Magnesio-hornblende (IMA2017-059) has been characterized in a specimen collected in the sand dunes of Lüderitz, Karas Region, Namibia. The empirical formula derived from electron microprobe analysis and single-crystal structure refinement is A(□0.73Na0.22K0.05)Σ1.00B(Ca1.79Fe2+0.10Mg0.04Mn2+0.03Na0.04)Σ2.00C(Mg3.48Fe2+0.97Al0.28Fe3+0.23Cr3+0.01Ti0.03)Σ5.00T(Si7.18Al0.82)Σ8.00O22W[(OH)1.93F0.05Cl0.02]Σ2.00. Magnesio-hornblende is biaxial (–), with α = 1.640(2), β = 1.654(2), γ = 1.666(2) (measured with gel-filtered Na light, λ = 589.9 nm), 2V (meas.) = 82(1)° and 2V (calc.) = 84.9°. The unit-cell parameters are a = 9.8308(7), b = 18.0659(11), c = 5.2968(4) Å, β = 104.771(6)° and V = 909.64 (11) Å3 with Z = 2 and space group C2/m. The strongest eight reflections in the X-ray powder pattern [d values (in Å), I, (hkl)] are: 2.709, 100, (151); 8.412, 74, (110); 3.121, 73, (310); 2.541, 58, ($\bar{2}$02); 3.386, 49, (131); 2.596, 45, (061); 2.338, 41, ($\bar{3}$51); and 2.164, 39, (261).

The crystal structures have been refined for the first time for the strunzite-group minerals ferristrunzite and ferrostrunzite. Structure refinements are also presented for strunzite from three different localities. A common feature of all refined structural models is the presence of zeolitic water in the interlayer region, displaced by 0.4–0.5 Å from an inversion centre at (½ 0 ½). The refined occupancy of the site ranged from 44% to 100% in the samples studied. H-bonding associated with the zeolitic water causes large displacements, up to 0.7 Å, of neighbouring coordinated water molecules, relative to the structure with no zeolitic water. A new formula is proposed for strunzite-group minerals with divalent interlayer cations as M2+ Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2·(6.5–x)H2O where M = Mn, Fe or Zn, and 0 < x < 0.5 accounts for varying degrees of dehydration. For ferristrunzite and other potential strunzite-group members with trivalent cations in the interlayer octahedron, the formula is M3+ Fe23+ (PO4)2(OH)3·(5.5–x)H2O.

Epithermal Au-Ag deposits of the La Carolina district, in the San Luis metallogenetic belt (Argentina), are related spatially and genetically to Mio-Pliocene volcanism. In this district, mineralization in the Cerro Mogote and Puesto La Estancia prospects occur as disseminations, veins and fracture/cavity infillings in volcanic/pyroclastic rocks, metamorphic basement and hydrothermal breccias. The gangue assemblage is dominated by carbonates (siderite, rhodochrosite, kutnahorite, dolomite). The main sulfides are pyrite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite. Pyrite and sphalerite have compositional zoning, the former with As-rich cores and Cu-rich overgrowths, the latter with Fe-rich and Fe-poor bands. Sphalerite shows variable contents of Mn, Cu, In, Ga, Ge and Ag. The In-richest sphalerite hosts up to 5940 ppm In but also contains elevated concentrations of Cu, Ag, Ga and Ge, suggesting a coupled substitution mechanism resulting in enrichments in monovalent (Ag+, Cu+) and trivalent-tetravalent cations (Ga3+, In3+, Ge4+). The main precious metal minerals are Ag-rich tetrahedrite, acanthite, argyrodite, pearceite–polybasite and Au-Ag alloy. Locally, Se and/or Te-enriched minerals include galena Pb(S0.9–1Se0.1–0), hessite Ag2(Te0.9–1Se0.1–0), Se-rich cervelleite Ag4(Te1.3–0.9S1–0.5 Se0.5–0.2), and also alburnite [Ag8GeTe2S4] and benleonardite [Ag15Cu(As,Sb)2S7Te4]. Pearceite contains Te (3.6–4.3 wt.%) and Se (1–2.3 wt.%) substituting for S, which are unusually high concentrations for this mineral. The Puesto La Estancia deposit contains various tellurides including sylvanite, petzite, stutzite, altaite, tellurobismuthite and volynskite. This study shows that the chemistry of the fluids fluctuated during ore deposition suggesting different fluid pulses (system rejuvenation and/or boiling). The enrichment in Te, Se and Bi enrichment is supportive of a magmatic contribution to the ore fluid, while graphite in the metamorphic basement could be the source of germanium, although a magmatic source cannot be ruled out.

Concentration data are reported for 18 trace elements in chalcopyrite from a suite of 53 samples from 15 different ore deposits obtained by laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Chalcopyrite is demonstrated to host a wide range of trace elements including Mn, Co, Zn, Ga, Se, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi. The concentration of some of these elements can be high (hundreds to thousands of ppm) but most are typically tens to hundreds of ppm. The ability of chalcopyrite to host trace elements generally increases in the absence of other co-crystallizing sulfides. In deposits in which the sulfide assemblage recrystallized during syn-metamorphic deformation, the concentrations of Sn and Ga in chalcopyrite will generally increase in the presence of co-recrystallizing sphalerite and/or galena, suggesting that chalcopyrite is the preferred host at higher temperatures and/or pressures. Trace-element concentrations in chalcopyrite typically show little variation at the sample scale, yet there is potential for significant variation between samples from any individual deposit. The Zn:Cd ratio in chalcopyrite shows some evidence of a systematic variation across the dataset, which depends, at least in part, on temperature of crystallization. Under constant physiochemical conditions the Cd:Zn ratios in co-crystallizing chalcopyrite and sphalerite are typically approximately equal. Any distinct difference in the Cd:Zn ratios in the two minerals, and/or a non-constant Cd:Zn ratio in chalcopyrite, may be an indication of varying physiochemical conditions during crystallization.

Chalcopyrite is generally a poor host for most elements considered harmful or unwanted in the smelting of Cu, suggesting it is rarely a significant contributor to the overall content of such elements in copper concentrates. The exceptions are Se and Hg which may be sufficiently enriched in chalcopyrite to exceed statutory limits and thus incur monetary penalties from a smelter.

Redcanyonite (IMA2016-082), (NH4)2Mn[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2](H2O)4, occurs underground in the Blue Lizard mine, Red Canyon, White Canyon district, San Juan County, Utah, USA. It occurs with natrozippeite, brochantite, devilline, posnjakite, johannite, gypsum, bobcookite, pickeringite, pentahydrite and the NH4-analogue of zippeite: ammoniozippeite. Redcanyonite occurs as radial aggregates of red–orange needles and blades individually reaching up to 0.2 mm long, with aggregates measuring up to 1 mm in diameter. Crystals are flattened on {010} and elongated along [100], exhibit perfect cleavage on {010}, and exhibit the forms {010}, {001}, {101} and {10$\bar{1}$}. Twinning is ubiquitous, by 180° rotation on [100]. Redcanyonite is translucent with a pale orange streak, is non-fluorescent, has a Mohs hardness of 2, and has brittle tenacity with uneven fracture. Optically, redcanyonite is biaxial (+), α = 1.725(3), β = 1.755(3), γ = 1.850(5) (white light); 2V (meas.) = 60(2)°, 2V (calc.) = 61.3°; and dispersion is r < v, very strong. Pleochroism is: X = orange, Y = yellow and Z = orange; Y << X < Z. The optical orientation is X = b, Y ≈ c*, Z ≈ a. The empirical formula is (NH4)2.02(Mn0.49Cu0.09Zn0.06)Σ0.64H+0.72[(UO2)4O4(S0.99P0.01O4)2](H2O)4, based on 4 U and 24 O apfu. Redcanyonite is monoclinic, C2/m, a = 8.6572(17), b = 14.155(3), c = 8.8430(19) Å, β = 104.117(18)°, V = 1050.9(4) Å3 and Z = 2. The structure was refined to R1 = 0.0382 for 1079 reflections with Iobs > 3σI. Uranyl oxo-sulfate sheets in redcanyonite adopt the well-known zippeite topology, which consists of zigzag chains of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids linked by sulfate tetrahedra to form sheets. The sheets are linked to each other through bonds to interlayer NH4+ groups and octahedrally coordinated Mn2+, and by hydrogen bonds from H2O groups. Redcanyonite is named for Red Canyon in southeast Utah, USA.

Highly anomalous platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations in the podiform chromitites at the Cliff and Harold's Grave localities in the Shetland ophiolite complex have been well documented previously. The focus of this study is alluvial platinum-group minerals (PGM) located in small streams that drain from the PGE-rich chromitites. The placer PGM assemblage at Cliff is dominated by Pt-arsenides (64%) and Pd-antimonides (17%), with less irarsite–hollingworthite (11%) and minor Pd-sulfides, Pt–Pd–Cu and Pt–Fe alloys and laurite. Gold also occurs with the PGM. Alluvial PGM have average sizes of 20 µm × 60 µm, with sperrylite the largest grain identified at 110 µm in diameter, matching the range reported for the primary PGM in the source rocks. The placer assemblage contains more Pt-bearing and less Pd-bearing PGM compared with the rocks. The more resistant sperrylite and irarsite–hollingworthite grains which are often euhedral become more rounded further downstream whereas the less resistant Pd-antimonides which are commonly subhedral may become striated and etched. Less stable phases such as Pt- and Pd-oxides and other Ni-Cu-bearing phases located in the rocks (i.e. Ru-pentlandite, PtCu, Pd–Cu alloy) are absent in the placer assemblage. Also the scarce PGM (PdHg, Rh- and Ir-Sb) and Os in the rocks are absent. At Harold's Grave only three alluvial PGM (laurite, Ir, Os) and Au were recovered reflecting the limited release of IPGM from chromite grains in the rocks. In this cold climate with high rainfall, where erosion dominates over weathering, the PGM appear to have been derived directly from the erosion of the adjacent PGE-rich source rocks and there is little evidence of in situ growth of any newly formed PGM. Only the presence of dendritic pure Au and Pd-, Cu-bearing Au covers on the surface of primary minerals may indicate some local reprecipitation of these metals in the surficial conditions.

In this work we report on a complete crystal-chemical characterization of a near end-member riebeckite from Malawi, and use the available data to critically compare information obtained from different analytical methods. The sample occurs as well-formed and very large single crystals in pegmatitic rocks. Accurate site-populations were determined by combining single-crystal structure refinement and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). The Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio was obtained from Mössbauer spectroscopy. Lithium was quantified by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS).

Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, collected both on powders and single crystals, are presented and discussed. FTIR spectra in the NIR region are also presented for the first time for this amphibole. The FTIR data are compatible with complete local ordering of A cations close to F, and complete Fe2+/Mg disorder at M(1,3). Polarized Raman-scattering data collected from single crystals confirm this conclusion. In addition, it was found that FTIR data collected on powders provide the best agreement with the site occupancies derived from chemical (EMPA and LA-ICP-MS) and crystal-chemical data, possibly because they do not depend on experimental issues such as orientation and polarization.

Ammoniovoltaite, (NH4)2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12(H2O)18, is a new voltaite-group mineral. The mineral was discovered at the Severo-Kambalny (North-Kambalny) geothermal field, Kambalny volcanic ridge, Southern Kamchatka, Russia. Ammoniovoltaite forms at ~100°C around geothermal gas/steam vents in association with alunogen, tschermigite and pyrite. Crystals of ammoniovoltaite have euhedral habit, are up to 50 µm in size and grow on alunogen plates. Ammoniovoltaite is black with vitreous lustre, opaque, brittle and water-soluble. Neither cleavage nor parting is found, the fracture is conchoidal. The mineral is isotropic, with the refractive index n = 1.602(2) (589 nm). Infrared spectra contain an absorption band at 1433 cm–1 distinctive for the ammonium ion. The chemical composition is (iron content is given in accordance with Mössbauer data, H2O calculated from a crystal-structure refinement, wt.%): FeO 13.26, Fe2O3 11.58, MgO 2.33, ZnO 0.04, Al2O3 2.74, SO3 47.46, K2O 0.19, CaO 0.11, (NH4)2O 2.96, H2O 16.03, total 96.70. The empirical formula based on S = 12 atoms per formula unit is [(NH4)1.88K0.08Ca0.04]Σ2.00(Fe2+3.74Mg1.17Fe3+0.05Zn0.01)Σ4.97(Fe3+2.89Al0.09)Σ2.98Al1.00(SO4)12.00(H2O)18.00. The crystal structure has been refined to R1 = 0.031 and 0.030 on the basis of 1217 and 1462 unique reflections with I >2σ(I) collected at 100 K and room temperature, respectively. Ammoniovoltaite is the ammonium analogue of voltaite. The mineral is cubic, Fd$\bar{3}$c, a = 27.250(1) Å and V = 20234(3) Å3 (at 100 K); and a = 27.322(1) Å and V = 20396(3) Å3 (at RT), with Z = 16. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d, Å (I, %) (hkl)] are: 9.67 (74) (022), 7.90 (56) (222), 5.58 (84) (422), 3.560 (100) (731), 3.418 (100) (008) and 2.8660 (37) (931). A brief review of ammonium minerals from various volcanically active geological environments is given.

The Kabwe Zn-Pb deposit (central Zambia) consists of a cluster of mixed sulfide and non-sulfide orebodies. The sulfide ores comprise sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite and accessory Ge-sulfides (±Ga and In). The non-sulfide ores comprise: (1) willemite-dominated zones encasing massive sulfide orebodies and (2) oxide-dominated alteration bands, overlying both the sulfide and Zn-silicate orebodies. This study focuses on the Ge, In and Ga distribution in the non-sulfide mineralization, and was carried out on a suite of Kabwe specimens, housed in the Natural History Museum Ore Collection (London). Petrography confirmed that the original sulfides were overprinted by at least two contrasting oxidation stages dominated by the formation of willemite (W1 and W2), and a further event characterized by weathering-related processes. Oxygen isotopic analyses have shown that W1 and W2 are unrelated genetically and furthermore not related to supergene Zn-Pb-carbonates in the oxide-dominated assemblage. The δ18O composition of 13.9–15.7‰ V-SMOW strongly supports a hydrothermal origin for W1. The δ18O composition of W2 (−3.5‰ to 0‰ V-SMOW) indicates that it precipitated from groundwaters of meteoric origin in either a supergene or a low-T hydrothermal environment. Gallium and Ge show a diversity of distribution among the range of Zn-bearing minerals. Gallium has been detected at the ppm level in W1, sphalerite, goethite and hematite. Germanium occurs at ppm levels in W1 and W2, and in scarcely detectable amounts in hemimorphite, goethite and hematite. Indium has low concentrations in goethite and hematite. These different deportments among the various phases are probably due to the different initial Ga, In and Ge abundances in the mineralization, to the different solubilities of the three elements at different temperatures and pH values, and finally to their variable affinities with the various minerals formed.

We describe similar assemblages of minerals found in two placers in Russia, both probably derived from an ophiolitic source. The first is located along the River Rudnaya in the western Sayan province, Krasnoyarskiy kray, and the second pertains to the Miass placer zone, Chelyabinsk oblast, in the southern Urals. The platinum-group element (PGE) mineralization in both cases is mostly (at least 80%) represented by alloy minerals in the system Ru–Os–Ir, in the order of occurrence osmium, ruthenium and iridium. The remainder consists of Pt–Fe alloys and species of PGE sulfides, arsenides, sulfarsenides, etc. The associated olivine and amphiboles are supermagnesian, and the chromian spinel has a high Cr# value. The observed enrichment in Ru, typical of an ophiolitic source, may be due to high-temperature hydrothermal equilibration and mobilization in the ophiolite, as is the enrichment in Mg and Cr. Low-temperature replacement of the alloys led to the development of laurite, sulfoarsenides and arsenides. Some placer grains in both suites reveal unusual phases of sulfo-arsenoantimonides of Ir–Rh, e.g. the unnamed species (Rh,Ir)SbS and (Cu,Ni)1+x(Ir,Rh)1–xSb, where x = 0.2, and rhodian tolovkite, (Ir,Rh)SbS. Two series of natural solid-solutions appear to occur in the tolovkite-type phases. Among the oddities in the Rudnaya suite are globules of micrometric PGE sulfides, crystallites of platinum-group minerals, amphibole, and chalcopyrite bearing skeletal micrometric monosulfide-like compounds (Cu,Pt,Rh)S and (Pd,Cu)S1–x. Pockets of fluxed evolved melt seem to have persisted well below the solidus of the host Pt3Fe-type alloy.

Belousovite, ideally KZn(SO4)Cl, was found in a Yadovitaya fumarole of the Second scoria cone of the North Breach of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption (1975–1976), Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Belousovite occurs as irregularly-shaped grains and in the form of microcrystalline masses associated with kamchatkite, langbeinite, euchlorine, anglesite and zincite. Belousovite is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 6.8904(5), b = 9.6115(7), c = 8.2144(6) Å, β = 96.582(2), V = 540.43(7) Å3 and Z = 4 (from single-crystal diffraction data). The eight strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [dmeas Å(I)(hkl)]: 6.8451(100)(100), (3.6401)(71)($\bar{1}$21), (3.1592)(84)(1$\bar{1}$2), (3.1218)(41)($\bar{2}$11), (3.1140)(52)(022), (2.9812)(41)(031), (2.9121)(44)(130) and (2.0483)(19)($\bar{3}$12). The chemical composition determined by the electron-microprobe analysis is (wt.%): K2O 19.55, Rb2O 0.58, ZnO 34.85, SO3 34.65, Cl 14.77, –O = Cl2 3.34, total 101.06. The empirical formula based on O + Cl = 5 apfu is K0.97Rb0.01Zn1.00S1.01O4.03Cl0.97. The simplified formula is KZn(SO4)Cl. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.029 on the basis of 1965 independent observed reflections. The structure of belousovite consists of infinite [ZnSO4Cl]– layers and K+ ions. [ZnSO4Cl]– layers are formed by corner sharing mixed-ligand ZnO3Cl tetrahedra and SO4 tetrahedra. The topology of [ZnSO4Cl]– layers in belousovite is identical to [Si4O10]4– layers in the minerals of the apophyllite group. A review of mixed-ligand ZnOmCln coordination polyhedra in minerals and inorganic compounds is given.

The crystal structure of the mineral gortdrumite, a rare copper-mercury-iron sulfide, was solved using intensity data collected using a crystal from the Neuschurf adit, Leogang, Salzburg, Austria. This study revealed that the structure is triclinic, space group P$\bar 1$, with cell parameters: a = 9.677(4), b = 9.865(5), c = 11.992(5) Å, α = 77.85(4), β = 79.42(3), γ = 76.30(4)°, V = 1076.5(8) Å3 and Z = 1. The refinement led to an R index of 0.0833 for 3335 independent reflections and 143 parameters. Twelve S sites (one with half occupancy) and eighteen metal sites (5 Hg, 12 Cu and 1 Fe) occur in the crystal structure of gortdrumite. Mercury cations link two sulfur atoms in a linear coordination, Cu cations are found in various low-coordination (2, 3 and 4) sites, in agreement with the Cu preference for such environments, and Fe in tetrahedral coordination. Metal–metal interactions are also present and these contacts are discussed in relation with other copper sulfides, intermetallics and pure metals. Electron microprobe analyses of the crystal used for the structural study led to the formula Cu24.83Fe1.73Hg9.09S22.35, on the basis of 58 atoms. On the basis of information gained from the structural and chemical characterization, the crystal-chemical formula was revised to Cu24Fe2Hg9S23 (Z = 1) instead of (Cu,Fe)6Hg2S5 as reported previously.

The crystal structure of ‘minasgeraisite-(Y)’, triclinic P1, a = 9.994(4), b = 7.705(3), c = 4.764(2) Å, α = 90.042(9), β = 90.218(14), γ = 90.034(9) (°), V = 366.8(5) Å3 and Z = 1, has been refined to an R1 index of 2.86% for 4170 observed (|Fo| > 4σF) reflections. Significant observed (|Fo| > 40–60 σF) reflections violate the presence of a 21-screw axis and an a-glide plane, negating the space group P21/a previously found for minerals of the gadolinite–datolite group. Averaging of the X-ray data in Laue groups 2/m and $\bar 1$ gives the following agreement indices: 2/m (9.68%) and $\bar 1$ (5.68%). The internal agreement index from averaging of identical reflections collected at multiple positions along the diffraction vector is significantly lower than that for the Laue group $\bar 1$: Rpsi = 2.40%, where 13,109 reflections were collected, 4288 are unique for P1 symmetry, and Rpsi is based on a mean data redundancy factor of > 3. Both the data merging and an |E2–1| value of 0.773 indicate that P1 is the correct space group. The general formula for the gadolinite–datolite group is W2XZ2T2O8V2 (Z = 2) which we have expanded to 20 anions (Z = 1) to show the W-site cation ordering present in ‘minasgeraisite-(Y)’. Bismuth, Ca and REE are ordered over four W sites, with Bi dominant at W1, Ca dominant at W2, and Y dominant at W3 and W4. The dominant constituent at the X sites is a vacancy, and Ca does not occur at the X sites. Significant B and Si are assigned to the Be-dominant Z sites, and the T sites are occupied by Si. The simplified ‘minasgeraisite-(Y)’ formula (Z = 1) is BiCa(Y,Ln)2(□,Mn)2(Be,B,Si)4Si4O16 [(OH),O]4. ‘Minasgeraisite-(Y)’ should be assigned to a triclinic subgroup of the gadolinite–datolite group, and its lower symmetry suggests that Ca-substituted gadolinites and hingganites should be examined for evidence of triclinic symmetry associated with cation order at the W sites.

An assemblage of alunite-supergroup minerals (ASM), rhabdophane-group minerals (RGM), goethite and associated clay minerals occurs in Permian A-type porphyritic microgranite in the eastern part of the Velence Hills, Hungary. The secondary sulfates/phosphates include jarosite, Pb-rich jarosite and alunite, corkite, hinsdalite and rhabdophane-(Ce), -(La) and -(Nd). Detailed electron probe microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy reveal a wide miscibility among RGM end-members and show a rhabdophane–tristramite–brockite solid solution with extensive compositional variation. Moreover, ASM show heterogeneous composition and complex substitution mechanisms within the alunite, beudantite and plumbogummite groups. The formation of this rare mineral assemblage reveals extensive remobilization of rare-earth elements (REE), Th, U, P, S, Fe and Pb under supergene conditions. Compositional variations and substitution trends of the RGM investigated indicate that Th, U, Ca and Pb are incorporated into the rhabdophane structure by a (Ca, Pb)2+ + (Th, U)4+ ↔ 2REE3+ substitution mechanism. Consequently, we suggest the following end-member formulae for RGM containing divalent and tetravalent cations: (Ca0.5Th0.5)PO4·H2O for brockite, (Pb0.5Th0.5)PO4·H2O for grayite and (Ca0.5U0.5)PO4·2H2O for tristramite. The ASM and RGM originated from total leaching of the primary magmatic REE, Th, U and P minerals in the microgranite [most probably allanite-(Ce), fluorapatite and possibly also xenotime-(Y)], together with input of Pb and S in low-temperature, acid sulfate solutions, connected with an adjacent Palaeogene andesite–diorite intrusion and the accompanying hydrothermal sulfide mineralization.

Synthesis and solubility studies of brizziite, NaSbO3, have been undertaken to determine the possible role of this rare secondary phase in the immobilization of Sb under supergene conditions and the conditions responsible for its formation in the supergene zone. Solubility studies were undertaken at T = 298.15 K. A value of ΔGfө) (NaSbO3, s, 298.15 K) = –806.66 ± 1.4 kJ mol–1 was derived. Calculations involving tripuhyite, FeSbO4, byströmite, MgSb2O6, ordoñezite, ZnSb2O6 and rosiaite, PbSb2O6, show that brizziite is a thermodynamically stable phase only at negligible activities of Pb2+(aq) at high pH and high salinity. Calculations involving mopungite Na[Sb(OH)6] combined with reported mineral associations suggest that mopungite is the thermodynamically unstable precursor to brizziite and its presence in natural settings must be due to kinetic stability. This explains why brizziite is such a rare secondary phase and therefore why it cannot exert any significant influence on the dispersion of Sb in the supergene environment.

Solid phase reaction synthesis of wollastonite-2M by a natural rock precursor as the source of amorphous silica and CaCO3 is reported. Chemical treatments were carried out on a diatomitic rock from Crotone (Calabria, Italy) in order to measure its reactive silica and CaCO3 contents. Four series of synthesis were performed at 1000°C at ambient pressure by mixing, at different stoichiometry, the diatomitic rock with a natural limestone as a source of additive CaCO3, and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as triggering agent.

Wollastonite-2M was characterized by chemo-physical, crystallographical and morphological-microtextural analyses. All these characterizations, together with infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si) responses provide values comparable to literature data. Estimation of the amorphous phase in the synthesis powders was performed through quantitative phase analysis using the combined Rietveld and reference intensity ratio methods, resulting in a final product of 96.3% wollastonite-2M.

The Fen Complex in Norway consists of a ~583 Ma composite carbonatite-ijolite-pyroxenite diatreme intrusion. Locally, high grades (up to 1.6 wt.% total REE) of rare-earth elements (REE) are found in a hydrothermally altered, hematite-rich carbonatite known as rødbergite. The progressive transformation of primary igneous carbonatite to rødbergite was studied here using scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry trace-element analysis of 23 bulk samples taken along a key geological transect. A primary mineral assemblage of calcite, dolomite, apatite, pyrite, magnetite and columbite with accessory quartz, baryte, pyrochlore, fluorite and REE fluorocarbonates was found to have transformed progressively into a secondary assemblage of dolomite, Fe-dolomite, baryte, Ba-bearing phlogopite, hematite with accessory apatite, calcite, monazite-(Ce) and quartz. Textural evidence is presented for REE fluorocarbonates and apatite breaking down in igneous carbonatite, and monazite-(Ce) precipitating in rødbergite. The importance of micro-veins, interpreted as feeder fractures, containing secondary monazite and allanite, is highlighted. Textural evidence for included relics of primary apatite-rich carbonatite are also presented. These acted as a trap for monazite-(Ce) precipitation, a mechanism predicted by physical-chemical experiments. The transformation of carbonatite to rødbergite is accompanied by a 10-fold increase in REE concentrations. The highest light REE (LREE) concentrations are found in transitional vein-rich rødbergite, whereas the highest heavy REE (HREE) and Th concentrations are found within the rødbergites, suggesting partial decoupling of LREE and HREE due to the lower stability of HREE complexes in the aqueous hydrothermal fluid. The hydrothermal fluid involved in the formation of rødbergite was oxidizing and had probably interacted with country-rock gneisses. An ore deposit model for the REE-rich rødbergites is presented here which will better inform exploration strategies in the complex, and has implications for carbonatite-hosted REE resources around the world.

Thalénite-(Y), ideally Y3Si3O10F, is a heavy-rare-earth-rich silicate phase occurring in granite pegmatites that may help to illustrate rare-earth element (REE) chemistry and behaviour in natural systems. The crystal structure and mineral chemistry of thalénite-(Y) were analysed by electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy from a new locality in the peralkaline granite of the Golden Horn batholith, Okanogan County, Washington State, USA, in comparison with new analyses from the White Cloud pegmatite in the Pikes Peak batholith, Colorado, USA. The Golden Horn thalénite-(Y) occurs as late-stage sub-millimetre euhedral bladed transparent crystals in small miarolitic cavities in an arfvedsonite-bearing biotite granite. It exhibits growth zoning with distinct heavy-rare-earth element (HREE) vs. light-rare-earth element (LREE) enriched zones. The White Cloud thalénite-(Y) occurs in two distinct anhedral and botryoidal crystal habits of mostly homogenous composition. In addition, minor secondary thalénite-(Y) is recognized by its distinct Yb-rich composition (up to 0.8 atoms per formula unit (apfu) Yb). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and structure refinement reveals Y-site ordering with preferential HREE occupation of Y2 vs. Y1 and Y3 REE sites. Chondrite normalization shows continuous enrichment of HREE in White Cloud thalénite-(Y), in contrast to Golden Horn thalénite-(Y) with a slight depletion of the heaviest REE (Tm, Yb and Lu). The results suggest a hydrothermal origin of the Golden Horn miarolitic thalénite-(Y), compared to a combination of both primary magmatic followed by hydrothermal processes responsible for the multiple generations over a range of spatial scales in White Cloud thalénite-(Y).

Hexaferrum, defined as an hcp Fe mineral containing varying amounts of Ru, Os, or Ir (Mochalov et al. 1998) was re-examined in the light of new analyses of similar alloys from the Loma Peguera and Loma Larga chromitites, in the central part of Loma Caribe peridotite, Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, together with a review of the phase chemistry in the Fe–Ni–Ir and Fe–Ru–Ir systems. We conclude that the hcp (Fe,Ir) mineral corresponds to the ε-phase of Raub et al. (1964) and should be differentiated from hexaferrum [(Fe,Os) and (Fe,Ru)] because it is separated by one to two miscibility gaps and therefore is not a continuous solid solution with Fe.

A classification and nomenclature scheme has been approved by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification for the minerals of the graftonite group. The crystal structures of these minerals have three distinct sites that are occupied by Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+. These sites have coordination numbers [8], [5] and [6], and these differences lead to very strong order of Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ over these sites. As a result of this strong order, the following compositions have been identified as distinct species: graftonite: FeFe2(PO4)2; graftonite-(Ca): CaFe2(PO4)2; graftonite-(Mn): MnFe2(PO4)2; beusite: MnMn2(PO4)2; and beusite-(Ca): CaMn2(PO4)2.