INTRODUCTION

Let me begin by telling you about the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute (UNAFEI). It is a regional institute, established in 1962 by agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Japan. It is the oldest member of the UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Program Network of Institutes (PNI), working with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). UNAFEI's aim is to promote the sound development of criminal justice systems and mutual cooperation, mainly in Asia and the Pacific region but also in the rest of the world.

UNAFEI's main activity is to hold multi-national training courses and seminars for criminal justice officials from mainly developing countries. For over 50 years, nearly 5,000 people from more than 130 countries have participated in the training courses and seminars organized by UNAFEI. Many UNAFEI alumni have played leading roles in the field of criminal justice in their respective countries.

UNAFEI's 153RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

As you are aware, historically, the treatment of female offenders had not received much attention because of their relatively small population in comparison with male offenders. However, the population of female offenders is on the rise in many nations, and this has increased the demand to enhance their treatment.

The offenses committed by females differ from those committed by males in terms of the types of offenses or the motives for committing them. There are many female offenders who have experienced sexual or physical abuse, drug addiction and psychiatric disorders like depression. Interventional elements to reduce offending thoughts and behavior should be used together with rehabilitative elements. In order to do this, the correctional authorities should work closely with multiple agencies, such as public or private medical, health and welfare agencies. In particular, services associated with pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding are essential. We must also pay special attention to the impact on the development and welfare of the children of female inmates. Of course, it is crucial that measures to prevent sexual and physical violence against women are taken throughout all stages of treatment.

The 2010 adoption of the Bangkok Rules by the United Nations General Assembly indicates the international surge in such demands. Due to their biological or psychological differences, female offenders require special consideration of human rights issues, and they need appropriate treatment meeting their needs - both in the institution and in the community.