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9 - Nitrogen processes in the atmosphere

from Part II - Nitrogen processing in the biosphere

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2011

By
Ole Hertel ,
Stefan Reis ,
Carsten Ambelas Skjøth ,
Albert Bleeker ,
Roy Harrison ,
John Neil Cape ,
David Fowler ,
Ute Skiba ,
David Simpson  and
Tim Jickells
...Show all authors
Edited by
Mark A. Sutton ,
Clare M. Howard ,
Jan Willem Erisman ,
Gilles Billen ,
Albert Bleeker ,
Peringe Grennfelt ,
Hans van Grinsven  and
Bruna Grizzetti
Ole Hertel
Affiliation:
University of Aarhus
Stefan Reis
Affiliation:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
Carsten Ambelas Skjøth
Affiliation:
Aarhus University
Albert Bleeker
Affiliation:
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Roy Harrison
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
John Neil Cape
Affiliation:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
David Fowler
Affiliation:
Food and Rural Affairs, Kingspool
Ute Skiba
Affiliation:
Centre fro Ecology and Hydrology
David Simpson
Affiliation:
Norwegian Meteorological Institute
Tim Jickells
Affiliation:
University of East Anglia
Alex Baker
Affiliation:
University of East Anglia
Markku Kulmala
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki
Steen Gyldenkærne
Affiliation:
Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser
Lise Lotte Sørensen
Affiliation:
Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy
Jan Willem Erisman
Affiliation:
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Mark A. Sutton
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Clare M. Howard
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Jan Willem Erisman
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Gilles Billen
Affiliation:
CNRS and University of Paris VI
Albert Bleeker
Affiliation:
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Peringe Grennfelt
Affiliation:
Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL)
Hans van Grinsven
Affiliation:
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Bruna Grizzetti
Affiliation:
European Commission Joint Research Centre
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Summary

Executive summary

Nature of the problem

  • The two main groups of atmospheric reactive nitrogen compounds (reduced and oxidized nitrogen) have different fates due to differences in governing processes.

  • Abatement strategies need to take into account these differences when assessing the impact on the sensitive ecosystems.

Approaches

  • The chapter outlines the governing physical and chemical processes for the two main groups of reactive nitrogen compounds.

  • The chapter is divided into sections concerning: emissions, transformation, aerosol processes, dry deposition and wet deposition.

Key findings/state of knowledge

  • Reactive nitrogen compounds consist of reduced nitrogen (ammonia and its reaction product ammonium), oxidized nitrogen (nitrogen oxides) and organic nitrogen compounds.

  • Nitrogen oxides have little impact close to the sources since they are emitted as nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with low dry deposition rates. These compounds need to be converted into nitric acid (about 5% per hour) before deposition is efficient.

  • Ammonia has a high impact near the sources due to high dry deposition rates. Ammonia may therefore have significant impact on ecosystems in areas with intense agricultural activity leading to high emissions of ammonia.

  • Both ammonia and gaseous nitrogen oxides lead to formation of aerosol phase compounds (ammonium and nitrate) which are transported over long distances (up to more than 1000 km).

  • Very little is known either quantitatively or qualitatively about organic nitrogen compounds, other than that they can contribute a significant fraction of wet-deposited N, and are present in gaseous and particulate forms in the atmosphere.

Type
Chapter
Information
The European Nitrogen Assessment
Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives
 , pp. 177 - 208
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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