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Chapter 14 - Functional neuroimaging of human REM sleep
- from Section 2 - Neuroimaging of wakefulness and sleep
- Edited by Eric Nofzinger, University of Pittsburgh, Pierre Maquet, Université de Liège, Belgium, Michael J. Thorpy
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- Book:
- Neuroimaging of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
- Published online:
- 05 March 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 March 2013, pp 114-120
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Summary
Radiotracer imaging methods such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are well suited to provide information about the functional, metabolic, and molecular status of tissues and organs. Brain SPECT has a well-established role for a number of clinical indications. Cerebral perfusion studies are used in the evaluation of dementias, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, trauma, brain death, and to assist with neuropsychiatric evaluation. Brain function is evaluated at baseline, before and after pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy, and following a number of activation tasks to examine a large number of psychiatric conditions. The integration of SPECT and CT in a single imaging device facilitates anatomical localization of the radiopharmaceutical to differentiate physiological uptake from that associated with disease. SPECT and SPECT/CT is continuing to evolve with the introduction of new technologies that have the potential to improve performance beyond that possible with Anger's pioneering approach.
Contributors
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- By Mark S. Aloia, Ellemarije Altena, Peter Anderer, Christopher L. Asplund, Nitin Bangera, Jeroen S. Benjamins, Daniela Berg, Bohdan Bybel, Vincenza Castronovo, Suk-tak Chan, Michael W. L. Chee, Pietro Cortelli, Michael Czisch, Joseph T. Daley, Thien Thanh Dang-Vu, Yazmín de la Garza-Neme, Lourdes DelRosso, Derk-Jan Dijk, Maria Engström, Thorleif Etgen, Bruce J. Fisch, Ariane Foret, Patrice Fort, Steffen Gais, Anne Germain, Jana Godau, Andrew L. Goertzen, William A. Gomes, Ronald M. Harper, Seung Bong Hong, Romy Hoque, Scott A. Huettel, Yuichi Inoue, Alex Iranzo, Mathieu Jaspar, Zayd Jedidi, Alejandro Jiménez-Genchi, Eun Yeon Joo, Gerhard Klösch, Karsten Krakow, Rajesh Kumar, Caroline Kussé, Hans-Peter Landolt, Helmut Laufs, Jeffrey David Lewine, Camilo Libedinsky, Michael L. Lipton, Mordechai Lorberboym, Cheng Luo, Pierre-Hervé Luppi, Paul M. Macey, Pierre Maquet, Laura Mascetti, Christelle Meyer, Sarah Moens, Vincenzo Muto, Shadreck Mzengeza, Eric Nofzinger, Takashi Nomura, Daniela Perani, Jennifer R. Ramautar, Bernd Saletu, Michael T. Saletu, Gerda Saletu-Zyhlarz, Christina Schmidt, Monika Schönauer, Richard J. Schwab, Sophie Schwartz, Keivan Shifteh, Sanjib Sinha, Victor I. Spoormaker, Ryan P. J. Stocker, A. Jon Stoessl, Diederick Stoffers, A. B. Taly, Robert Joseph Thomas, Michael J. Thorpy, Emily Urry, Jason Valerio, Ysbrand D. Van Der Werf, Gilles Vandewalle, Hans P. A. Van Dongen, Eus J. W. Van Someren, Vinod Venkatraman, Frederic von Wegner, Thomas C. Wetter, Dezhong Yao
- Edited by Eric Nofzinger, University of Pittsburgh, Pierre Maquet, Université de Liège, Belgium, Michael J. Thorpy
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- Book:
- Neuroimaging of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
- Published online:
- 05 March 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 March 2013, pp viii-xii
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8 - A systems-level approach to human REM sleep
- from Section II - General biology
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- By Luca Matarazzo, University of Liège - Sart Tilman, Belgium, Ariane Foret, University of Liège - Sart Tilman, Belgium, Laura Mascetti, University of Liège - Sart Tilman, Belgium, Vincenzo Muto, University of Liège - Sart Tilman, Belgium, Anahita Shaffii, University of Liège - Sart Tilman, Belgium, Pierre Maquet, University of Liège - Sart Tilman, Belgium
- Edited by Birendra N. Mallick, Jawaharlal Nehru University, S. R. Pandi-Perumal , Robert W. McCarley, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Adrian R. Morrison, University of Pennsylvania
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- Book:
- Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 14 July 2011, pp 71-79
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Summary
Summary
The organization of regional brain function during human rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) can be characterized at the macroscopic systems level by functional neuroimaging techniques. Several aspects of REMS have been investigated. During REMS, forebrain activation pattern is characterized by a hyperactivity in posterior cortical areas and regions of the limbic and paralimbic system, contrasting with a relative quiescence of the polymodal associative cortices of the lateral frontal and parietal cortices. This activity pattern has been related to the main characteristic of dreams. The activity associated with rapid eye movements has been identified in the thalamus and primary visual cortex, suggesting the existence of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves in humans. The variability of heart rate during REMS is associated with the activity in the extended amygdala, suggesting a specific organization of autonomic regulation during REMS. The distribution of regional brain activity during REMS was shown to depend on experience acquired during previous wakefulness. Training on a serial reaction time task induces an increase in activity in the brain stem, thalamus, occipital, and premotor areas during subsequent REMS. These data suggest that REMS is implicated in offline memory processing. With the advent of multimodal functional imaging (electroencephalography/functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG/fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation/ electroencephalography (TMS/EEG), and multichannel electroencephalography (MEEG)), a finer grain characterization of human REMS will lead to a better understanding of this intriguing state of vigilance.