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20 - Anti-tick biological control agents: assessment and future perspectives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2009

By
M. Samish ,
H. Ginsberg  and
I. Glazer
Edited by
Alan S. Bowman  and
Patricia A. Nuttall
M. Samish
Affiliation:
Division of Parasitology Kimron Veterinary Institute Bet Dagan P.O. Box 12 Israel 50250
H. Ginsberg
Affiliation:
Patuxent Wildlife Research Centre US Geological Survey University of Rhode Island Woodward Hall–PLS Kingston RI 02881 USA
I. Glazer
Affiliation:
Entomology and Nematology ARO The Volcani Centre Bet Dagan P.O. Box 6 Israel 50250
Alan S. Bowman
Affiliation:
University of Aberdeen
Patricia A. Nuttall
Affiliation:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Swindon
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Since the beginning of the twentieth century investigators have documented numerous potential tick biological control agents, including pathogens, parasitoids and predators of ticks (Jenkins, 1964; Mwangi, 1991; Mwangi et al., 1991; Samish & Rehacek, 1999; Kaaya, 2003; Ostfeld et al., 2006). Several authors have reviewed specific groups of natural enemies of ticks, including pathogens (Lipa, 1971; Hoogstraal, 1977; Chandler et al., 2000), nematodes (Samish, Alekseev & Glazer, 2000a, 2000b; Samish & Glazer, 2001), parasitoids (Cole, 1965; Trjapitzin, 1985; Davis, 1986; Mwangi & Kaaya, 1997; Hu, Hyland & Oliver, 1998; Knipling & Steelman, 2000) and predators (Barre et al., 1991; Mwangi, Newson & Kaaya, 1991; Kok & Petney, 1993; Samish & Alexseev, 2001).

In practice, ticks are controlled at present mostly by chemical acaricides (see Chapter 18). However, biological control is becoming an increasingly attractive approach to tick management because of: (1) increasing concerns about environmental safety and human health (e.g. the gradual increase in use of chemical insecticides in several countries is stimulating the growing market of ‘organic’ food); (2) the increasing costs of chemical control; and (3) the increasing resistance of ticks to pesticides. To date, biocontrol has been targeted largely at pests of plants, with only a few efforts to introduce biocontrol agents for the control of ticks. Nevertheless, the knowledge and experience accumulated in plant protection will aid in the development of tick biocontrol methods.

Type
Chapter
Information
Ticks
Biology, Disease and Control
 , pp. 447 - 469
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

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References

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