The phenomenological basis of geography

As to whether or not geography should be considered a science, and if so, what sort of science it would be, geographical inquiry has always been rather tentative, and its claims generally ambiguous. Particularly in the United States, geography's historical roots in the physical ontology of Davisian physiography, and later in the biological ontology of Barrows' spatial ecology, suggest a one-sided foundation in the physical and biological sciences. The recognition of a much older European tradition in the influential works of Sauer and Hartshorne was important for a discipline seeking to unify its developing and yet disparate realms of inquiry and discourse. Geographers variously trained as geologists, botanists, cartographers, and increasingly as economists, sought to come to some understanding of the common ground they occupied (see James and Martin, 1978). The subsequent methodological debates left many disenchanted with the possibility of providing any such unifying basis to their own activities.

Spatial analytics similarly sought to redefine the discipline as a spatial science within which various systematic issues could be addressed and through which the common interests of several fields could be expressed.