Introduction

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the ethics and laws of war in three parts. The first part outlines what international law and the ‘just war’ tradition have to say about recourse to force, the second section explores the conduct of war and the final section explores two recent issues as examples of moral and legal debate: the legitimacy of preemptive self-defence and the use of cluster bombs.

In early 2003, millions of people took to the streets of capital cities throughout the West to protest their government’s decision to join the US in the invasion of Iraq. Protesters argued that the invasion was immoral (because innocent civilians would die), illegal (because it was neither an act of self-defence nor explicitly authorised by the UN Security Council) and unnecessary (because they did not believe – rightly as it turned out – that conclusive evidence of Saddam’s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) program had been presented). In response, the US and its allies mixed legal justifications with moral and strategic claims. They argued that the war was legal because it had been tacitly authorised by UN Security Council resolutions dealing with Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990; morally just, because it aimed to overthrow a tyrannical regime that had butchered hundreds of thousands of its own citizens; and strategically important because Saddam’s WMD program threatened regional security and raised the possibility of a nightmare scenario long predicted by terrorism experts – a rogue regime passing WMD capabilities to terrorist groups.