Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-10T05:46:30.032Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2018

Spencer Piston
Affiliation:
Boston University
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Class Attitudes in America
Sympathy for the Poor, Resentment of the Rich, and Political Implications
, pp. 201 - 226
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, Alan I. 2014. “Long-Term Trends and Short-Term Forecasts: The Transformation of U.S. Presidential Elections in an Age of Polarization.” PS: Political Science and Politics 47: 289292.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I. 2016. “Will Time for a Change Mean Time for Trump?PS: Political Science and Politics 49(4): 659660.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I. and Webster, Steven. 2016. “The Rise of Negative Partisanship and the Nationalization of U.S. Elections in the 21st Century.” Electoral Studies 41(1): 1222.Google Scholar
Abrams, Dominic and Hogg, Michael A.. 1988. “Comments on the Motivational Status of Self-Esteem in Social Identity and Intergroup Discrimination.” European Journal of Social Psychology 18(4): 317334.Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 2002. “Toward a New Political Methodology: Microfoundations and ART.” Annual Review of Political Science 5: 423450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. and Bartels, Larry M. 2016. Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Adler, Jerry. 2009. “Why Americans Don’t Hate the Rich.” Newsweek. Accessed online: www.newsweek.com/why-americans-dont-hate-rich-82585.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto and Glaeser, Edward L.. 2004. Fighting Poverty in the U.S. and Europe: A World of Difference. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto and La Ferrara, Eliana. 2005. “Preferences for Redistribution in the Land of Opportunities.” Journal of Public Economics, 89(5–6): 897931.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera America. 2015. “Hillary Clinton Targets Income Inequality in Major Economic Policy Speech.” Al Jazeera America, July 13, 2015.Google Scholar
Amadeo, Kimberly. 2017. “Trump’s Tax Plan and How It Would Affect You.” The Balance. June 24, 2017. Accessed online: www.thebalance.com/trump-s-tax-plan-how-it-affects-you-4113968.Google Scholar
Arieli, Yehoshua. 1964. Individualism and Nationalism in American Ideology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ayoub, Phillip M. and Garretson, Jeremiah. 2017. “Getting the Message Out: Media Context and Global Changes in Attitudes toward Homosexuality.” Comparative Political Studies 50(8): 10551085.Google Scholar
Baker, R., Blumberg, S., Brick, J., Couper, M., Courtright, M., Dennis, J., Dillman, D., Frankel, M., Garland, P., Grovers, R., Kennedy, C., Krosnick, J., and Lavrakas, P.. 2010. “Research Synthesis: AAPOR Report on Online Panels.” Public Opinion Quarterly 74: 711781.Google Scholar
Bandura, Albert. 1969. “ Social-Learning Theory of Identificatory Processes,” in Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research. Goslin, David, ed. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, 213262.Google Scholar
Banjo, Shelly. 2008. “Obama vs. McCain: It’s about Your Money.” wsj.com. www.wsj.com/articles/SB122497140074869661.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2013. “Political Effects of the Great Recession.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 650:1, 4775.Google Scholar
Barbaro, Michael, Applebaum, Benyamin, and Gabriel, Trip. 2012. “Romney and His Money.” The New York Times, January 20, 2012. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/us/politics/fact-check-romney-and-his-fathers-money.html.Google Scholar
Batson, C. Daniel. 1991. The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Batson, C. Daniel. 2011. Altruism in Humans. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baumann, Nick. 2012. “Romney Says ‘I Didn’t Inherit Money from My Parents.’ Really?” Mother Jones, January 20, 2012. Accessed online: www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/01/romney-says-i-didnt-inherit-money-my-parents-its-complicated/.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, Frank R. and Leech, Beth L.. 1998. Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and Political Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S. 1985. “Public Policies, Pressure Groups, and Dead-Weight Costs.” Journal of Public Economics 28(3): 329347.Google Scholar
Bell, Benjamin. 2012. “Nancy Pelosi: No Fiscal Cliff Deal without Tax Rate Hike For Wealthy.” ABC News, November 16, 2012. Accessed online: http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/11/nancy-pelosi-no-fiscal-cliff-deal-without-tax-rate-hike-for-wealthy/.Google Scholar
Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Tipton, Steven M.. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ben-Ze’ev, A. 2000. The Subtlety of Emotions. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Bergan, Daniel E. 2009. “The Draft Lottery and Attitudes towards the Vietnam War.” Public Opinion Quarterly 73(2): 379384.Google Scholar
Berinsky, Adam J. 2004. “Can We Talk? Self-Presentation and the Survey Response.” Political Psychology 25: 643659.Google Scholar
Berinsky, Adam J., Huber, Gregory A., and Lenz, Gabriel S.. 2012. “Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk.” Political Analysis 20(3): 351–68.Google Scholar
Berinsky, Adam J. and Lavine, Howard. 2012. “Self-Monitoring and Political Attitudes,” in Improving Public Opinion Surveys: Interdisciplinary Innovation and the American National Election Studies. Alrich, John H and McGraw, Kathleen M, eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bindel, Julie. 2006. “Why I Hate Men.” The Guardian, November 2, 2006. Accessed online: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/nov/02/whyihatemen.Google Scholar
Bloomberg. “Republicans Deemed Too Pro-Rich, 57% in Poll Want Change.” Last accessed online: www.bloomberg.com/news/2012–12-13/republicans-deemed-too-pro-rich-57-in-poll-want-change.html.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence and Hutchings, Vincent L.. 1996. “Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer’s Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context.” American Sociological Review 61(6): 951972.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence and Licari, Frederick C.. 1989. “Education and Political Tolerance: Testing the Effects of Cognitive Sophistication and Target Group Affect.” Public Opinion Quarterly 53(3): 285308.Google Scholar
Bonica, Adam, McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 2013. “Why Hasn’t Democracy Slowed Rising Inequality?The Journal of Economic Perspectives 27(3): 103123.Google Scholar
Bowles, Samuel, Gintis, Herbert, and Groves, Melissa Osborne, eds. 2008. Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Boydstun, Amber E. 2013. Making the News: Politics, The Media, and Agenda Setting. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Brader, Ted, Valentino, Nicholas A., and Suhay, Elizabeth. 2008. “What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat.” American Journal of Political Science 52(4): 959978.Google Scholar
Brady, Henry. 1988. “The Perils of Survey Research: Interpersonally Incomparable Responses.” Political Methodology 11: 269291.Google Scholar
Brandolini, Andrea and Smeeding, Timothy M.. 2008. “Inequality Patterns in Western Democracies: Cross-Country Differences and Changes over Time,” in Democracy, Inequality, and Representation in Comparative Perspective. Beramendi, Pablo and Anderson, Christopher J, eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Broockman, David E. and Skovron, Christopher. 2013. “What Politicians Believe about Their Constituents: Asymmetric Misperceptions and Prospects for Constituency Control.” Working paper (February 14, 2013).Google Scholar
Burns, Nancy and Gallagher, Katherine. 2010. “Public Opinion on Gender Issues: The Politics of Equity and Roles.” Annual Review of Political Science 13: 425443.Google Scholar
Calmes, Jackie. 2012. “Demystifying the Fiscal Impasse That Is Vexing Washington.” The New York Times, November 15, 2012. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/us/politics/the-fiscal-cliff-explained.htmlGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2014. Trapped in America’s Safety Net. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, Angus, Converse, Phillip E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, Donald E.. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, James E. 2016. “Introduction.” PS: Political Science & Politics 49(4): 649654.Google Scholar
Campbell, James E. 2017. “A Recap of the 2016 Election Forecasts.” PS: Political Science & Politics 50(2): 331338.Google Scholar
Carmines, Edward G. and Stimson, James A.. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2013. White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas and Lupu, Noam. “It’s Time to Bust the Myth: Most Trump Voters Were Not Working Class.” Washington Post, June 5, 2017. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/06/05/its-time-to-bust-the-myth-most-trump-voters-were-not-working-class/?utm_term=.5d6bc47c5cae.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas and Sadin, Meredith L.. 2015. “The ‘Mill Worker’s Son’ Heuristic: How Voters Perceive Politicians from Working-Class Families—and How They Really Behave in Office.” Journal of Politics 77: 285298.Google Scholar
Carpini, Michael X. Delli and Keeter, Scott. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Casselman, Ben. 2014. “Missing: Up to 4 Million Workers.” FiveThirtyEight, March 26, 2014. Accessed online: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/missing-up-to-4-million-workers/.Google Scholar
Cassidy, John. 2015. “Is Support for Income Redistribution Really Falling?” The New Yorker. April 17, 2015. Accessed online: www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/is-support-for-income-redistribution-really-falling.Google Scholar
Chideya, Farai. 2016. “Trump’s Blue Collar Base Wants More Jobs and an American Like the Past.” FiveThirtyEight, September 13, 2016. Accessed online: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/trumps-base-is-blue-collar-his-voters-looking-for-a-return-to-better-times/.Google Scholar
Chong, Dennis. 1993. “How People Think, Reason, and Feel about Rights and Liberties.” American Journal of Political Science 37: 867899.Google Scholar
Chong, Dennis, Citrin, Jack, and Conley, Patricia. 2001. “When Self-Interest Matters.” Political Psychology 22(3): 541570.Google Scholar
Chong, Dennis and Druckman, Jamie. 2007. “Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies.” American Political Science Review 101: 637655.Google Scholar
Chozick, Amy. 2016. “Hillary Clinton Wars against Treating Donald Trump as ‘Normal’ Candidate.” The New York Times, May 22, 2016. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2016/05/23/us/politics/hillary-clinton-donald-trump-campaign.htmlGoogle Scholar
Chozick, Amy, Confessore, Nicholas, and Barbaro, Michael. 2016. “Leaked Speech Excerpts Show a Hillary Clinton at Ease With Wall Street.” The New York Times October 7, 2016. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/us/politics/hillary-clinton-speeches-wikileaks.html.Google Scholar
Chudy, Jennifer. “Racial Sympathy in American Politics.” Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Cikara, Mina and Fiske, Susan T.. 2011. “Stereotypes and Schadenfreude: Affective and Physiological Markers of Pleasure at Outgroup Misfortunes.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 3(1): 6371.Google Scholar
Cillizza, Chris. 2014. “Is Barack Obama ‘black’? A majority of Americans say no.” Washington Post. April 14, 2014. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/04/14/is-barack-obama-black/?utm_term=.adfc160eb715.Google Scholar
Clawson, Dan and Clawson, Mary Ann. 1999. “What Has Happened to the U.S. Labor Movement? Union Decline and Renewal.” Annual Review of Sociology 25: 95119.Google Scholar
Clawson, Rosalee A. and Trice, Rakuya. 2000. “Poverty As We Know It: Media Portrayals of the Poor. The Public Opinion Quarterly 64(1): 5364.Google Scholar
Clement, Scott. 2012. “Poll: Fiscal Cliff Blame Would Fall Heaviest on GOP.” Washington Post, December 4, 2012. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/politics/poll-fiscal-cliff-blame-would-fall-heaviest-on-gop/2012/12/04/e917cd38-3e3b-11e2-a2d9-822f58ac9fd5_story.html.Google Scholar
Clement, Scott and Guskin, Emily. 2017. “Polls Show Mixed Support for Military Action against North Korea, but Suggest It Should Rise.” Washington Post, August 10, 2017. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/08/10/polls-show-mixed-support-for-military-against-action-north-korea-but-suggest-it-could-rise/?utm_term=.ded48c4a6fdfGoogle Scholar
Clemente, Frank. 2017. “The Tax Debate: Post-Election Polling Shows the Public Opposes Tax Cuts for Corporations and the Wealthy.” Americans for Tax Fairness Memorandum, February 27, 2017.Google Scholar
Clifford, Scott and Piston, Spencer. 2017. “Explaining Public Support for Counterproductive Homeless Policy: The Role of Disgust. Political Behavior 39: 503525.Google Scholar
CNBC.com. 2012. “Obama: Ending Tax Cuts for Rich Resolves Half of ‘Cliff’.” CNBC, November 14, 2012. Accessed online: www.cnbc.com/id/49821777.Google Scholar
Cohen, Claire. 2017. “Donald Trump Sexism Tracker: Every Offensive Comment in One Place.” The Telegraph, July 14, 2017. Accessed online: www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/donald-trump-sexism-tracker-every-offensive-comment-in-one-place/.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jon. 2012. “Run Hillary Run! Majority Want a Clinton 2016 Candidacy.” Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2012/12/05/run-hillary-run-majority-want-a-clinton-2016-candidacy/?utm_term=.c99b69a6202e.Google Scholar
Congressional Budget Office (CBO). 2012. Economic Effects of Policies Contributing to Fiscal Tightening in 2013.Google Scholar
Congressional Budget Office (CBO). 2017. Cost Estimate for H.R. 1628: Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017. June 26, 2017.Google Scholar
Conover, Pamela J. 1988. “The Role of Social Groups in Political Thinking.” British Journal of Political Science 18: 5176.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,” in Ideology and Discontent, Apter, David, ed. New York, NY: The Free Press, 206261.Google Scholar
Cook, Fay Lomax and Barrett, Edith J.. 1992. Support for the American Welfare State: The Views of Congress and the Public. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Helene and Landler, Mark. 2012. “Obama Campaign Focuses Its Attacks On Romney.” nytimes.com. www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/us/politics/democrats-target-romney-after-iowa-win.html.Google Scholar
CNN. 2008. “Obama: ‘Help Main Street’ As Well As Wall Street.” CNN.com. www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/19/campaign.wrap/index.html?eref=onion.Google Scholar
CNN. 2012. “Mitt Romney: Middle Income Americans Are Focus, Not Very Poor.” cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com. http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/01/mitt-romney-middle-income-americans-are-focus-not-very-poor/.Google Scholar
Cramer, Kathy. 2016. “How rural resentment helps explain the surprising victory of Donald Trump.” Washington Post, November 13, 2016. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/11/13/how-rural-resentment-helps-explain-the-surprising-victory-of-donald-trump/?utm_term=.ef41528bda81.Google Scholar
Cramer, Kathy. 2016a. The Politics of Resentment. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Crook, Clive. 2012. “U.S. Taxes Really Are Unusually Progressive.” The Atlantic, February 10, 2012. Accessed online: www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/02/us-taxes-really-are-unusually-progressive/252917/.Google Scholar
Cuddy, Amy C., Fiske, Susan T., and Glick, Peter. 2008. “Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 40: 62149.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert. 2006 [1956]. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Julie Hirschfeld and Rappeport, Alan. 2017. “White House Proposes Slashing Tax Rates, Significantly Aiding Wealthy.” The New York Times, April 26, 2017. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2017/04/26/us/politics/trump-tax-cut-plan.html?action=click&contentCollection=The%20Upshot&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article.Google Scholar
Davis, Mark H. 1994. Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc.Google Scholar
de Rugby, Veronique. 2014. “Trends in EITC Spending and Numbers of Beneficiaries.” Mercatus Center, April 15, 2014. Accessed online: www.mercatus.org/publication/trends-eitc-spending-and-numbers-beneficiaries.Google Scholar
deTocqueville, Alexis [Mayer, J.P, ed; Lawrence, George, trans.]. 2006 [1835]. Democracy in America. New York, NY: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.Google Scholar
Doherty, Daniel, Gerber, Alan S., and Green, Donald P.. 2006. “Personal Income and Attitudes toward Redistribution: A Study of Lottery Winners.” Political Psychology 27(3): 441458.Google Scholar
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Dreier, Peter. 2015. “Is Bernie Sanders too Radical for America?” prospect.org. http://prospect.org/article/bernie-sanders-too-radical-america.Google Scholar
Drezner, Daniel W. 2015. “The end of the median voter theorem in presidential politics?” Washington Post, May 29, 2015. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/05/29/the-end-of-the-median-voter-theorem-in-presidential-politics/?utm_term=.a017bcf59dc4.Google Scholar
Druckman, James N. and Jacobs, Lawrence R. 2015. Who Governs?: Presidents, Public Opinion, and Manipulation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dugan, Andrew. 2015. “In U.S., Support Up for Doctor-Assisted Suicide.” Gallup. May 27, 2015. Accessed online: www.gallup.com/poll/183425/support-doctor-assisted-suicide.aspxGoogle Scholar
Dutton, Sarah. 2012. “Polls show longtime support for tax hikes on rich.” CBS News, December 14, 2012. Accessed online: www.cbsnews.com/news/polls-show-longtime-support-for-tax-hikes-on-rich/.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Devin. 2012. “Obama Vows Veto for Full Extension of Bush Tax Cuts.” ABC News, July 9, 2012. Accessed online: http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/07/obama-vows-veto-for-full-extension-of-bush-tax-cuts/.Google Scholar
Eagly, Alice Hendrikson, and Chaiken, Shelly. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.Google Scholar
Economist, The. 2007. “The Case for Death Duties.” economist.com. www.economist.com/node/10024733.Google Scholar
Economist, The. 2015. “Outlaw Economics: Policies to Shift Income from Rich to Poor May Prove Less Effective than Imagined.” Accessed online: www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21648044-policies-shift-income-rich-poor-may-prove-less-effective.Google Scholar
Edelman, Murray. 1985. The Symbolic Uses of Politics, with a New Afterword (2nd edition). Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Enns, Peter K. 2015. “Relative Policy Support and Coincidental Representation.” Perspectives on Politics 13(4): 10531064.Google Scholar
Enns, Peter K., Kelly, Nathan J., Morgan, Jana, Volscho, Thomas, and Wiito, Christopher. 2014. “Conditional Status Quo Bias and Top Income Shares: How U.S. Political Institutions Have Benefited the Rich.” Journal of Politics 76(2): 289303.Google Scholar
Enns, Peter K. and Wlezein, Christopher, eds. 2011. Who Gets Represented? New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Erikson, Robert S. and Wlezein, Christopher. 2014. “Forecasting US Presidential Elections Using Economic and Noneconomic Fundamentals.” PS: Political Science & Politics 47(2): 313316.Google Scholar
Evans, Geoffrey. 1999. The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Faricy, Christopher. 2015. Welfare for the Wealthy: Parties, Social Spending, and Inequality in the United States. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Feather, N.T., and Nairn, Katherine. 2005. “Resentment, Envy, Schadenfreude, and Sympathy: Effects of Own and Other’s Deserved and Undeserved Status.” Australian Journal of Psychology 57: 87102.Google Scholar
Feather, N.T., and Sherman, Rebecca. 2002. “Envy, Resentment, Schadenfreude, and Sympathy: Reactions to Deserved and Undeserved Achievement and Subsequent Failure.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 7: 953961.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley. 1982. “Economic Self-Interest and Political Behavior.” American Journal of Political Science 26(3): 446466.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley. 1988a. “Economic Individualism and American Public Opinion.” American Politics Research 11(1): 329.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley. 1988b. “Structure and Consistency in Public Opinion: The Role of Core Beliefs and Values.” American Journal of Political Science 31: 416440.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley and Huddy, Leonie. 2005. “Racial Resentment and White Oppression to Race-Conscious Programs: Principles or Prejudice?American Journal of Political Science, 49(1): 168183.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley and Steenbergen, Marco R.. 2001. “The Humanitarian Foundation of Support for Social Welfare.” American Journal of Political Science 45: 658677.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley and Zaller, John. 1992. “The Political Culture of Ambivalence:Ideological Responses to the Welfare State.” American Journal of Political Science 36: 268307.Google Scholar
Fenno, Richard F. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. New York, NY: Pearson.Google Scholar
Fiorina, Morris. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P., Abrams, Samuel J., and Pope, Jeremy C.. 2016. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America, 3rd edition. New York, NY: Longman.Google Scholar
Fiske, Susan T. 2011. Envy Up, Scorn Down: How Status Divides Us. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Fiske, Susan T., Cuddy, Amy C., Glick, Peter, and Xu, Jun. 2002. “A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82: 878902.Google Scholar
Foner, Eric. 1984. “Why Is There No Socialism in the United States?History Workshop Journal 17(1): 5780.Google Scholar
Fong, Christina. 2001. “Social Preferences, Self-Interest, and the Demand for Redistribution.” Journal of Public Economics 82(2): 225246.Google Scholar
Frank, Robert. 2012. “Is It Fair to Call Romney a ‘Silver Spoon?’” The Wall Street Journal, April 19, 2012. Accessed online: https://blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2012/04/19/is-it-fair-to-call-romney-a-silver-spoon/.Google Scholar
Frank, T.A. 2016. “What If Trump Had Run as a Democrat?” Vanity Fair, March 18, 2016. Accessed online: www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/03/what-if-donald-trump-had-run-as-a-democrat.Google Scholar
Frank, Thomas. 2012. Pity the Billionaire: The Hard-Times Swindle and the Unlikely Comeback of the Right. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
Franko, William, Tolbert, Caroline J., and Witko, Christopher. 2013. “Inequality, Self-Interest, and Public Support forRobin HoodTax Policies.” Political Research Quarterly 66: 923937.Google Scholar
Free, Lloyd A. and Cantril, Hadley. 1967. The Political Beliefs of Americans: A Study of Public Opinion. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Gallup. 2015. “Fewer Americans Identify as Middle Class in Recent Years.” gallup.com. www.gallup.com/poll/182918/fewer-americans-identify-middle-class-recent-years.aspx.Google Scholar
Gallup. 2016. “Trump Seen as Less Conservative than Prior GOP Candidates.” Gallup.com. www.gallup.com/poll/196064/trump-seen-less-conservative-prior-gop-candidates.aspx.Google Scholar
Gans, Herbert J. 1995. The War against the Poor: The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Garner, Dwight. 2017. “We Admire Americans Who Don’t Forget Their Roots.” Esquire, February 2, 2017. Accessed online: www.esquire.com/lifestyle/a51761/class-in-america/.Google Scholar
Geiger, Abigail. 2016. “Support for marijuana legalization continues to rise.” Pew Research Center. October 12, 2016. Accessed online: www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/support-for-marijuana-legalization-continues-to-rise/Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2012. Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2015. “The Insufficiency of ‘Democracy by Coincidence’: A Response to Peter K. Enns.” Perspectives on Politics 13(4): 10651071.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin and Page, Benjamin I.. 2014. “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.” Perspectives on Politics 12(3): 564581.Google Scholar
Gordon, Linda. 1994. Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare, 1890–1935. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Graetz, Michael J. and Shapiro, Ian. 2005. Death by a Thousand Cuts: The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Green, Donald, Palmquist, Bradley, and Schickler, Eric. 2002. Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Green, Joshua. 2016. “Meet Mr. Death.” prospect.org. http://prospect.org/article/meet-mr-death.Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven. 2008. “For Incomes below $100,000, a Better Tax Break in Obama’s Plan.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2008/10/31/us/politics/31taxes.html.Google Scholar
Matt, Grossmann, and Hopkins, David. 2016. Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S. 2002. The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Benefits in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S. 2004. “Privatizing Risk without Privatizing the Welfare State: The Hidden Politics of Social Policy Retrenchment in the United States.” American Political Science Review 98: 243260.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S. and Pierson, Paul. 2010. Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacon S. and Pierson, Paul. 2014. “After the ‘Master Theory’: Downs, Schattschneider, and the Rebirth of Policy-Focused Analysis.” Perspectives on Politics 12(3): 643662.Google Scholar
Hains, Tim. 2016. “Trump: I Believe in Raising Taxes on the Wealthy, ‘Including Myself.’” RealClearPolitics, April 21, 2016. Accessed online: www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/04/21/trump_i_believe_in_raising_taxes_on_the_wealthy_including_myself.html.Google Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan and Rivera, Michael U.. 2014. “Immigration, Latinos, and White Partisan Politics.” American Journal of Political Science 58(4): 773789.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2003. “Contemporary Welfare Reform and the Public Identity of the ‘Welfare Queen’.” Race, Gender & Class: 3159.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2004. The Politics of Disgust and the Public Identity of the Welfare Queen. New York, NY: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hanley, Ryan Patrick. 2009. Adam Smith and the Character of Virtue. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hanson, Victor Davis. 2017. “It’s the Hypocrisy, Stupid.” The National Review. Accessed online: www.nationalreview.com/article/448320/hypocrite-democrats-lecture-country-exempt-themselves-resemble-jimmy-swaggart.Google Scholar
Hartz, Louis. 1955. The Liberal Tradition in America. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & Co.Google Scholar
Henderson, Michael B. 2014. “The 2013 Education Next Survey: Americans React to Common Core and Other Education Policies.” Education Next 14(1): 813.Google Scholar
Henry, P. J., Reyna, Christine, and Weiner, Bernard. 2004. “Hate Welfare but Help the Poor: How the Attributional Content of Stereotypes Explains the Paradox of Reactions to the Destitute in America.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34(1): 3458.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer L. 1981. What’s Fair? American Beliefs about Distributive Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer L. and Weaver, Vesla. 2007. “Policies of Racial Classification and the Politics of Racial Inequality,” in: Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality. Soss, Joe, Hacker, Jacob, and Mettler, Suzanne, eds., New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 159182.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M.L. 1984. “ Interaction of Affect and Cognition in Empathy,” in Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior. Izard, C.E., Kagan, J., and Zajonc, R. B., eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 103131.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M.L.. 1987. “The Contribution of Empathy to Justice and Moral Judgment,” in Empathy and Its Development. Eisenberg, N. and Strayer, J., eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 4780.Google Scholar
Hofstader, Richard. [2011] 1948. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Daniel. 2009. “Partisan Reinforcement and the Poor: The Impact of Context on Explanations for Poverty.” Social Science Quarterly 90: 744764.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Jason. 2012. “A Brief History of Mitt Romney, Total Cheapskate.” GQ, September 30, 2012. Accessed online: www.gq.com/story/gordon-clay-a-teenager-looking.Google Scholar
Horsley, Scott. 2017. “GOP Health Care Bill Would Cut about $765 Billion in Taxes over the Next 10 Years.” NPR, May 4, 2017. Accessed online: www.npr.org/2017/05/04/526923181/gop-health-care-bill-would-cut-about-765-billion-in-taxes-over-10-years.Google Scholar
Hout, Michael, Brooks, Clem, and Manza, Jeff. 1995. “The Democratic Class Struggle in the United States, 1948–1992.” American Sociological Review 60(6): 805828.Google Scholar
Howard, Christopher. 1997. The Hidden Welfare State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Howard, Christopher. 2007. The Welfare State Nobody Knows. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie and Feldman, Stanley. 2009. “On Assessing the Political Effects of Racial Prejudice.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 423447.Google Scholar
Huang, Chye-Ching. 2013. Budget Deal Makes Permanent 82 Percent of President Bush’s Tax Cuts. Report by Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, January 3, 2013.Google Scholar
Hunt, Corrie V., Kim, Anita, Borgida, Eugene, and Chaiken, Shelly. 2010. “Revisiting the Self-Interest versus Values Debate: The Role of Temporal Perspective.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46(6): 11551158.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1981. American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hurwitz, Jon and Peffley, Mark. 2005. “Explaining the Great Racial Divide.” Journal of Politics 67(3): 762783.Google Scholar
Hutchings, Vincent L. 2009. “Change or More of the Same? Evaluating Racial Attitudes in the Obama Era.” Public Opinion Quarterly 73(5): 917942.Google Scholar
Hutchings, Vincent L., Nichols, Vanessa Cruz, Gause, LaGina, and Piston, Spencer. 2014. “Whitewashing: How Obama Used Implicit Racial Cues as a Defense against Political Rumors.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.Google Scholar
Hutchings, Vincent L. and Piston, Spencer. 2011a. “The Determinants and Political Consequences of Prejudice,” in Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science. Druckman, James N, Green, Donald P, Kuklinski, James H, and Lupia, Arthur, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchings, Vincent L. and Piston, Spencer. 2011b. “Knowledge, Sophistication, and Issue Publics,” in Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media. Thompson, Steven and Shapiro, Robert, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hyman, Herbert H. 1960. “Reflections on Reference Groups.” Public Opinion Quarterly 24(3): 383396.Google Scholar
Hyman, Herbert H.. 1968. “Reference Groups.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 13: 353361.Google Scholar
Irwin, Neil. “Winners and Losers in the Trump Tax Plan.” The Upshot, April 26, 2017. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2017/04/26/upshot/winners-and-losers-in-the-trump-tax-plan.html.Google Scholar
Israel-Trummel, Mackenzie and Schachter, Ariela. 2016. “New Poll Shows That Black Voters Really Aren’t ‘Feeling The Bern’.” The Monkey Cage. www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/18/new-poll-shows-that-black-voters-really-arent-feeling-the-bern/?utm_term=.9e0559a5d8d6.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto and Westwood, Sean J.. 2015. “Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science 59(3): 690707.Google Scholar
Jackman, Mary R. and Jackman, Robert W.. 1983. Class Awareness in the United States. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Harrison. 2017. “One poll shows why passing Republicans’ healthcare plan could be so politically toxic.” Business Insider, June 27, 2017. Accessed online: www.businessinsider.com/bcra-ahca-medicaid-polls-cuts-healthcare-bill-2017–6.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Lawrence R. and Shapiro, Robert Y.. 1999. Myths and Misunderstandings About Public Opinion toward Social Security: Knowledge, Support, and Reformism. Century Foundation Report. New York, NY: The Century Foundation.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Lawrence R. and Shapiro, Robert Y. 2000. Politicians Don’t Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Lawrence R. and Soss, Joe. 2010. “The Politics of Inequality in America: A Political Economy Framework.” Annual Review of Political Science 13: 341364.Google Scholar
Jardina, Ashley, McElwee, Sean, and Piston, Spencer. 2016. “How Do Trump Supporters See Black People?” Slate, November 7, 2016. Accessed online: www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2016/11/the_majority_of_trump_supporters_surveyed_described_black_people_as_less.html.Google Scholar
Jennings, M. Kent and Markus, Gregory B.. 1984. “Partisan Orientations over the Long Haul: Results from the Three-Wave Political Socialization Panel Study.” American Political Science Review 78: 10001018.Google Scholar
Johnson, Sarah E., Richeson, Jennifer A., and Finkel, Eli J.. 2011 . “Middle Class and Marginal? Socioeconomic Status, Stigma, and Self-Regulation at an Elite University.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100: 838852.Google Scholar
Johnston, Christopher D. and Newman, Benjamin. 2015. “Economic Inequality and Policy Mood across Time and Space.” Forthcoming in American Politics Research.Google Scholar
Jost, John T., Banaji, Mahzarin R., and Nosek, Brian A.. 2004. “A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo. Political Psychology 25(6): 881919.Google Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P. 2014. “Fueling the Fire: Violent Metaphors, Trait Aggression, and Support for Political Violence.” Political Communication, 31(4): 545563.Google Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P. and Piston, Spencer. 2013. “Is Implicit Prejudice against Blacks Politically Consequential? Evidence from the AMP.” Public Opinion Quarterly 77(1): 305322.Google Scholar
Kantor, Jodi. 2012. “Clinton’s Countless Choices Hinge on One: 2016.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/us/politics/hillary-clintons-countless-choices-could-hinge-on-2016-election.html.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Thomas and Pear, Robert. 2017. “G.O.P. Senators Vow to Unveil Health Bill Thursday, Despite Deep Divisions.” The New York Times, July 11, 2017. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2017/07/11/us/politics/senate-republicans-health-bill.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSourceThe =story-heading&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news.Google Scholar
Karpowitz, Christopher F. 2009. “What Can a President Learn from the News Media? The Instructive Case of Richard Nixon.” British Journal of Political Science 39: 755780.Google Scholar
Katz, Michael B. 1989. The Undeserving Poor: from the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare. New York, NY: Random House, Inc.Google Scholar
Katznelson, Ira. 2005. When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold history of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Keizer, Garret. 2016. “What are we to make of Trump’s blue-collar support?” Los Angeles Times, January 31, 2016. Accessed online: www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-keizer-why-blue-collar-voters-like-trump-20160131The -story.html.Google Scholar
Kelly, Nathan J. 2009. The Politics of Income Inequality in the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, Nathan J. and Enns, Peter K. 2010. “Inequality and the Dynamics of Public Opinion: The Self-Reinforcing Link between Economic Inequality and Mass Preference.” American Journal of Political Science 54(4): 855870.Google Scholar
Kenski, Kate, Hardy, Bruce W., and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 2010. “The Obama Victory: How Media, Money, and Message Shaped the 2008 Election.” New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Eunji, Pedersen, Rasmus, and Mutz, Diana. 2016. “What Do Americans Talk about When They Talk about Economic Inequality?” Unpublished manuscript. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2805330or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2805330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. 1986. “The Continuing American Dilemma: White Resistance to Racial Change 40 Years after Myrdal.” Journal of Social Issues 42(2): 151171.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Dale-Riddle, Allison. 2012. The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Kalmoe, Nathan P. 2017. Neither Liberal nor Conservative: Ideological Innocence in the American Public. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Kam, Cindy D.. 2009. Us against Them: Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Kiewiet, D. Roderick. 1979. “Economic Discontent and Political Behavior: The Role of Personal Grievances and Collective Economic Judgments in Congressional Voting.” American Journal of Political Science 23(3): 495527.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Kiewiet, D. Roderick 1981. “Sociotropic Politics: The American Case.” British Journal of Political Science 11(2): 129161.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and McConnaughy, Corrine M.. 2006. “Military Triumph, Racial Transcendence, and Colin Powell.” Public Opinion Quarterly 70: 139165.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Palfrey, Thomas R.. 1993. Experimental Foundations of Political Science. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Sanders, Lynn M.. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Winter, Nicholas. 2001. “Exploring the Racial Divide: Blacks, Whites, and Opinion on National Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 45: 439456.Google Scholar
Kliff, Sarah. 2016. “Why Obamacare Enrollees Voted for Trump.” Vox. Accessed online: www.vox.com/science-and-health/2016/12/13/13848794/kentucky-obamacare-trump.Google Scholar
Kluegel, James R. and Smith, Eliot R.. 1986. Beliefs about Inequality: Americans’ Views of What Is and What Ought to Be. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Knecht, Tom and Martinez, Lisa M.. 2009. “Humanizing the Homeless: Does Contact Erode Stereotypes?Social Science Research 38: 521534.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. 2012. “Notes on the Political Economy of Redistribution.” The New York Times. Accessed online: https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/notes-on-the-political-economy-of-redistribution/.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. 2014. “The Myth of the Deserving Rich.” The New York Times. Accessed online: https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/the-myth-of-the-deserving-rich/.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna, Levine, Adam Seth, Lupia, Arthur, and Prior, Markus. 2006. “Public Ignorance and Estate Tax Repeal: The Effect of Partisan Differences and Survey Incentives.” National Tax Journal: 425437.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna and Piston, Spencer. 2015a. “Accentuating the Negative: Candidate Race and Campaign Strategy.” Political Communication 32(1): 152173.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna and Piston, Spencer. 2015b. “Racial Prejudice, Partisanship, and White Turnout in Elections with Black Candidates.” Political Behavior 37: 397418.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna, and Piston, Spencer. 2016. “The Political Consequences of Latino Prejudice against Blacks.” Public Opinion Quarterly 80: 480509.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna, Piston, Spencer, and Bauer, Nichole. 2016. “Saving Face: Identifying Responses to Black and Female Candidates.” Political Psychology 37: 253273.Google Scholar
Kuklinski, J.H., Riggle, Ellen, Ottati, Victor, Schwarz, Norbert, et al. 1991. “The Cognitive and Affective Bases of Political Tolerance Judgments.” American Journal of Political Science 35: 127.Google Scholar
Lajevardi, Nazita. 2016. “The Media Matters: Muslim American Media Coverage from 1992–2015 and Effects on Mass Attitudes.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 2016.Google Scholar
Lane, Robert E. 1962. Political Ideology. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Lang, Nico. “Why America Hates Its Poor.” April 11, 2015. Salon. Accessed online: www.salon.com/2015/04/11/why_we_hate_poor_people_partner/.Google Scholar
Latimer, Matt. 2017. “What If Trump Had Won as a Democrat?” Politico Magazine, July 8, 2017. Accessed online: www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/07/08/what-if-trump-had-won-as-a-democrat-215351.Google Scholar
Leach, Colin Wayne and Spears, Russell. 2008. ““A Vengefulness of the Impotent”: The Pain of In-Group Inferiority and Schadenfreude toward Successful Out-Groups.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95: 13831396.Google Scholar
Lee, Barrett A., Farrell, Chad R., and Link, Bruce G.. 2004. “Revising the Contact Hypothesis: The Case of Public Exposure to Homelessness.” American Sociological Review 69: 4063.Google Scholar
Leibovich, Mark. 2007. “The Socialist Senator.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21Sanders.t.html.Google Scholar
Leonhardt, David. 2010. “Taxing the Rich, Over Time.” The New York Times, April 13, 2010. Accessed online: https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/13/taxing-the-rich-over-time/.Google Scholar
Lerner, Melvin J. 1981. “The Justice Motive in Human Relations,” in The Justice Motive in Social Behavior. Lerner, Melvin J and Lerner, Sally C, eds. New York, NY: Springer U.S.Google Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew S. and Jackman, Simon D. 2003. “Reconsidering the Measurement of Political Knowledge.” Working paper, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S. and Tien, Charles. 2016. “The Political Economy Model: 2016 US Election Forecasts.” PS: Political Science & Politics 49(4): 661663.Google Scholar
Lippmann, Walter. 1920. Public Opinion. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin and Marks, Gary. 2001. It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1979. The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Liu, Ling. 2006. “Provincetown straights complain of intolerance among gays.” The Salem News, July 27, 2006. Accessed online: www.salemnews.com/news/local_news/provincetown-straights-complain-of-intolerance-among-gays/article_5dbb6da7-49ec-5df3-ada6-64f349915d7d.html.Google Scholar
Long, Heather. 2015. “Donald Trump: Tax the Rich More.” CNN, August 28, 2015. Accessed online: http://money.cnn.com/2015/08/27/news/economy/donald-trumpeconomy-tax-plan/index.html.Google Scholar
Loury, Alden. 2008. “Why Do We Hate the Poor?” The Huffington Post. Accessed online: www.huffingtonpost.com/alden-loury/why-do-we-hate-the-poor_b_140586.html.Google Scholar
Lowry, Rich. 2015. “Class, Not Race.” The National Review. Accessed online: www.nationalreview.com/article/415480/class-not-race-rich-lowry.Google Scholar
Lupia, Arthur. 2015. Uninformed: Why People Know So Little about Politics and What We Can Do about It. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lupia, Arthur, Casey, Logan S., Karl, Kristyn L., Piston, Spencer, Ryan, Timothy J., and Skovron, Christopher. 2015. “What Does It Take to Reduce Racial Prejudice in Individual-Level Candidate Evaluations? A Formal Theoretic Perspective.” Political Science Research and Methods 3(1): 120.Google Scholar
Lupia, Arthur, Krupnikov, Yanna, Levine, Adam Seth, Piston, Spencer, and Von Hagen-Jamar, Alex. 2010. “Why State Constitutions Differ in Their Treatment of Same-Sex Couples.” Journal of Politics 72(4): 12221235.Google Scholar
Luttig, Matthew. “The Structure of Inequality and Americans’ Attitudes toward Redistribution.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(3): 811821.Google Scholar
MACPAC. 2016. Trends in Medicaid Spending. MACPAC Report, June 2016.Google Scholar
Mann, Thomas E. and Ornstein, Norman J.. 2013. It’s Even Worse Than it Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane J. 1990. Beyond Self-Interest. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Marcos, Cristina. 2017. “House Democrat plans to attend town hall for GOP lawmaker.” The Hill, May 8, 2017. Accessed online: http://thehill.com/homenews/house/332415-house-democrat-plans-to-attend-town-hall-instead-of-gop-lawmaker-who-wont.Google Scholar
Markus, Gregory B. 2001. “American Individualism Reconsidered,” in Citizens and Politics, Kuklinski, James H, ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 401432.Google Scholar
Marlantes, Liz. 2012. “Are Republicans Really ‘Incapable’ of Beating Hillary Clinton in 2016?” csmonitor.com. www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2012/1210/Are-Republicans-really-incapable-of-beating-Hillary-Clinton-in-2016.Google Scholar
Marthur, Aparna and McCloskey, Abby. 2016. “The Concerning Drop iWorkforce Participation and Role of Family-Friendly Policies.” Forbes, May 25, 2016. Accessed online: www.forbes.com/sites/aparnamathur/2016/05/25/the-concerning-drop-in-workforce-participation-and-role-of-family-friendly-policies/%531f0bf65c6c.Google Scholar
Mason, Lilliana. 2015. “‘I Disrespectfully Agree’: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science 59(1): 128145.Google Scholar
Matthews, Dylan. 2013. “America’s taxes are the most progressive in the world. Its government is among the least.” Washington Post, April 5, 2013. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/04/05/americas-taxes-are-the-most-progressive-in-the-world-its-government-is-among-the-least/?utm_term=.c659cf4bc102.Google Scholar
Mayhew, David. 2000. “Electoral Realignments.” Annual Review of Political Science 3: 449474.Google Scholar
McCall, Leslie. 2013. The Undeserving Rich. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCall, Leslieand Kenworthy, Lane. 2009. “Americans’ Social Policy Preferences in the Era of Rising Inequality.” Perspectives on Politics 7: 459484.Google Scholar
McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 2008. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
McClosky, Herbert and Zaller, John. 1984. The American Ethos: Public Attitudes toward Capitalism and Democracy. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Meertens, Roel W. and Pettigrew, Thomas F.. 1997. “Is Subtle Prejudice Really Prejudice?Public Opinion Quarterly 61(1): 5471.Google Scholar
Mendelberg, Tali, McCabe, Katherine T., and Thal, Adam. 2017. “College Socialization and the Economic Views of Affluent Americans.” American Journal of Political Science 61: 606623.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert King. 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. and Rossi, Alice S.1950. “Contributions to the Theory of Reference Group Behavior,” in Continuities in Social Research: Studies in the Scope and Method of “The American Soldier.” Merton, Robert K. and Lazarsfeld, Paul, eds. New YorkFree Press40105.Google Scholar
Mettler, Suzanne. 2011. The Submerged State. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Arthur H., Gurin, Patricia, Gurin, Gerald, and Malanchuk, Oksana. 1981. “Group Consciousness and Political Participation.” American Journal of Political Science 25(3): 494511.Google Scholar
Miller, Warren E. and Stokes, Donald E.. 1963. “Constituency Influence in Congress.” American Political Science Review 57(1): 4556.Google Scholar
Mishel, Lawrence, Schmitt, John, and Shierholz, Heidi. 2013. “Assessing the Job Polarization Explanation of Growing Wage Inequality.” Presented at the Labor Economics Seminar at the University of California, Berkeley (March 7, 2013).Google Scholar
Moe, Terry M. 2005. “Power and Political Institutions.” Perspectives on Politics 3(2): 215233.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Lori. 2012. “Officials: Obama ready to veto a bill blocking ‘fiscal cliff’ without tax hike for rich.” Washington Post, October 17, 2012. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/officials-obama-ready-to-veto-a-bill-blocking-fiscal-cliff-without-tax-hike-for-rich/2012/10/17/64400224–1870-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_story.html.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Lori and Kane, Paul. 2013. “Obama, Senate Republicans reach agreement on ‘fiscal cliff’.” Washington Post, January 1, 2013. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/business/fiscal-cliff/biden-mcconnell-continue-cliff-talks-as-clock-winds-down/2012/12/31/66c044e2-534d-11e2-8b9e-dd8773594efc_story.html.Google Scholar
Montopoli, Brian. 2008. “Obama Ad Attacks McCain for Owning Seven Houses.” cbsnews.com. www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-ad-attacks-mccain-for-owning-seven-houses/.Google Scholar
Moore, Suzanne. 2012. “Instead of Being Disgusted by Poverty, We Are Disgusted by Poor People Themselves.” The Guardian. Accessed online: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/feb/16/suzanne-moore-disgusted-by-poor.Google Scholar
Moore, Suzanne. 2016. “Why I was wrong about men.” New Statesman, September 5, 2016. Accessed online: www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2016/09/suzanne-moore-why-i-was-wrong-about-men.Google Scholar
Morelli, Salvatore, Smeeding, Timothy M., and Thompson, Jeffrey P.. 2014. “Post-1970 Trends in Within-Country Inequality and Poverty: Rich and Middle Income Countries,” in Handbook of Income Distribution, Volume 2. Atkinson, A.B and Bourguignon, F., eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier-North Holland.Google Scholar
Mother Jones. 2012. “Full Transcript of Mitt Romney Secret Video.” Mother Jones, September 19, 2012. Accessed online: www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/09/full-transcript-mitt-romney-secret-video/.Google Scholar
Nelson, Thomas E. and Kinder, Donald R.. 1996. “Issue Frames and Group-Centrism in American Public Opinion.” Journal of Politics 58: 10551078.Google Scholar
Neustadt, Richard E. 1991. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan, revised edition. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar
New York Times. 2011. “The New Resentment of the Poor.” The Editorial Board. www.nytimes.com/2011/08/31/opinion/the-new-resentment-of-the-poor.html.Google Scholar
Newman, Benjamin J. 2014. “My Poor Friend: Financial Distress in One’s Social Network, the Perceived Power of the Rich, and Support for Redistribution.” Journal of Politics 76: 126138.Google Scholar
Newman, Katherine S. and Jacobs, Elisabeth S.. 2010. Who Cares? Public Ambivalence and New Deal Activism from the New Deal to the Second Gilded Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Newport, Frank. 2016. “Americans Still Say Upper-Income Pay too Little in Taxes.” Gallup, April 15, 2016. Accessed online: www.gallup.com/poll/190775/americans-say-upper-income-pay-little-taxes.aspx.Google Scholar
Newport, Frank. 2017. “Majority Say Wealthy Americans, Corporations Taxed Too Little.” Gallup, April 18, 2017. Accessed online: www.gallup.com/poll/208685/majority-say-wealthy-americans-corporations-taxed-little.aspx.Google Scholar
Norpoth, Helmut. 2004. “From Primary to General Election: A Forecast of the Presidential Vote.” PS: Political Science & Politics 37(4): 737740.Google Scholar
Norpoth, Helmut. 2016. “Primary Model Predicts Trump Victory.” PS: Political Science & Politics 49(4): 655658.Google Scholar
Norton, Michael I. and Ariely, Dan. 2011. “Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6: 912.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 2001. Upheavals of Thought. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Lydia and Marans, Daniel. 2017. “Here Are 16 Examples of Donald Trump Being Racist.” Huffington Post, February 16, 2017. Accessed online: www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/president-donald-trump-racist-examples_us_584f2ccae4b0bd9c3dfe5566.Google Scholar
Overby, Peter. 2016. “The Clintons Wrote the Book on How to Climb Out of Middle Class.” NPR, August 17, 2016. Accessed online: www.npr.org/2016/08/17/490102648/the-clintons-wrote-the-book-on-how-politicians-climb-out-of-middle-class.Google Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., Bartels, Larry M., and Seawright, Jason. 2013. “Democracy and the Policy Preferences of Wealthy Americans.” Perspectives on Politics 11(1): 5173.Google Scholar
Page, Benjamin I. and Jacobs, Lawrence R.. 2009. Class War? Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, Maxwell and Schneer, Benjamin. 2016. “Capitol Gains: The Returns to Elected Office from Corporate Board Directorships.” Journal of Politics 78(1): 181196.Google Scholar
Parnes, Amie. 2012. “Stumping in Ohio, Obama hits Romney with ‘silver spoon’.” The Hill, April 18, 2012. Accessed online: http://thehill.com/video/campaign/222359-obama-in-ohio-hits-romney-with-silver-spoon.Google Scholar
Parrott, W. G. (1991). “The Emotional Experiences of Envy and Jealousy,” in The Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. Salovey, P., ed. New York, NY: Guilford, 330.Google Scholar
Pasek, Josh and Krosnick, Jon A.. 2010. “Optimizing Survey Questionnaire Design in Political Science: Insights from Psychology,” in Oxford Handbook of American Elections and Political Behavior. Leighley, Jan E. and Edwards, J.C, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pasek, Josh, Stark, Tobias H., Krosnick, Jon A., Tompson, Trevor, and Keith Payne, B.. 2014. “Attitudes toward Blacks in the Obama Era: Changing Distributions and Impacts of Job Approval and Electoral Choice, 2008–2012.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(S1): 276302.Google Scholar
Pasek, Josh, Tahk, Alexander, Lelkes, Yphtach, Krosnick, Jon A., Payne, B. Keith, Akhtar, Omair, and Tompson, Trevor. 2009. “Determinants of Turnout and Candidate Choice in the 2008 Presidential Election: Illuminating the Impact of Racial Prejudice and Other Considerations.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(5): 943994.Google Scholar
Patashnik, Eric M. 2008. Reforms at Risk: What Happens after Major Policy Changes Are Enacted. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
PBS NewsHour. 2013. “Taxes on Rich Rise with Fiscal Cliff Deal.” PBS NewsHour, January 2, 2013. Accessed online: www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/2013/01/taxes-on-rich-rise-with-fiscal-cliff-deal/.Google Scholar
Petrocik, John R. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political Science: 825850.Google Scholar
Pew Center. 2013. In Deficit Debate, Public Resists Cuts in Entitlements and Aid to Poor: Half Would Cut Military Spending to Reduce Deficit. Report by Pew Research Center, December 19, 2013.Google Scholar
Pew Center. 2014. How Americans Feel about Religious Groups. Report by Pew Research Center, July 16, 2014.Google Scholar
Pew Center. 2016. “Most Americans Say Government Doesn’t Do Enough to Help Middle Class.” 2016. pewsocialtrends.org. www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/02/04/most-americans-say-government-doesnt-do-enough-to-help-middle-class/.Google Scholar
Pew Center. 2017. What Bothers Americans about the Federal Tax System? Report by Pew Research Center, April 13, 2017.Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas and Saez, Emmanuel. 2007. “How Progressive is the U.S. Federal Tax System? A Historical and Institutional Perspective.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(1): 234.Google Scholar
Piston, Spencer. 2010. “How Explicit Racial Prejudice Hurt Obama in the 2008 Election.” Political Behavior 32: 431451.Google Scholar
Piston, , Spencer, , Krupnikov, Yanna, Milita, Kerri, and Ryan, John Barry. “Clear as Black and White: The Effects of Ambiguous Rhetoric Depend on Candidate Race.” Forthcoming at Journal of Politics.Google Scholar
Piven, Frances Fox. 2015. “Regulating Today’s Poor: Reflections on Andrea Campbell’s Trapped in America’s Safety Net.” Perspectives on Politics 13: 11131116.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith. 2012. “Graphic picture of a polarized Congress.” UGA Research 41(1): 3233.Google Scholar
Porter, Eduardo. 2017. “Trump Budget Proposal Reflects Working-Class Resentment of the Poor.” The New York Times. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2017/03/07/business/economy/trump-budget-entitlements-working-class.html.Google Scholar
Przybyla, Heidi M. 2017. “Republicans avoid town halls after health care votes.” USA Today, April 10, 2017. Accessed online: www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/04/10/republicans-avoid-town-halls-after-health-care-votes/100286290/.Google Scholar
Rae, Douglas Whiting and Yates, Douglas. 1981. Equalities. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rahn, Wendy and Oliver, Eric. 2016. “Trump voters aren’t authoritarians, new research says.” The Washington Post, March 3, 2016. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/03/09/trumps-voters-arent-authoritarians-new-research-says-so-what-are-they/?tid=a_inl&utm_term=.f845fcc28602.Google Scholar
Rampell, Catherine. 2016. “Why the White Working Class Votes against Itself.” The Washington Post. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-the-white-working-class-votes-against-itself/2016/12/22/3aa65c04-c88b-11e6-8bee-54e800ef2a63_story.html?utm_term=.3b77cb430d45.Google Scholar
Rappeport, Alan. 2015. “Bernie Sanders, Long-Serving Independent, Enters Presidential Race as a Democrat.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/us/politics/bernie-sanders-campaign-for-president.html.Google Scholar
Rappeport, Alan. 2017. “The 7 Key Elements of the White House Tax Plan.” The New York Times, April 26, 2017. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2017/04/26/us/politics/white-house-tax-plan.html?action=click&contentCollection=The%20Upshot&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Dennis C. 2016. “Adam Smith on What Is Wrong with Economic Inequality.” American Political Science Review 110(2): 342352.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Reeves, Richard. 2014. “Classless America, Still?” The Brookings Institution. Accessed online: www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2014/08/27/classless-america-still/.Google Scholar
Rivers, Douglas. 2006. “Sample Matching: Representative Sampling from Internet Panels.” Polimetrix White Paper Series.Google Scholar
Romer, Thomas and Rosenthal, Howard. 1978. “Political Resource Allocation, Controlled Agendas, and the Status Quo.” Public Choice 33(4): 2743.Google Scholar
Rose, Max and Baumgartner, Frank R.. 2013. “Framing the Poor: Media Coverage and U.S. Poverty Policy, 1960–2008.” Policy Studies Journal 41(1): 2253.Google Scholar
Rossiter, Clinton, ed. 1961. The Federalist Papers. New York, NY: Penguin Group.Google Scholar
Rothkopf, David. 2013. “President Hillary Clinton? If She Wants It.” CNN.Com. www.cnn.com/2013/01/26/opinion/rothkopf-hillary-clinton/.Google Scholar
Roush, Carolyn E. 2016. “The Dislikability Heuristic: Out-Party Negativity and Partisan Preferences, 1988–2012.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association.Google Scholar
Rubin, Richard. 2017. “Trump Unveils Broad Tax-Cut Plan.” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2017. Accessed online: www.wsj.com/articles/mnuchin-says-trump-will-offer-biggest-tax-cut-in-u-s-history-1493213275.Google Scholar
Saad, Lydia. 2013. “Half in U.S. Support Publicly Financed Federal Campaigns.” Gallup. June 24, 2014. Accessed online: www.gallup.com/poll/163208/half-support-publicly-financed-federal-campaigns.aspx.Google Scholar
Saez, Emmanuel and Zucman, Gabriel. 2016. “Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131: 519578.Google Scholar
Sands, Melissa. 2017. “Exposure to Inequality Affects Support for Redistribution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114: 663668.Google Scholar
Sanger-Katz, Margot. 2017. “Who Wins and Who Loses in the Latest G.O.P. Health Care Bill.” The Upshot, May 4, 2017. Accessed online: www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/upshot/who-wins-and-who-loses-in-the-latest-gop-health-care-bill.html.Google Scholar
Savransky, Rebecca. 2017. “Poll: Majority disapprove of healthcare plan.” The Hill, May 25, 2017. Accessed online: http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/335136-poll-majority-disapproves-of-gop-healthcare-plan.Google Scholar
Schaffner, Brian F., MacWilliams, Matthew, and Nteta, Tatishe. 2017. “Explaining White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism.” Paper presented at the Conference on the U.S. Elections of 2016: Domestic and International Aspects. January 8–9, 2017.Google Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and Verba, Sidney. 1979. Injury to Insult: Unemployment, Class, and Political Response. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Verba, Sidney, and Brady, Henry E.. 2012. The Unheavenly Chorus. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Anne and Ingram, Helen. 1993. “Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy.” American Political Science Review 87: 334347.Google Scholar
Sears, David O. 2001. “The Role of Affect in Symbolic Politics,” in Citizens and Politics: Perspectives from Political Psychology, Kuklinski, J. H., ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1440.Google Scholar
Sears, David O. and Funk, Carolyn L. 1991. “The Role of Self-Interest in Social and Political Attitudes.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 24: 191.Google Scholar
Sears, David O., Lau, Richard R., Tyler, Tom R., and Allen, Harris M.. 1980. “Self-Interest vs. Symbolic Politics in Policy Attitudes and Presidential Voting.” American Political Science Review 74(3): 670684.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Ian. 2002. “Why the Poor Don’t Soak the Rich.” Daedalus, 131(1): 118128.Google Scholar
Shen, Fuyuan and Edwards, Heidi Hatfield. 2005. “Economic Individualism, Humanitarianism, and Welfare Reform: A Value‐Based Account of Framing Effects.” Journal of Communication 55(4): 795809.Google Scholar
Shephard, Steven. 2017. “Polls show GOP health bill bleeding out.” Politico, June 28, 2017. Accessed online: www.politico.com/story/2017/06/28/health-care-polls-republicans-240062.Google Scholar
Sidanius, Jim and Pratto, Felicia. 1999. Social Dominance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sides, John. 2010. “Stories, Science, and Public Opinion about the Estate Tax.” Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Sides, John. 2017. “Race, Religion, and Immigration.” Research Report from the Democracy Fund Voter Study Group.Google Scholar
Sides, John and Gross, Kimberly. 2013. “Stereotypes of Muslims and Support for the War on Terror.” Journal of Politics 75(3): 583598.Google Scholar
Sides, John, Tesler, Michael, and Vavreck, Lynn. 2016. “The Electoral Landscape of 2016.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 667(1): 5071.Google Scholar
Siff, Andrew. 2016. “Millionaires March Targets NY’s Richest.” nbcnewyork.com. www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Millionaires-March-1-Percent-99-Percent-Occupy-Wall-Street-131528853.html.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert. 1956. “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment.” Psychological Review 63(2): 129138.Google Scholar
Sinyangwe, Samuel. 2012. “The Significance of Mixed-Race: Perceptions of Barack Obama’s Race and the Effect of Obama’s Race on Favorability.” Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1910209 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1910209.Google Scholar
Sisk, Richard. 2008. “A Housing Issue: McCain Not Sure How Many They Own.” nydailynews.com. www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/housing-issue-john-mccain-not-wife-cindy-article-1.317262.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge: Belknap Harvard.Google Scholar
Slemron, Joel. 2006. “The Role of Misconceptions in Support for Regressive Tax Reform.” National Tax Journal: 5775.Google Scholar
Smith, David. 2014. “The Mormon Dilemma: How Old and New Religious Divides Hurt Mormon Candidates in the United States.” Electoral Studies 35: 283291.Google Scholar
Smith, David. 2016. “Predicting Acceptance of Mormons as Christians by Religion and Party Identity.” Public Opinion Quarterly 80: 783795.Google Scholar
Smith, Matt. 2013. “Obama signs bill warding off fiscal cliff.” CNN, January 3, 2013. Accessed online: www.cnn.com/2013/01/02/politics/fiscal-cliff/index.html.Google Scholar
Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C. W., Urch-Druskat, V., & Weston, C. M. 1996. “Envy and Schadenfreude.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22: 158168.Google Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M., Tetlock, Philip E., Glaser, James M., Green, Donald Philip, and Hout, Michael. 1989. “Principled Tolerance and the American Mass Public.” British Journal of Political Science 19(1): 2545.Google Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M., Brody, Richard A., and Tetlock, Philip. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Solman, Paul. 2016. “A Historian’s Take on Trump’s Economic Plan for Blue-Collar, 0.” PBS NewsHour, November 11, 2016. Accessed online: www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/historians-take-trumps-economic-plan-blue-collar-manufacturing-jobs/.Google Scholar
Sombart, Werner. 1976. Why is There No Socialism in the United States? London: The Macmillan Press.Google Scholar
Somin, Ilya. 2015. The Grasping Hand: Kelo v. City of New London and the Limits of Eminent Domain. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N. and Wlezien, Christopher. 2008. “On the Limits to Inequality in Representation.” PS: Political Science and Politics 41(2): 2008.Google Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N. and Wlezien, Christopher 2011. “Inequality in Policy Representativeness?” in Who Gets Represented? Enns, Peter K and Wlezien, Christopher, eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 285–310.Google Scholar
Soss, Joe, Fording, Richard C., and Schram, Sanford. 2011. Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Starr, Paul. 2016. “What If Trump Had Run as a Democrat?” The American Prospect, March 17, 2016. Accessed online: http://prospect.org/article/what-if-trump-had-run-democrat.Google Scholar
Stoker, Laura and Hochschild, Jennifer. 2004. “Measuring Values: The Case of Equality.” Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Strother, Logan. 2016. “Beyond Kelo: An Experimental Study of Public Opposition to Eminent Domain.” Journal of Law and Courts 4(2): 339375.Google Scholar
Strother, Logan. 2017. “The National Flood Insurance Program: A Case Study in Policy Failure, Reform, and Retrenchment.” Policy Studies Journal. Early view: doi:10.1111/psj.12189.Google Scholar
Strother, Logan, Piston, Spencer, and Ogorzalek, Thomas. “Pride or Prejudice? Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag.” Forthcoming at DuBois Review.Google Scholar
Sullivan, John L., Piereson, James E., and Marcus, George E.. 1982. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sumner, William G. 1906. Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals. New York, NY: New American Library.Google Scholar
Swift, Art. 2016. “Support for Legal Marijuana Use Up to 60% in U.S.” Gallup. October 19, 2016. Accessed online: www.gallup.com/poll/196550/support-legal-marijuana.aspx.Google Scholar
Taibbi, Matt. 2014. The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap. New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau.Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri. 1981. “Social Stereotypes and Social Groups.” Intergroup Behaviour: 144–167.Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri and Turner, John C.. 1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations 33(47): 74.Google Scholar
Tax Policy Center. 2017. T17-0023: Distribution of Major Tax Cut Provisions in the American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA) as approved by House Ways and Means Committee, Excluding Changes to Health Insurance Tax Credits, by Expanded Cash Income Percentile, 2022. Report by the Tax Policy Center, March 10, 2017.Google Scholar
Taylor, Jessica. 2017. “Just 17 Percent of Americans Approve of Republican Senate Health Care Bill.” NPR, June 28, 2017. Accessed online: www.npr.org/2017/06/28/534612954/just-17-percent-of-americans-approve-of-republican-senate-health-care-bill.Google Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2012. “The Spillover of Racialization into Health Care: How President Obama Polarized Public Opinion by Racial Attitudes and Race.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(3): 690704.Google Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2015. “Bernie Sanders’s Surge Doesn’t Mean the Democratic Race is Wide Open. Here’s Why.” The Monkey Cage. www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/09/17/bernie-sanderss-surge-doesnt-mean-the-democratic-race-is-wide-open-heres-why/?utm_term=.01a2eb5a900c.Google Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2016. Post-Racial or Most-Racial? Race and Politics in the Obama Era. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2016. “Views about race mattered more in electing Trump than in electing Obama.” Washington Post, November 22, 2016. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkeycage/wp/2016/11/22/peoples-views-about-race-mattered-more-in-electing-trump-than-inelecting-obama/?utm_term=.61db10beeaac.Google Scholar
Tesler, Michael and Sears, David O.. 2010. Obama’s Race: The 2008 Election and the Dream of a Post-Racial America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Derek. 2016. “The Missing Men.” The Atlantic, June 27, 2016. Accessed online: www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/06/the-missing-men/488858/.Google Scholar
Toi, Miho and Daniel Batson, C.. 1982. “More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43: 281292.Google Scholar
Ura, Joseph D. and Ellis, Christopher R. 2008. “Income, Preferences, and the Dynamics of Policy Responsiveness.” PS: Political Science and Politics 41(4): 785794.Google Scholar
Vaish, Amrisha, Carpenter, Malinda, and Tomasello, Michael. “Sympathy through Affective Perspective Taking and Its Relation to Prosocial Behavior in Toddlers.” Developmental Psychology 45: 534543.Google Scholar
Valentino, Nicholas A. and Sears, David O.. 2005. “Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South.” American Journal of Political Science 49(3): 672688.Google Scholar
Vavreck, Lynn and Rivers, Douglas. 2008. “The 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion, and Policy 18(4): 355366.Google Scholar
Vavreck, Lynn and Sides, John. 2014. The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Viscelli, Steve. 2016. “Truck Stop: How One of America’s Steadiest Jobs Turned Into One of Its Most Grueling.” The Atlantic. Accessed online: www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/05/truck-stop/481926/.Google Scholar
Wagner, John. 2015a. “Bernie Sanders, The Surprise Story of the Year.” Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/13/who-is-bernie-sanders/?utm_term=.c4f8c55ed637.Google Scholar
Wagner, John. 2015b. “Sanders Draws More than 20,000 in Boston, Building on a Strong Week.” Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/03/sanders-draws-20000-in-boston-building-on-a-strong-week/?utm_term=.668721a678ae.Google Scholar
Wall Street Journal. 2002. Editorial, “The Non-Taxpaying Class.” wsj.com. www.wsj.com/articles/SB1037748678534174748.Google Scholar
Walters, Stephen J. K. 2017. “In the Class War, a Flanking Maneuver.” National Review, May 5, 2017. Accessed online: www.nationalreview.com/article/447346/trump-tax-standard-deduction-increase.Google Scholar
Wayne, Carly, Valentino, Nicholas, and Oceno, Marzia. 2016. “How sexism drives support for Donald Trump.” Washington Post, October 23, 2016. Accessed online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/23/how-sexism-drives-support-for-donald-trump/?utm_term=.8bf5493a53c4.Google Scholar
Webb, S. and Webb, B.. 1927. English Local Government: English Poor Law History: Part I. The Old Poor Law. London: Longman, Green, & Co.Google Scholar
Weber, Max (Parsons, Talcott, trans). 1930. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Crows Nest, New South Wales, Australia: G. Allen and Unwin Ltd.Google Scholar
Weeks, Matthew and Lupfer, Michael B.. 2004. “Complicating Race: The Relationship between Prejudice, Race, and Social Class Categorizations.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30: 972984.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Jill D., Freese, Jeremy, and McElhattan, David. 2014. “Comparing Data Characteristics and Results of an Online Factorial Survey between a Population-Based and Crowdsource-Recruited Sample.” Sociological Science 1: 292310.Google Scholar
Weisman, Jonathan. 2001. “Linking Tax to Death May Have Brought Its Doom.” USA Today. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washdc/2001–05-21-estate.htm.Google Scholar
Weissmann, Jordan. 2015. “Most Americans Think We Should Soak the Rich and Redistribute Wealth.” Slate, May 5, 2015. Accessed online: www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2015/05/05/gallup_52_percent_of_americans_think_we_should_use_heavy_taxes_on_the_rich.html.Google Scholar
Weldon, Kathleen. 2015. “If I Were a Rich Man: Public Attitudes about Wealth and Taxes.” Huffington Post, February 4, 2015. Accessed online: www.huffingtonpost.com/kathleen-weldon/wealth-taxes-public-opinion-polls_b_6613264.html.Google Scholar
White, Ben. 2016. “Shady accounting underpins Donald Trump’s wealth.” Politico, May 31, 2016. Accessed online: www.politico.eu/article/shady-finance-tax-accounting-underpins-donald-trump-wealth/.Google Scholar
Williams, Juan. 2017. “On health care, Senate Republicans determined to ignore warning signs of political derailment.” Fox News, June 20, 2017. Accessed online: www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/06/20/juan-williams-on-health-care-senate-republicans-determined-to-ignore-warning-signs-political-derailment.html.Google Scholar
Williams, Linda Faye. 2010. Constraint of Race: Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Matt and Carroll, Rory. 2012. “Fiscal cliff deadline hangs heavy as Obama makes final plea to Congress.” The Guardian, December 30, 2012. Accessed online: www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/30/fiscal-cliff-deadline-obama-congress.Google Scholar
Williamson, Vanessa. 2017. Read My Lips: Why Americans Are Proud to Pay Taxes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, George. 1996. “Toward a Revised Framework for Examining Beliefs about the Causes of Poverty.” The Sociological Quarterly 37: 413428.Google Scholar
Wolfgang, Ben. 2016. “Donald Trump: I Might Raise Taxes on the Rich.” The Washington Times, May 8, 2016. Accessed online: www.washingtontim.es.com/news/2016/may/8/donald-trump-i-might-raise-taxes-on-the-rich/.Google Scholar
Wong, Cara J. 2010. Boundaries of Obligation in American Politics: Geographic, National, and Racial Communities. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, Scott. 2012. “McConnell: Go Ahead and Try to Pass Obama Fiscal Cliff Plan.” Politico, December 5, 2012. Accessed online: www.politico.com/blogs/on-congress/2012/12/mcconnell-go-ahead-and-try-to-pass-obama-fiscal-cliff-plan-151189.Google Scholar
Wright, John R. 1990. “Contributions, Lobbying, and Committee Voting in the US House of Representatives.” American Political Science Review 84(2): 417438.Google Scholar
Yadon, Nicole and Piston, Spencer. “Examining Whites’ Anti-Black Attitudes after Obama’s Presidency.” Forthcoming at Politics, Groups, and Identities.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×