References

Marianne Mason

doi:10.1017/9781009052047.010

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 December 2023

Marianne Mason

Show author details

Marianne Mason: Affiliation:
James Madison University, Virginia

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: Police Interrogation, Language, and the Law
The Invocation Game
, pp. 169 - 181

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052047.010 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

About the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Retrieved June 12, 2022 from www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/about-us-courts-appeals.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, J. (1993). In a different register: The pragmatics of powerlessness in police interrogation. The Yale Law Journal, 103(2), 259–322.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, J. (2008). You have the right to remain silent … but only if you ask for it just so: The role of linguistic ideology in American police interrogation law. International Journal of Speech, Language & The Law, 15(1), 1–21.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, J. (2012). The meaning of silence in the right to remain silent. In Solan, L. & Tiersma, P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language and law (pp. 287–298). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, J. (2020). Miranda rights: Curtailing coercion in police interrogation: The failed promise of Miranda v. Arizona. In Coulthard, M., May, A., & Sousa-Silva, R. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of forensic linguistics (pp. 95–111). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Alison, L. J., Alison, E., Noone, G., Elntib, S., & Christiansen, P. (2013). Why tough tactics fail and rapport gets results: Observing Rapport-Based Interpersonal Techniques (ORBIT) to generate useful information from terrorists. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 19, 411–431.Google Scholar

Alison, L. J., Alison, E., Shortland, N., & Surmon-Bohr, F. (2020). ORBIT: The science of rapport-based interviewing for law enforcement, security, and military. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Antaki, C., Richardson, E., Stokoe, E., & Willott, S. (2015). Dealing with the distress of people with intellectual disabilities reporting sexual assault and rape. Discourse Studies, 17(4), 415–432.Google Scholar

Asher, N., & Lascarides, A. (2013). Strategic conversation. Semantics and Pragmatics, 6, 1–58.Google Scholar

Baldwin, J. (1993). Police interview techniques. The British Journal of Criminology, 33, 325–352.Google Scholar

Basar, T., & Olsder, G. J. (1999). Dynamic noncooperative game theory. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.Google Scholar

Bazelon, A. S. (2007). Adding (or reaffirming) temporal element to the Miranda warning “you have the right to an attorney.” Marquette Law Review, 90(4), 1009–1042.Google Scholar

Bennett, P. G. (1977). Toward a theory of hypergames. Omega, 5, 749–751.Google Scholar

Bennett, P. G. (1980). Hypergames, the development of an approach to modeling conflicts. Futures, 12, 489–507.Google Scholar

Berk-Seligson, S. (2009). Coerced confessions: The discourse of bilingual police interrogations. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Blakemore, D. (1994). Echo questions: A pragmatic account. Lingua. International Review of General Linguistics. 94(4), 197–211.Google Scholar

Blutner, R. (2000). Some aspects of optimality in natural language interpretation. Journal of Semantics, 17(3), 189–216.Google Scholar

Brimbal, L., Kleinman, S. M., Oleszkiewicz, S., & Meissner, C. A. (2019). Developing rapport and trust in the interrogative context: An empirically-supported and ethical alternative to customary interrogation practices. In Barela, S. J., Fallon, M. J., Gaggioli, G., & Ohlin, J. D. (Eds.), Interrogation and torture: Integrating efficacy with law and morality (pp. 141–196). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Brimbal, L., Meissner, C. A., Kleinman, S. M., et al. (2021). Evaluating the benefits of a rapport-based approach to investigative interviews: A training study with law enforcement investigators. Law and Human Behavior, 45(1), 55–67.Google Scholar

Brooks, P. (2000). Troubling confessions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Broscheid, A. (2011). Comparing circuits: Are some US Courts of Appeals more liberal or conservative than others? Law & Society Review, 45(1), 171–194.Google Scholar

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Buckley, J. P. (2012). The Reid technique of interviewing and interrogation. Presentation. https://static.secure.website/wscfus/869641/uploads/oneday_-_master_current_Reid.pdf Google Scholar

Bull, R., & Baker, L. (2020). Obtaining valid discourse from suspects PEACE-fully: What role for rapport and empathy. In Mason, M. & Rock, F. (Eds.), The discourse of police interviews (pp. 42–64). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Burnett, H. (2019). Signalling games, sociolinguistic variation and the construction of style. Linguistics and Philosophy, 42, 419–450.Google Scholar

Busse, U. (2002). Changing politeness strategies in English requests: A diachronic investigation. In Fisiak, J. (Ed.), Studies in English historical linguistics and philology (pp. 17–35). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Calderon, S., Mac Giolla, E., Ask, K., & Granhag, P. A. (2018). Drawing what lies ahead: False intentions are more abstractly depicted than true intentions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(4), 518–522.Google Scholar

Cason, T. N., & Plott, C. R. (2014). Misconceptions and game form recognition: Challenges to theories of revealed preference and framing. Journal of Political Economy, 122(6), 1235–1270.Google Scholar

Cassell, P. G. (1999). The guilty and the “innocent”: An examination of alleged cases of wrongful conviction from false confessions. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 22(2), 523–580.Google Scholar

Chan, J., & Dixon, D. (2007). The politics of police reform: Ten years after the royal commission into the New South Wales Police Service. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 7(4), 443–468.Google Scholar

Chen, T. (1996). Davis v. United States: Maybe should talk to lawyer means maybe Miranda is unraveling. Pepperdine Law Review, 23(2), 607–650.Google Scholar

Cho, I. K., & Kreps, D. M. (1987). Signaling games and stable equilibria. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102(2), 179–221.Google Scholar

Clarke, C., Milne, B., & Bull, R. (2011). Interviewing suspects of crime: The impact of PEACE training, supervision and the presence of a legal advisor. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8, 149–162.Google Scholar

Cleary, H. (2014). Police interviewing and interrogation of juvenile suspects: A descriptive examination of actual cases. Law and Human Behavior, 38(3), 271–282.Google Scholar

Cleary, H. M. D., & Warner, T. C. (2016). Police training in interviewing and interrogation methods: A comparison of techniques used with adult and juvenile suspects. Law and Human Behavior, 40(3), 270–284.Google Scholar

Collins, R., Lincoln, R., & Frank, M. G. (2002). The effect of rapport in forensic interviewing. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law, 9, 69–78.Google Scholar

Crawford, V. P., & Sobel, J. (1982). Strategic information transmission. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 50(6), 1431–1451.Google Scholar

Daly, Y., & Conway, V. (2021). Selecting a lawyer: The practical arrangement of police station legal assistance. Journal of Law and Society, 48(4), 618–644.Google Scholar

Davis, D., Leo, R. A., & Follette, W. C. (2010). Selling confession: Setting the stage with the “sympathetic detective with a time-limited offer.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(4), 441–457.Google Scholar

Dekker, P., & Van Rooy, R. (2000). Bi-directional optimality theory: An application of game theory. Journal of Semantics, 17(3), 217–242.Google Scholar

DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. L., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 74–118.Google Scholar

Dixon, D. (2010). Questioning suspects: A comparative perspective. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(4), 426–440.Google Scholar

Dixon, D., & Maher, L. (2004). Containment, quality of life and crime control: Policy transfers in the policing of a street heroin market. In Newburn, T. & Sparks, R. (Eds.), Criminal justice and political cultures (pp. 234–266). Cullompton: Willan.Google Scholar

Drizin, S. A., & Reich, M. J. (2004). Heeding the lessons of history: The need for mandatory recording of police interrogations to accurately assess the reliability and voluntariness of confessions. Drake Law Review, 52(4), 619–646.Google Scholar

Dunlap, B. (2014). Anyone can think like lawyer: How the lawyers’ monopoly on legal understanding undermines democracy and the rule of law in the United States. Fordham Law Review, 82(6), 2817–2842.Google Scholar

Ensor, B., & White, M. (2022, April 6). Police: Top detective defends controversial CIPEM interviewing method. Stuff. www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/128241902/police-top-detective-defends-controversial-cipem-interviewing-method Google Scholar

European Court of Human Rights: Annual Report (2008). www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_report_2008_ENG.pdf Google Scholar

Fabian, J. M. (2005). Life, death, and IQ: It’s much more than just a score: The dilemma of the mentally retarded on death row. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 5(4), 1–36.Google Scholar

Fahsing, I. A., & Rachlew, A. (2013). Investigative interviewing in the Nordic region. In Williamson, T., Milne, B., and Savage, S. (Eds.), International developments in investigative interviewing (pp. 65–91). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Farrell, J. (1993). Meaning and credibility in cheap-talk games. Games and Economic Behavior, 5(4), 514–531.Google Scholar

Farrell, J., & Gibbons, R. (1989). Cheap talk with two audiences. The American Economic Review, 79(5), 1214–1223.Google Scholar

Feld, B. C. (2006). Police interrogation of juveniles: An empirical study of policy and practice. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 97(1), 219–317.Google Scholar

Fox, B. (2014). On the notion of pre-request. Discourse Studies, 17(1), 41–63.Google Scholar

Fraiser, N. M., & Hipel, K. W. (1984). Conflict analysis moves and resolution. New York: North-Holland.Google Scholar

Frank, M. C., & Goodman, N. D. (2012). Predicting pragmatic reasoning in language games. Science, 336(2084), 998.Google Scholar

Fudenberg, D., & Tirole, J. (1991). Game theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Gaines, P. (2020). The discourse structure of blame mitigation in a police interrogation. In Mason, M. & Rock, F. (Eds.), The discourse of police interviews (pp. 85–112). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Garrett, B. L. (2015, October 8). Serving life for a lie? HuffPost. www.huffpost.com/entry/serving-life-for-a-lie_b_82660129 Google Scholar

Gee, H. (2009). An ambiguous request for counsel before and not after a Miranda waiver: United States v. Rodriguez, United States v. Fry and State v. Blackburn. American University Criminal Law Brief, 5(1), 51–68.Google Scholar

Geiselman, R. E. (2012). The cognitive interview for suspects (CIS). American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 30(3), 5–20.Google Scholar

Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., Firstenberg, I., Hutton, L., Sullivan, S. J., Avetissian, I. V., & Prosk, A. L. (1984). Enhancement of eyewitness memory: An empirical evaluation of the cognitive interview. Journal of Police and Science Administration, 12, 74–80.Google Scholar

Gharesifard, B., & Cortés, J. (2010). Evolution of the perception about the opponent in hypergames, Proceedings of the 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 1076–1081.Google Scholar

Gharesifard, B., & Cortes, J. (2012). Evolution of players’ misperceptions in hypergames under perfect observations. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 57(7), 1627–1640.Google Scholar

Gharesifard, B., & Cortes, J. (2014). Stealthy deception in hypergames under informational asymmetry. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 6(44), 785–795.Google Scholar

Gibbons, R. (1997). An introduction to applicable game theory. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 127–149.Google Scholar

Gibbs, R. W. (1983). Do people always process the literal meanings of indirect requests? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 524–533.Google Scholar

Gibbs, R. W. (1999). Intentions in the experience of meaning. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gibbs, R. W., Buchalter, D., Moise, J., & Farrar, W. (1993). Literal meaning and figurative language. Discourse Processes, 16, 387–403.Google Scholar

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Granhag, P. A., Oleszkiewicz, S., Sakrisvold, M. L., & Kleinman, S. M. (2020). The Scharff technique: Training military intelligence officers to elicit information from small cells of sources. Psychology, Crime & Law, 26(5), 438–460.Google Scholar

Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Cole, P. and Morgan, J. L. (Eds.), Syntax and semantics III: Speech acts (pp. 41–58). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Griffiths, L., & Milne, B. (2006). Will it all end in tiers? Police interviews with suspects in Britain. In Williamson, T. (Ed.), Investigative interviewing: Rights, research, regulation (pp. 167–189). Cullompton: Willan.Google Scholar

Griffiths, A., Milne, B., & Cherryman, J. (2011). A question of control? The formulation of suspect and witness interview question strategies by advanced interviewers. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 13, 255–267.Google Scholar

Griffiths, A., & Rachlew, A. (2018). From interrogation to investigative interviewing: The application of psychology. In Griffiths, A. & Milne, R. (Eds.), The psychology of criminal investigation (pp. 154–178). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Grisso, T. (1998). Instruments for assessing understanding & appreciation of Miranda rights. Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.Google Scholar

Gudjonsson, G., & Pearse, J. (2011). Suspect interviews and false confessions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 33–37.Google Scholar

Guidelines for Communicating Rights to Non-Native Speakers (2012). www.aaal.org/guidelines-for-communication-rights Google Scholar

Harsanyi, J. (1967). Games with incomplete information played by “Bayesian players”: The basic model, Management Science, 14, 159–182.Google Scholar

Hartwig, M., Meissner, C. A., & Semel, M. D. (2014). Human intelligence interviewing and interrogation: Assessing the challenges of developing an ethical, evidence-based approach. In Bull, R. (Ed.), Investigative interviewing (pp. 209–228). New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Herman, L. (1987). The Supreme Court, the attorney general, and the good old days of police interrogation. Ohio State Law Journal, 48(3), 733–756.Google Scholar

Heydon, G. (2005). The language of police interviewing. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Heydon, G. (2008). The art of deception: Myths about lie detection in written confessions. In Smets, L. & Vrij, A. (Eds.), Cahiers police studies: Special investigative interviewing techniques: The use of written and oral analyses (pp. 173–186). Gent: Politeia.Google Scholar

Heydon, G. (2012). Helping the police with their enquiries: Enhancing the investigative interview with linguistic research. The Police Journal, 85, 101–122.Google Scholar

High-value detainee interrogation group: Interrogation a review of the science (2016, September). www.fbi.gov/file-repository/hig-report-interrogation-a-review-of-the-science-september-2016.pdf/view Google Scholar

Holtgraves, T. M. (1994). Communication in context: The effects of speaker status on the comprehension of indirect requests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 20, 1205–1218.Google Scholar

Holtgraves, T. M. (2002). Language as social action: Social psychology and language use. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Holtgraves, T. M. (2005). Comprehending conversational indirectness in a social context. In Katz, A. & Colston, H. (Eds.), Social and cultural factors involved in figurative language processing (pp. 73–98). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Holtgraves, T. M., & Ashley, A. (2001). Comprehending illocutionary force. Memory & Cognition, 29, 83–90.Google Scholar

Hulstijn, J. (2011). Language proficiency in native and nonnative speakers: An agenda for research and suggestions for second-language assessment. Language Assessment Quarterly 8(3), 229–249.Google Scholar

Hulstijn, J. (2015). Language proficiency in native and non-native speakers: Theory and research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B. C. (2001). Criminal interrogation and confessions (4th ed.). Gaithersberg, MD: Aspen.Google Scholar

Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B. C. (2005). Criminal interrogation and confessions: Essentials of the Reid technique (1st ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.Google Scholar

Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B. C. (2013). Criminal interrogation and confessions (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.Google Scholar

Jäger, G. (2008). The evolution of convex categories. Linguistics and Philosophy, 30(5), 551–564.Google Scholar

Jaszczolt, K. M. (2019). Rethinking being Gricean: New challenges for metapragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 145, 15–24.Google Scholar

Johnson, A. (2020). “Are you saying you were stabbed … ?”: Multimodality, embodied action, and dramatized formulations in “fixing” the facts in police interviews with suspects. In Mason, M. & Rock, F. (Eds.), The discourse of police interviews (pp. 268–298). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Jones, J. B. (2004, June) Access to counsel. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Juvenile Justice Bulletin 1, 34. www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/204063.pdf Google Scholar

Kassin, S. M. (1997). The psychology of confession evidence. American Psychologist, 52, 221–233.Google Scholar

Kassin, S. M., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2004). The psychology of confessions: A review of the literature and issues. Psychological science in the public interest, 5(2), 33–67.Google Scholar

Kassin, S. M., & Kiechel, K. L. (1996). The social psychology of false confessions: Compliance, internalization, and confabulation. Psychological Science, 7, 125–128.Google Scholar

Kassin, S. M., & Norwick, R. J. (2004). Why people waive their Miranda rights: The power of innocence. Law and Human Behavior, 28(2), 211–221.Google Scholar

Kassin, S., Drizin, S., Grisso, T., Gudjonsson, G., Leo, R., & Redlich, A. (2010). Police induced confessions: Risk factors and recommendations. Law and Human Behavior, 34(1), 3–38.Google Scholar

Kassin, S. M., Leo, R. A., Meissner, C. A., Richman, K. D., Colwell, L. H., Leach, A. M., & LaFon, D., (2007). Police interviewing and interrogation: A self-report survey of police practices and beliefs. Law and Human Behavior, 31(4), 381–400.Google Scholar

Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., Balin, J. A., & Brauner, J. S. (2000). Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science, 11(1), 32–38.Google Scholar

Klopf, G., & Tooke, A. (2003). Statement analysis examination technique. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 72(4), 6–14.Google Scholar

Kostelnik, J. O., & Reppucci, N. D. (2009). Reid training and sensitivity to developmental maturity in interrogation: Results from a national survey of police. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 27, 361–379.Google Scholar

Kovach, N. S., Gibson, A. S., & Lamont, G. B. (2015). Hypergame theory: A model for conflict, misperception, and deception. Game Theory, 1–20.Google Scholar

Kozinski, W. (2017). The Reid interrogation technique and false confessions: A time for change. Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 16(2), 301–345.Google Scholar

Lamer Commission of Inquiry: Pertaining to the cases of Ronald Dalton, Gregory Parsons, Randy Druken (2006, June). www.gov.nl.ca/jps/files/publications-lamerreport.pdf Google Scholar

Landers, P. (2000, October 6). A false confession jailed Mr. Yakushiji; then fate intervened. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A7–A8.Google Scholar

Language Assistance for Law Enforcement (2006, March 31). https://najit.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/LanguageforLawEnforcement2006.pdf Google Scholar

Leiber, M. J., & Stairs, J. M. (1999). Race, contexts, and the use of intake diversion. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36(1), 56–86.Google Scholar

Leo, R. A. (1996). Miranda’s revenge: Police interrogation as a confidence game. Law & Society Review, 30(2), 259–288.Google Scholar

Leo, R. A. (2001). Questioning the relevance of Miranda in the Twentieth-Century. Michigan Law Review, 99(5): 1000–1029.Google Scholar

Leo, R. A. (2008). Police interrogation and American justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Leo, R. A., & Ofshe, R. J. (1998). Consequences of false confessions: Deprivations of liberty and miscarriages of justice in the age of psychological interrogation. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88(2), 429–496.Google Scholar

Leo, R. A., & White, W. S. (1999). Adapting to Miranda: Modern interrogators’ strategies for dealing with the obstacles posed by Miranda. Minnesota Law Review, 84(2): 397–472.Google Scholar

Leo, R. A., Neufeld, P. J., Drizin, S. A., & Taslitz, A. E. (2013). Promoting accuracy in the use of confession evidence: An argument for pretrial reliability assessments to prevent wrongful convictions. Temple Law Review, 85(4), 759–838.Google Scholar

Levenberg, T. O. (1995). Fifth Amendment: Responding to ambiguous requests for counsel during custodial interrogations. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 85(4), 962–988.Google Scholar

Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Marcus, P. (1993). A return to the “bright line rule” of Miranda. William & Mary Law Review, 35(4), 93–146.Google Scholar

Mason, M. (2013). Can I get a lawyer? A suspect’s use of indirect requests in a custodial setting. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law, 20(2), 203–227.Google Scholar

Mason, M. (2016). The “preparatory” and “argumentation” stages of police interrogation: A linguistic analysis of a criminal investigation. Language & Communication, 48, 79–87.Google Scholar

Mason, M. (2020). The guilt-presumptive nature of custodial interrogations in the United States: The use of confrontation, appeals to self-interest, and sympathy/minimization in the Reid technique. In Mason, M. & Rock, F. (Eds.), The discourse of police interviews (pp. 65–84). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Mason, R. D., & Mason, M. (2021, November 20–22). The game of police interrogations [Conference presentation]. Southern Economics Association, 91st Annual Meeting, Houston, TX.Google Scholar

Mason, R. D., & Mason, M. (2023). Reconsidering Miranda rights: Modeling strategic action during the invocation stage of a police interrogation. Rationality and Society.Google Scholar

McFeeley, N. D. (2016). The historical development of habeas corpus. Southwestern Law Journal, 30(3), 585–600.Google Scholar

McGurk, B., Carr, J., & McGurk, D. (1993). Investigative interviewing courses for police officers: An evaluation. Police Research Series Paper, 4. London: Home Office.Google Scholar

Meissner, C. A., Surmon-Böhr, F., Oleszkiewicz, S., & Alison, L. J. (2017). Developing an evidence-based perspective on interrogation: A review of the US government’s high-value detainee interrogation group research program. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23(4), 438.Google Scholar

Meissner, C. A., Redlich, A. D., Michael, S. W., Evans, J. R., Camilletti, C. R., Bhatt, S., & Brandon, S. (2014). Accusatorial and information-gathering interrogation methods and their effects on true and false confessions: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10, 459–486.Google Scholar

Mendez, J. E., & Areh, I. (Eds.). (2021). Principles on effective interviewing for investigations and information gathering. APT, Association pour la prévention de la torture.Google Scholar

Meyer, J. R., & Reppucci, N. D. (2007). Police practices and perceptions regarding juvenile interrogation and interrogative suggestibility. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 25, 757–780.Google Scholar

Milne, R. J. (1997). Analysis and application of the cognitive interview (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Portsmouth.Google Scholar

Mosteller, R. P. (2007). Police deception before Miranda warnings: The case for per se exclusion of an entirely unjustified practice at a particularly sensitive moment. Texas Tech Law Review, 39(4), 1239–1273.Google Scholar

National Children’s Advocacy Center. (2019, February). National Children’s Advocacy Center’s Child Forensic Interview Structure. www.nationalcac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NCAC_CFIS_Feb-2019.pdf Google Scholar

National Juvenile Defender Center, Access Denied: A National Snapshot of States’ Failure to Protect Children’s Right to Counsel. (2017, May). https://njdc.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Snapshot-Final_single-4.pdf Google Scholar

Noh, E. (1998). Echo questions: Metarepresentation and pragmatic enrichment. Linguistics and Philosophy, 21(6), 603–628.Google Scholar

Noh, E. (2001). Metarepresentation: A relevance-theory approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Ofshe, R. J. (2007). Defending the innocent: Interrogation and false confession. The Champion, 10–15.Google Scholar

Parikh, P. (1991). Communication and strategic inference. Linguistics and Philosophy, 14(5), 473–514.Google Scholar

Parikh, P. (2000). Communication, meaning, and interpretation. Linguistics and Philosophy, 23, 185–212.Google Scholar

Parikh, P. (2001). The use of language. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar

Paulo, R. M., Albuquerque, P. B., & Bull, R. (2013). The enhanced cognitive interview: Towards a better use and understanding of this procedure. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 15(3), 190–199.Google Scholar

Pavlenko, A. (2008). “I’m very not about the law part”: Nonnative speakers of English and the Miranda warnings. Tesol Quarterly, 42(1), 1–30.Google Scholar

Pavlenko, A., Hepford, E., & Jarvis, S. (2019). An illusion of understanding: How native and non-native speakers of English understand (and misunderstand) their Miranda rights. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law, 26(2), 181–207.Google Scholar

Pinker, S., Nowak, M.A., & Lee, J.J. (2008). The logic of indirect speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences 105(3), 833–838.Google Scholar

Pöchhacker, F. (2012). Interpreting participation: Conceptual analysis and illustration of the interpreter’s role in interaction. In Baraldi, C. & Gavioli, L. (Eds.), Coordinating participation in dialogue interpreting (pp. 45–69). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Prates, R. C. (2014). Power in game theory. Contributions to Game Theory and Management, 7, 282–289.Google Scholar

Rabin, M. (1990). Communication between rational agents. Journal of Economic Theory, 51, 144–170.Google Scholar

Raevaara, L., & Sorjonen, M. (2014). Requesting for a product as an embodied action: Grammatical form of requests at convenience stores. In Drew, P. & Couper-Kuhlen, E. (Eds.), Requesting in social interaction (pp. 243–268). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Reid, . (2018, November 1). A description of the Reid technique. https://reid.com/resources/investigator-tips/a-description-of-the-reid-technique Google Scholar

Richardson, B. H., Taylor, P. J., Snook, B., Conchie, S. M., & Bennell, C. (2014). Language style matching and police interrogation outcomes. Law and Human Behavior, 38(4), 1–10.Google Scholar

Robinson, L. O. (2020). Five years after Ferguson: Reflecting on police reform and what’s ahead. ANNALS, AAPSS, 687, 228–239.Google Scholar

Rogers, R., & Drogin, E. Y. (2015). Miranda rights and wrongs: Matters of justice. Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association, 51, 150–156.Google Scholar

Rogers, R., Rogstad, J. E., Gillard, N. D., Drogin, E. Y., Blackwood, H. L., & Shuman, D. W. (2010). “Everyone knows their Miranda rights”: Implicit assumptions and countervailing evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(3), 300–318.Google Scholar

Salduz Act, Belgian Law Gazette, September 5, 2011.Google Scholar

Sangero, B. (2007). Miranda is not enough: A new justification for demanding strong corroboration to a confession. Cardozo Law Review, 28(6), 101–139.Google Scholar

Savage, S., and Milne, R. (2007). Miscarriages of justice: The role of the investigative process. In T. Newburn, T. Williamson, , & A. Wright, (Eds.), Handbook of Criminal Investigation (pp. 610–627). Cullompton: Willan.Google Scholar

Schegloff, E. (2007). Sequence organization in interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schlangen, D. (2004). Causes and strategies for requesting clarification in dialogue. Proceedings of the 5th SIG dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at HLT-NAACL, 136–143.Google Scholar

Schollum, M. (2017). Bringing PEACE to the United States: A framework for investigative interviews. International Association of Chiefs of Police Journal, 10, 30–37.Google Scholar

Schoovaerts, H., Vanderhallen, M., & McIntyre, S. J. (2021). Lawyers and children: Is there a need for mandatory legal assistance in suspect interviews? International Journal of Police Science & Management, 23(1), 55–72.Google Scholar

Seidmann, D. J., & Stein, A. (2000). The right to silence helps the innocent: A game-theoretic analysis of the Fifth Amendment privilege. Harvard Law Review, 114, 430–510.Google Scholar

Shuy, R. W. (1998). The language of confession, interrogation, and deception. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Simon, D. (2012). In doubt: The psychology of the criminal justice process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Skelton, M. S., & ConnellIII, J. G. (2004). The routine booking question exception to Miranda. University of Baltimore Law Review, 34(1), 55–91.Google Scholar

Snook, B., Eastwood, J., Stinson, M., Tedeschini, J., & House, J. C. (2010). Reforming investigative interviewing in Canada. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 52(2), 215–229.Google Scholar

Stevens, J., Benz, A., Reuße, S., & Klabunde, R. (2015). A strategic reasoning model for generating alternative answers. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, 1, 534–542.Google Scholar

Stevens, J. S. (2016). When do we think strategically? Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 35(1), 97–108.Google Scholar

St-Yves, Michel. (2009). Police interrogation in Canada: From the quest for confession to the search for the truth. In T. Williamson, , B. Milne, , & S. P. Savage, (Eds.), International developments in investigative interviewing (pp. 92–110). Portland, OR: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar

Sundby, S. E. (2020). The Court and the suspect: Human frailty, the calculating criminal, and the penitent in the interrogation room. Washington University Law Review, 98, 123–187.Google Scholar

Taylor, H. (2002, March 20). Nationwide love affair with NYPD has not changed nationwide attitudes toward the police. The Harris Poll #13.Google Scholar

Tkacukova, T., & Oxburgh, G. E. (2020). Patterns of cooperation between police interviewers with suspected sex offenders. In Mason, M. & Rock, F. (Eds.), The discourse of police interviews (pp. 136–155). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Tedeschini, D. J. (2008). “But we’ve always done it this way!” A progressive approach to police interview and interrogation training. The Wisconsin Defender, 16(1), 1–11.Google Scholar

Terkourafi, M. (2011). The puzzle of indirect speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 2861–2865.Google Scholar

Tomasi, T., & Velona, J. (1987). All the Presidents Men? A study of Ronald Reagan’s appointments to the US Courts Of Appeals. Columbia Law Review, 87(4), 766–793.Google Scholar

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational choice and the framing of decisions. The Journal of Business, 59(4), 251–278.Google Scholar

Urbanik, P., & Pavlenko, A. (2021). Securing understanding in a second language: Communication of rights in investigative interviews in the US and Norway. In R. Blackwood, , & U. Røyneland, (Eds.), Spaces of multilingualism (pp. 92–112). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

van Rooij, R. (2004). Signaling games select Horn strategies. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27(4), 493–527.Google Scholar

van Rooij, R. (2008). Games and quantity implicatures. Journal of Economic Methodology, 15(3), 261–274.Google Scholar

Varsos, C., Flouris, G., Bitsaki, M., & Fasoulakis, M. (2021). A study of misinformation games. Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 76–87.Google Scholar

Vrij, A. (2015). Verbal lie detection tools: Statement Validity Analysis, Reality Monitoring and Scientific Content Analysis. In Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., & Verschuere, B. (Eds.), Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches (pp. 3–36). Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar

Vrij, A. (2018). Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(2), 160–167.Google Scholar

Walsh, D. W., & Milne, R. (2008). Keeping the PEACE? A study of investigative interviewing practices in the public sector. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13, 39–57.Google Scholar

Walton, D. (2003). The interrogation as a type of dialogue. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 1771–1802.Google Scholar

Wang, M., Hipel, K. W., & Fraser, N. M. (1989). Solution concepts in hypergames. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 34(3), 147–171.Google Scholar

Weisselberg, C. D. (2008). Mourning Miranda. California Law Review, 96(6), 1521–1601.Google Scholar

Williamson, T. (2006). Towards greater professionalism: Minimizing miscarriages of justice. In T. Williamson, (Ed.), Investigative interviewing. Rights, research, regulation (pp. 147–166). Portland, OR: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar

Working group on the prevention of miscarriages of justice of the federal–provincial–territorial heads of prosecutions committee (2004). Report on the Prevention of Miscarriages of Justice. Ottawa: Department of Justice (FPT Report).Google Scholar

Yuncker, T. J. (1995). Davis v. United States: The unambiguous decline of ambiguous requests for counsel during custodial interrogation. Widener Journal of Public Law, 4(2), 711–754.Google Scholar

Zalman, M., & Smith, B. (2007). The attitudes of police executives toward Miranda and interrogation policies. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 97, 873–942.Google Scholar

Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002).Google Scholar

Alvarez v. Gomez, 185 F.3d 995 (9th Cir. 1999).Google Scholar

Ball v. State, 347 Md. 156, 172, 699 A.2d 1170 (1997).Google Scholar

Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370 (2010).Google Scholar

Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619 (1993).Google Scholar

Cannady v. Dugger, 931 F.2d 752 (11th Cir. 1991).Google Scholar

Cape v. Francis, 741 F.2d 1287 (1984).Google Scholar

Clanton v. Cooper, 129 F.3d 1147 (10th Cir. 1997).Google Scholar

Clark v. Murphy, 317 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 2003).Google Scholar

Connecticut v. Barrett, 479 U.S. 523 (1987).Google Scholar

Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452 (1994).Google Scholar

Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146 (2004).Google Scholar

Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000).Google Scholar

Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981).Google Scholar

Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979).Google Scholar

Flores v. Muniz, 1:16-cv-01475-LJO-MJS (HC), E.D. Cal. (2018).Google Scholar

Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731 (1969).Google Scholar

Fry v. Pliler, 551 U.S. 112 (2007).Google Scholar

Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971).Google Scholar

Illinois v. Perkins, 496 U.S. 292 (1990).Google Scholar

Johnson v. Booker, 2:09-CV-10108, E.D. Mich. (2014).Google Scholar

Kyger v. Carlton, 146 F.3d 374 (6th Cir. 1998).Google Scholar

Lopez v. Janda, EDCV 13–1196-DOC (MAN), C.D. Cal. (2015).Google Scholar

Lord v. Duckworth, 29 F.3d 1216 (7th Cir. 1994).Google Scholar

Maryland v. Shatzer, 559 U.S. 98 (2010).Google Scholar

McNeil v. Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171 (1991).Google Scholar

Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96 (1975).Google Scholar

Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433 (1974).Google Scholar

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).Google Scholar

Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004).Google Scholar

Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412 (1986).Google Scholar

Nash v. Estelle, 597 F.2d 513 (5th Cir. 1979).Google Scholar

Newell v. Ryan, CV-12–02038-PHX-JJT, D. Ariz. (2019).Google Scholar

New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649 (1984).Google Scholar

Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985).Google Scholar

Owen v. Alabama, 849 F.2d 536 (11th Cir. 1988).Google Scholar

People v. Burton, 6 Cal. 3d 375, 491 P.2d 793 (1971).Google Scholar

People v. Portelli, 15 N.Y.2d 235 (1965).Google Scholar

Poyner v. Murray, 964 F.2d 1404 (4th Cir. 1992).Google Scholar

Renteria v. Foulk, NO. CV 14–2104-AB (KLS), C.D. Cal. (2016).Google Scholar

Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291 (1980).Google Scholar

Robinson v. Borg, 918 F.2d 1387 (9th Cir. 1990).Google Scholar

Rodriguez v. McDonald, No. 12–56594 (9th Cir. 2017).Google Scholar

Salduz v. Turkey, ECHR 36391/02, Grand Chamber, (2008).Google Scholar

Sessoms v. Runnels, 691 F.3d 1054 (9th Cir. 2012).Google Scholar

Smith v. Endell, 860 F.2d 1528 (9th Cir. 1988).Google Scholar

Smith v. Illinois, 469 U.S. 91 (1984).Google Scholar

Soffar v. Cockrell, 300 F.3d 588 (5th Cir. 2002).Google Scholar

Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318 (1994).Google Scholar

State v. Blackburn, 766 N.W.2d 177, 182 (S.D. 2009).Google Scholar

State v. Carrillo, 156 Ariz. 125 (Ariz. 1988).Google Scholar

State v. Harris, 305 S.W.3d 482 (Mo. Ct. App. 2010).Google Scholar

State v. Melton, 239 Neb. 506 (Neb. 1991).Google Scholar

State v. Rettenberger, 1999 UT 80 (Utah 1999).Google Scholar

Taylor v. Jackson, No. 17–1762 (6th Cir. 2017). (Ga. 2017).Google Scholar

United States v. Alamilla-Hernandez, 8:08CR451, D. Neb. (2009).Google Scholar

United States v. Al-Saimari, 982 F. Supp. 2d 1285 (D. Utah 2013).Google Scholar

United States v. Boyce, 594 F.2d 1246 (9th Cir. 1979).Google Scholar

United States v. Brown, 01-6072. (10th Cir. 2002).Google Scholar

United States v. Brown, CR05-73-S-EJL, D. Idaho (2005).Google Scholar

United States v. Cheely, 36 F.3d 1439 (9th Cir. 1994).Google Scholar

United States v. Crawford, 372 F.3d 1048 (9th Cir. 2004).Google Scholar

United States v. Davis, No. GJH-17-493 (D. Md 2018).Google Scholar

United States v. De La Jara, 973 F.2d 746 (9th Cir. 1992).Google Scholar

United States v. Feyler, 55 F. Supp. 2d 55 (D. Me. 1999).Google Scholar

United States v. Fouche, 833 F.2d 1284 (9th Cir. 1987).Google Scholar

United States v. Fry, CR-09–44-N-JLQ, 2009 WL 1687958, D. Idaho (2009).Google Scholar

United States v. Garibay, 143 F.3d 534 (9th Cir. 1998).Google Scholar

United States v. Gray, R-15–08076-PCT-DGC (D. Arizona 2015).Google Scholar

United States v. Hunter, 708 F.3d 938 (7th Cir. 2013).Google Scholar

United States v. Jacques, 744 F.3d 804 (1st Cir. 2014).Google Scholar

United States v. Jardina, 747 F.2d 945 (5th Cir. 1984).Google Scholar

United States v. Lux, 905 F.2d 1379 (10th Cir. 1990).Google Scholar

United States v. March, 999 F.2d 456 (10th Cir. 1993).Google Scholar

United States v. Monroe, 264 F. Supp. 3d 376 (D.R.I. 2017).Google Scholar

United States v. Ogbuehi, 18 F.3d 807 (9th Cir. 1994).Google Scholar

United States v. Posada–Rios, 158 F.3d 832 (5th Cir. 1998).Google Scholar

United States v. Prestigiacomo, 504 F. Supp. 681 (E.D.N.Y. 1981).Google Scholar

United States v. Priest (1969), 409 F.2d 491 (5th Cir. 1969).Google Scholar

United States v. Rodriguez, 07–10217 2008 (9th Cir. 2008).Google Scholar

United States v. Rutledge, 900 F.2d 1127 (7th Cir. 1990).Google Scholar

United States v. Salazar Orellana, 1:09-CR-475-WSD-CCH-3 (N.D. Georgia 2010).Google Scholar

United States v. Santistevan, 701 F.3d 1289 (10th Cir. 2012).Google Scholar

United States v. Smith, CR. 07–30097, 2008 DSD 5 (D.S.D. 2008).Google Scholar

United States v. Thompson, 866 F.2d 268, 272 (8th Cir . 1989).Google Scholar

United States v. Williams, 2:15-cr-00069-JDL-1 (D. Me. 2015).Google Scholar

Vega v. Tekoh, 597 U.S. ___ (2022).Google Scholar

Wolf v. Hennessy, CV 06–0084-PHX-JAT. (D. Arizona 2008).Google Scholar

Wood v. Ercole, 644 F.3d 83 (2d Cir. 2011).Google Scholar

Woosley v. McEwen, DCV 09–2335–PA (SH) (C.D. California 2014).Google Scholar