Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-01T05:25:35.174Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Buying the Blackpill

Perceived Exclusion and the Psychology of Incels

from Part I - The Link between Exclusion and Extremism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Michaela Pfundmair
Affiliation:
Federal University of Administrative Sciences, Germany
Andrew H. Hales
Affiliation:
University of Mississippi
Kipling D. Williams
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Get access

Summary

Involuntary celibates (“incels”) are men who desire romantic or sexual partners but purportedly cannot attain them. Their ideology – the Blackpill – holds that their exclusion from successful romantic and sexual relationships is due almost entirely to their relative unattractiveness. Furthermore, the consequences of being an unattractive man bleed over into other aspects of their lives, marring their interpersonal relationships, job prospects, and overall well-being. Blaming women as the chief architects of their unhappiness, incels sometimes commit mass acts of violent retribution. In this chapter, we explicate the incel ideology; explore the interrelated phenomena of social exclusion, self-verification, and identity fusion among incels; describe who incels are; and provide a framework for de-fusing incels from the group.

Type
Chapter
Information
Exclusion and Extremism
A Psychological Perspective
, pp. 97 - 120
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ADL (2023). Murder and extremism in the United States in 2022. American Defamation League Center on Extremism. www.adl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/2023-02/Murder-and-Extremism-in-the-United-States-in-2022.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ashour, O. (2010). Online de-radicalization? Countering violent extremist narratives. Perspectives on Terrorism, 4(6), 1519.Google Scholar
Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., et al. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 10131037. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034431CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motive. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchamp, Z. (2019, April 16). The rise of incels: How a support group for the dateless became a violent internet subculture. Vox. www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/4/16/18287446/incel-definition-redditGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T. (Ed.). (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression (13. Print). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Besta, T., Mattingly, B., & Błażek, M. (2016). When membership gives strength to act: Inclusion of the group into the self and feeling of personal agency. The Journal of Social Psychology, 156(1), 5673. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1053838CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosson, J. K., Rousis, G. J., & Felig, R. N. (2022). Curvilinear sexism and its links to men’s perceived mate value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(4), 516533. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211009726CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosson, J. K., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (1999). Self-liking, self-competence, and the quest for self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(10), 12301241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299258005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broyd, J., Boniface, L., Parsons, D., Murphy, D., & Hafferty, J. D. (2022). Incels, violence and mental disorder: A narrative review with recommendations for best practice in risk assessment and clinical intervention. BJPsych Advances, 26(9), 254264. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2022.15Google Scholar
CCDH Quant Lab (2022). The Incelosphere: Exposing pathways into incel communities and the harms they pose to women and children (pp. 148). Center for Countering Digital Hate. https://counterhate.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/CCDH-The-Incelosphere.pdfGoogle Scholar
Champion, A. R. (2021). Exploring the radicalization pipeline on YouTube. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 4(2), 122126. https://doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i2.3754CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, W., Rolon, V., Thomas, A. G., & Schmitt, D. (2022). Levels of well-being among men who are incel (involuntarily celibate). Evolutionary Psychological Science, 8(4), 375390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00336-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottee, S. (2020). Incel Imotives: Resentment, shame and revenge. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44(2), 93114. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1822589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 6067. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 218228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, S. E., & Reed, S. M. (2022). “I think most of society hates us”: A qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with incels. Sex Roles, 86(1–2), 1433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01250-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La Ronde, C., & Swann, W. B. (1998). Partner verification: Restoring shattered images of our intimates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 374382. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.374CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285290. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033731CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donath, J. S. (2002). Identity and deception in the virtual community. In Kollock, P. & Smith, M. (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace (pp. 3768). Routledge.Google Scholar
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 13271343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downey, G., Feldman, S., Khuri, J., & Friedman, S. (1994). Maltreatment and childhood depression. In Reynolds, W. M. & Johnston, H. F. (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 481508). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1510-8_22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dusek, J. B., & Joseph, G. (1983). The bases of teacher expectancies: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75(3), 327346. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.75.3.327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54(6), 408423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, S., & Downey, G. (1994). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 6(1), 231247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005976CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredman, L. A., Bastian, B., & Swann, W. B. (2017). God or country? Fusion with Judaism predicts desire for retaliation following Palestinian stabbing intifada. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(8), 882887. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617693059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredman, L. A., Buhrmester, M. D., Gomez, A., et al. (2015). Identity fusion, extreme pro-group behavior, and the path to defusion: Identity fusion and extreme behavior. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(9), 468480. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, betas, and incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ging, D., & Murphy, S. (2021, September 15). Tracking the pilling pipeline: Limitations, challenges and a call for new methodological frameworks in incel and manosphere research. AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research. The 22nd Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers. https://doi.org/10.5210/spir.v2021i0.12174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glace, A. M., Dover, T. L., & Zatkin, J. G. (2021). Taking the black pill: An empirical analysis of the “incel.Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(2), 288297. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, Á., Chinchilla, J., Vázquez, A., et al. (2020). Recent advances, misconceptions, untested assumptions, and future research agenda for identity fusion theory. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(6), 115. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12531CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, Á., Morales, J. F., Hart, S., Vázquez, A., & Swann, W. B. (2011). Rejected and excluded forevermore, but even more devoted: Irrevocable ostracism intensifies loyalty to the group among identity-fused persons. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 15741586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211424580CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, Á., Seyle, D. C., Huici, C., & Swann, W. B. (2009). Can self-verification strivings fully transcend the self–other barrier? Seeking verification of ingroup identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 10211044. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016358CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez, Á., Vázquez, A., & Swann, W. B. (in press). Feeling understood fosters identity fusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.Google Scholar
Gómez, Á., Vázquez, A., López-Rodríguez, L., et al. (2019). Why people abandon groups: Degrading relational vs collective ties uniquely impacts identity fusion and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 85, 103853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103853CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gothard, K., Dewhurst, D. R., Minot, J. R., et al. (2021). The incel lexicon: Deciphering the emergent cryptolect of a global misogynistic community (arXiv:2105.12006). arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.12006Google Scholar
Hart, G., & Huber, A. R. (2023). Five things we need to learn about incel extremism: Issues, challenges and avenues for fresh research. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2023.2195067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hintz, E. A., & Baker, J. T. (2021). A performative face theory analysis of online facework by the formerly involuntarily celibate. International Journal of Communication, 15, 30473066.Google Scholar
Hodapp, C. (2017). Men’s rights, gender, and social media. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Hogg, M. A., & Williams, K. D. (2000). From I to we: Social identity and the collective self. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1), 8197. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.4.1.81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, C. L., & Yang, S. C. (2013). A study of online misrepresentation, self-disclosure, cyber-relationship motives, and loneliness among teenagers in Taiwan. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 48(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.2190/EC.48.1.aCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. K. (2017). Too special to be duped: Need for uniqueness motivates conspiracy beliefs: Need for uniqueness and conspiracies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(6), 724734. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
incels.is (2018). Which status would you prefer women to have in society? Incels.Is – Involuntary Celibate. https://incels.is/threads/which-status-would-you-prefer-women-to-have-in-societyGoogle Scholar
incels.is (2023, March 9). I’ve been bullied for failing to get a lady. Incels.Is – Involuntary Celibate. https://incels.is/threads/ive-been-bullied-for-failing-to-get-a-lady.467004/Google Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Chen, X., Dechesne, M., Fishman, S., & Orehek, E. (2009). Fully committed: Suicide bombers’ motivation and the quest for personal significance. Political Psychology, 30(3), 331357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwang, T., & Swann, W. B. (2010). Do people embrace praise even when they feel unworthy? A review of critical tests of self-enhancement versus self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 263280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310365876CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., et al. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 390423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martel, F. A., Buhrmester, M., Gómez, A., Vázquez, A., & Swann, W. B. (2021). Why true believers make the ultimate sacrifice: Sacred values, moral convictions, or identity fusion? Frontiers in Psychology, 12(779120), 112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.779120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maxwell, D., Robinson, S. R., Williams, J. R., & Keaton, C. (2020). “A short story of a lonely guy”: A qualitative thematic analysis of involuntary celibacy using reddit.Sexuality & Culture, 24(6), 18521874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09724-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moonshot (2020). Incels: A guide to symbols and terminology (p. 19). https://moonshotteam.com/resource/incels-a-guide-to-symbols-and-terminology/Google Scholar
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 177196. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moskalenko, S., González, J. F.-G., Kates, N., & Morton, J. (2022). Incel ideology, radicalization and mental health: A survey study. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 4(3), 129. https://doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i3.3817CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mountford, J. (2018). Topic modeling the red pill. Social Sciences, 7(42), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030042CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. R. (2005). To know you is to love you: The implications of global adoration and specific accuracy for marital relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 480497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.480CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newson, M., Khurana, R., Cazorla, F., & Van Mulukom, V. (2021). “I get high with a little help from my friends”: How raves can invoke identity fusion and lasting co-operation via transformative experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(719596), 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.719596CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Donnell, C., & Shor, E. (2022). “This is a political movement, friend”: Why “incels” support violence. The British Journal of Sociology, 73(2), 336351. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12923CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Donnell, J. (2019). Militant meninism: The militaristic discourse of Gamergate and Men’s Rights Activism. Media, Culture & Society, 42(5), 654674. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719876624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., Wood, N. R., Hales, A., & Wesselmann, E. D. (2022). How social exclusion makes radicalism flourish: A review of empirical evidence. Journal of Social Issues. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12520CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century (A. Goldhammer, Trans.). Belknap Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piketty, T. (2020). Capital and ideology (A. Goldhammer, Trans.). Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pinel, E. C. (1999). Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 114128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rieger, D., Kümpel, A. S., Wich, M., Kiening, T., & Groh, G. (2021). Assessing the extent and types of hate speech in fringe communities: A case study of alt-right communities on 8chan, 4chan, and Reddit. Social Media + Society, 7(4), 114. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211052906Google Scholar
Robards, B., & Lincoln, S. (2017). Uncovering longitudinal life narratives: Scrolling back on Facebook. Qualitative Research, 17(6), 715730. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794117700707CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousis, G. J., Martel, F. A., Bosson, J. K., & Swann, W. B. (2023). Behind the blackpill: Self-verification and identity fusion predict endorsement of violence against women among self-identified incels. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672231166481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sageman, M. (2021). The implication of terrorism’s extremely low base rate. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(2), 302311. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2021.1880226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schöpfer, C., Abatista, A. G. F., Fuhrer, J., & Cova, F. (2023). “Where there are villains, there will be heroes”: Belief in conspiracy theories as an existential tool to fulfill need for meaning. Personality and Individual Differences, 200, 111900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111900CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1977). Abnormality as a positive characteristic: The development and validation of a scale measuring need for uniqueness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(5), 518527. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.86.5.518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speckhard, A., & Ellenberg, M. (2022). Self-reported psychiatric disorder and perceived psychological symptom rates among involuntary celibates (incels) and their perceptions of mental health treatment. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2022.2029933CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speckhard, A., Ellenberg, M., Morton, J., & Ash, A. (2021). Involuntary celibates’ experiences of and grievance over sexual exclusion and the potential threat of violence among those active in an online incel forum. Journal of Strategic Security, 14(2), 89121. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.2.1910CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, W. B., Jr. (1983). Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. In Suls, J. & Greenwald, A. G. (Eds.), Social psychological perspectives on the self (2nd ed., pp. 3366). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Swann, W. B., Jr. (2012). Self-verification theory. In Van Lange, P., Kruglanski, A., & Higgins, E., Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 2342). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, W. B., Jr., & Buhrmester, M. D. (2015). Identity fusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(1), 5257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414551363CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, W. B., Jr., Buhrmester, M. D., Gómez, A., et al. (2014). What makes a group worth dying for? Identity fusion fosters perception of familial ties, promoting self-sacrifice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(6), 912926. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036089CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W. B., Jr., Gómez, Á., Seyle, D. C., Morales, J. F., & Huici, C. (2009). Identity fusion: The interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 9951011. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013668CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W. B., Jr., Hixon, J. G., & De La Ronde, C. (1992). Embracing the bitter “truth”: Negative self-concepts and marital commitment. Psychological Science, 3(2), 118121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00010.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, W. B., Jr., Hixon, J. G., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Gilbert, D. T. (1990). The fleeting gleam of praise: Cognitive processes underlying behavioral reactions to self-relevant feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(1), 1726. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W. B., Jr., Jetten, J., Gómez, Á., Whitehouse, H., & Bastian, B. (2012). When group membership gets personal: A theory of identity fusion. Psychological Review, 119(3), 441456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028589CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W. B., Jr., Kwan, V. S. Y., Polzer, J. T., & Milton, L. P. (2003). Fostering group identification and creativity in diverse groups: The role of individuation and self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(11), 13961406. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203256868CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W. B., Jr., Milton, L. P., & Polzer, J. T. (2000). Should we create a niche or fall in line? Identity negotiation and small group effectiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 238250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.238CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W. B., Jr., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S. (1989). Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5), 782791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G. & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 3347). Brooks-Cole. http://ark143.org/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Tajfel-Turner-1979-An-Integrative-Theory-of-Intergroup-Conflict.pdfGoogle Scholar
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Twohey, M., & Dance, G. J. X. (2021, December 9). Where the despairing log on, and learn ways to die. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/09/us/where-the-despairing-log-on.htmlGoogle Scholar
Varmann, A. H., Kruse, L., Bierwiaczonek, K., et al. (2023). How identity fusion predicts extreme pro-group orientations: A meta-analysis. European Review of Social Psychology, 136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2023.2190267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., et al. (2020). Sex differences in mate preferences across 45 countries: A large-scale replication. Psychological Science, 31(4), 408423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620904154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webber, D., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2017). Psychological factors in radicalization: A “3 N” approach. In LaFree, G. & Freilich, J. D. (Eds.), The handbook of the criminology of terrorism (pp. 3346). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118923986.ch2Google Scholar
Whitehouse, H., Jong, J., Buhrmester, M. D., et al. (2017). The evolution of extreme cooperation via shared dysphoric experiences. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 44292. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44292CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehouse, H., McQuinn, B., Buhrmester, M., & SwannJr., W. B. (2014).Brothers in arms: Libyan revolutionaries bond like family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(50), 1778317785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiesenfeld, B. M., Swann, W. B., Brockner, J., & Bartel, C. A. (2007). Is more fairness always preferred? Self-esteem moderates reactions to procedural justice. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 12351253. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.20159922Google Scholar
Wolfowicz, M., Litmanovitz, Y., Weisburd, D., & Hasisi, B. (2021). Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1174CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zell, E., Strickhouser, J. E., Sedikides, C., & Alicke, M. D. (2020). The better-than-average effect in comparative self-evaluation: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 118149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×