of communicable diseases, including hepatitis C.
Funding: None
Disclosures: None
Candida auris Outbreak Control in Critical Care Units in a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya
- Alice Kanyua, Rose Ngugi, Loice Ombajo, Joyce Mwangi, Bolivya Olasya, Felister Musyoki, Rachel Njoroge, Margaret Ngirita, Evaline Sang, Paul Makau, Mitsuru Toda, Elizabeth Berkow, Elizabeth Bancroft, Ulzii-Oshikh Luvsansharav
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, pp. s147-s148
- Print publication:
- October 2020
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Background:Candida auris is an emerging pathogen associated with nosocomial outbreaks. During January to May 2019, 11 invasive cases of C. auris were identified in the intensive care unit (ICU) and high-dependency unit (HDU) at a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. We report on the interventions implemented to control the outbreak. Methods: Intensified infection prevention and control (IPC) interventions were implemented. All patients infected or colonized with C. auris were placed in single-patient rooms with strict contact precautions. Cleaning of the patient care environment was enhanced by instituting a 3-step procedure of cleaning with soap and water, disinfecting with 0.5% chlorine, and rinsing with water. Glo-Germ gel was used to evaluate the cleaning processes, and percentage of missed surfaces was calculated. Hand hygiene training and compliance observations were conducted to enforce adherence to hand hygiene. The IPC team provided training and observational feedback of IPC to staff, patients, and their families. The IPC interventions were guided by screening activities. To monitor ongoing transmission, a biweekly point-prevalence survey (PPS) was performed to screen all previously negative ICU and HDU patients for C. auris. Furthermore, admission and contact screening were added to guide patient placement. Screening was conducted by collecting a composite swab from the bilateral axilla and groin. Samples were incubated in salt dulcitol broth for 5 days at 40°C then subcultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar. Colony identification was performed using a Vitek 2 system (bioMérieux). Results: In total, 177 patients were placed in single-patient rooms under contact precautions during May–August 2019. We conducted 123 environmental cleaning observations, and the percentage of missed surfaces decreased from 71% (10 of 14) in June to 7% (1 of 16) in August. Hand hygiene compliance among ICU and HDU staff was 79% (204 of 257) in May, 71% (159 of 223) in June, 73% (170 of 233) in July, and 81% (534 of 657) in August. In total, 283 screening swabs from 234 patients were processed during May–August 2019. Overall, 18 of 88 PPS swabs (20%), 13 of 180 admission screening swabs (7%), and 0 of 15 contact screening swabs (0%) were positive for C. auris. The PPS results showed a rapid decrease in colonization: 6 of 14 (43%) in May, 12 of 54 (22%) in June, 9 of 98 (9%) in July, and 1 of 70 (2%) in August. No new C. auris infections were identified from June to October 2019. Conclusions: The control of C. auris in a hospital outbreak requires multimodal interventions, including enhanced IPC interventions, PPS, admission and contact screening for colonization, rigorous monitoring, and team effort.
Funding: None
Disclosures: None