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Dietary intake of dicarbonyl compounds and changes in body weight over time in a large cohort of European adults
- Charlotte Debras, Reynalda Cordova, Ana-Lucia Mayén, Kim Maasen, Viktoria Knaze, Simone J. P. M. Eussen, Casper G. Schalkwijk, Inge Huybrechts, Anne Tjønneland, Jytte Halkjær, Verena Katzke, Rashmita Bajracharya, Matthias B. Schulze, Giovanna Masala, Valeria Pala, Fabrizio Pasanisi, Alessandra Macciotta, Dafina Petrova, Jazmin Castañeda, Carmen Santiuste, Pilar Amiano, Conchi Moreno-Iribas, Yan Borné, Emily Sonestedt, Ingegerd Johansson, Anders Esberg, Elom Kouassivi Aglago, Mazda Jenab, Heinz Freisling
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 131 / Issue 11 / 14 June 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 February 2024, pp. 1902-1914
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2024
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Dicarbonyl compounds are highly reactive precursors of advanced glycation end products (AGE), produced endogenously, present in certain foods and formed during food processing. AGE contribute to the development of adverse metabolic outcomes, but health effects of dietary dicarbonyls are largely unexplored. We investigated associations between three dietary dicarbonyl compounds, methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal (GO) and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), and body weight changes in European adults. Dicarbonyl intakes were estimated using food composition database from 263 095 European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating Out of Home in Relation to Anthropometry participants with two body weight assessments (median follow-up time = 5·4 years). Associations between dicarbonyls and 5-year body-weight changes were estimated using mixed linear regression models. Stratified analyses by sex, age and baseline BMI were performed. Risk of becoming overweight/obese was assessed using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. MGO intake was associated with 5-year body-weight gain of 0·089 kg (per 1-sd increase, 95 % CI 0·072, 0·107). 3-DG was inversely associated with body-weight change (–0·076 kg, −0·094, −0·058). No significant association was observed for GO (0·018 kg, −0·002, 0·037). In stratified analyses, GO was associated with body-weight gain among women and older participants (above median of 52·4 years). MGO was associated with higher body-weight gain among older participants. 3-DG was inversely associated with body-weight gain among younger and normal-weight participants. MGO was associated with a higher risk of becoming overweight/obese, while inverse associations were observed for 3-DG. No associations were observed for GO with overweight/obesity. Dietary dicarbonyls are inconsistently associated with body weight change among European adults. Further research is needed to clarify the role of these food components in overweight and obesity, their underlying mechanisms and potential public health implications.
Racism and mental health and the role of mental health professionals
- M. Schouler-Ocak, D. Bhugra, M. C. Kastrup, G. Dom, A. Heinz, L. Küey, P. Gorwood
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 64 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 June 2021, e42
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The concept of “race” and consequently of racism is not a recent phenomenon, although it had profound effects on the lives of populations over the last several hundred years. Using slaves and indentured labor from racial groups designated to be “the others,” who was seen as inferior and thus did not deserve privileges, and who were often deprived of the right to life and basic needs as well as freedoms. Thus, creation of “the other” on the basis of physical characteristics and dehumanizing them became more prominent. Racism is significantly related to poor health, including mental health. The impact of racism in psychiatric research and clinical practice is not sufficiently investigated. Findings clearly show that the concept of “race” is genetically incorrect. Therefore, the implicit racism that underlies many established “scientific” paradigms need be changed. Furthermore, to overcome the internalized, interpersonal, and institutional racism, the impact of racism on health and on mental health must be an integral part of educational curricula, from undergraduate levels through continuing professional development, clinical work, and research. In awareness of the consequences of racism at all levels (micro, meso, and macro), recommendations for clinicians, policymakers, and researchers are worked out.
Compulsory admissions of patients with mental disorders: State of the art on ethical and legislative aspects in 40 European countries
- D. Wasserman, G. Apter, C. Baeken, S. Bailey, J. Balazs, C. Bec, P. Bienkowski, J. Bobes, M. F. Bravo Ortiz, H. Brunn, Ö. Bôke, N. Camilleri, B. Carpiniello, J. Chihai, E. Chkonia, P. Courtet, D. Cozman, M. David, G. Dom, A. Esanu, P. Falkai, W. Flannery, K. Gasparyan, G. Gerlinger, P. Gorwood, O. Gudmundsson, C. Hanon, A. Heinz, M. J. Heitor Dos Santos, A. Hedlund, F. Ismayilov, N. Ismayilov, E. T. Isometsä, L. Izakova, A. Kleinberg, T. Kurimay, S. Klæbo Reitan, D. Lecic-Tosevski, A. Lehmets, N. Lindberg, K. A. Lundblad, G. Lynch, C. Maddock, U.F. Malt, L. Martin, I. Martynikhin, N. O. Maruta, F. Matthys, R. Mazaliauskiene, G. Mihajlovic, A. Mihaljevic Peles, V. Miklavic, P. Mohr, M. Munarriz Ferrandis, M. Musalek, N. Neznanov, G. Ostorharics-Horvath, I. Pajević, A. Popova, P. Pregelj, E. Prinsen, C. Rados, A. Roig, M. Rojnic Kuzman, J. Samochowiec, N. Sartorius, Y. Savenko, O. Skugarevsky, E. Slodecki, A. Soghoyan, D. S. Stone, R. Taylor-East, E. Terauds, C. Tsopelas, C. Tudose, S. Tyano, P. Vallon, R. J. Van der Gaag, P. Varandas, L. Vavrusova, P. Voloshyn, J. Wancata, J. Wise, Z. Zemishlany, F. Öncü, S. Vahip
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 63 / Issue 1 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2020, e82
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Background.
Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care.
Methods.The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions.
Results.We analyzed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures.
Conclusions.We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatization of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions.
Factors associated with the onset of major depressive disorder in adults with type 2 diabetes living in 12 different countries: results from the INTERPRET-DD prospective study
- C. E. Lloyd, N. Sartorius, H. U. Ahmed, A. Alvarez, S. Bahendeka, A. E. Bobrov, L. Burti, S. K. Chaturvedi, W. Gaebel, G. de Girolamo, T. M. Gondek, M. Guinzbourg, M. G. Heinze, A. Khan, A. Kiejna, A. Kokoszka, T. Kamala, N. M. Lalic, D. Lecic-Tosevski, E. Mannucci, B. Mankovsky, K. Müssig, V. Mutiso, D. Ndetei, A. Nouwen, G. Rabbani, S. S. Srikanta, E. G. Starostina, M. Shevchuk, R. Taj, U. Valentini, K. van Dam, O. Vukovic, W. Wölwer
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 29 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 June 2020, e134
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Aims
To examine the factors that are associated with changes in depression in people with type 2 diabetes living in 12 different countries.
MethodsPeople with type 2 diabetes treated in out-patient settings aged 18–65 years underwent a psychiatric assessment to diagnose major depressive disorder (MDD) at baseline and follow-up. At both time points, participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the WHO five-item Well-being scale (WHO-5) and the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale which measures diabetes-related distress. A composite stress score (CSS) (the occurrence of stressful life events and their reported degree of ‘upset’) between baseline and follow-up was calculated. Demographic data and medical record information were collected. Separate regression analyses were conducted with MDD and PHQ-9 scores as the dependent variables.
ResultsIn total, there were 7.4% (120) incident cases of MDD with 81.5% (1317) continuing to remain free of a diagnosis of MDD. Univariate analyses demonstrated that those with MDD were more likely to be female, less likely to be physically active, more likely to have diabetes complications at baseline and have higher CSS. Mean scores for the WHO-5, PAID and PHQ-9 were poorer in those with incident MDD compared with those who had never had a diagnosis of MDD. Regression analyses demonstrated that higher PHQ-9, lower WHO-5 scores and greater CSS were significant predictors of incident MDD. Significant predictors of PHQ-9 were baseline PHQ-9 score, WHO-5, PAID and CSS.
ConclusionThis study demonstrates the importance of psychosocial factors in addition to physiological variables in the development of depressive symptoms and incident MDD in people with type 2 diabetes. Stressful life events, depressive symptoms and diabetes-related distress all play a significant role which has implications for practice. A more holistic approach to care, which recognises the interplay of these psychosocial factors, may help to mitigate their impact on diabetes self-management as well as MDD, thus early screening and treatment for symptoms is recommended.
Course of psychopathology in the at-risk mental state - outcomes beyond transition to psychosis
- S. Ruhrmann, F. Schultze-Lutter, R.K.R. Salokangas, D. Linszen, M. Birchwood, G. Juckel, A. Heinz, S. Lewis, J. Klosterkötter, EPOS Group
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 26 / Issue S2 / March 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. 2037
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Introduction
Research on at-risk states of psychosis has mainly aimed to predict conversion. Yet as a considerable number of patients does not to progress to this outcome during the investigated observation periods, the course of these non-converters (NC) is of major interest, particularly with regard to preventive interventions and treatment.
AimsTo analyze the psychopathological and functional in 18-month non-converters.
MethodsData were derived from the prospective multicenter European Prediction of Psychosis Study with an 18-month follow-up period. Participants had to fulfill ultra-high risk criteria and/or the COGDIS criterion, which is based on a set of cognitive basic symptoms. Psychopathology was assessed with the Structure Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS), including the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) and a short version of the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI-A).
ResultsAll total and subscale scores improved significantly during follow-up. However, a more detailed analysis revealed that a considerable part of the patients showed no improvement or even a worsening of psychopathology and function.
ConclusionsOur first analysis of course on non-converters shows that a high proportion of patients improved. In the light of results from retrospective studies, however, this improvement has to be interpreted with caution, as the observation period does not allow to determine the proportion of outpost syndromes, i.e. precursors of a later prodrome. Furthermore, a considerable portion of our sample worsened functionally and/or symptomatically. With regard to retrospective schizophrenia related results, very long observation periods may be needed to characterize the patterns of course in subpsychotic syndromes.
A double-blind comparison of tianeptine, imipramine and placebo in the treatment of major depressive episodes
- GB Cassano, G Heinze, H Lôo, J Mendlewicz, M Paes de Sousa, On behalf of the Study Group
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 11 / Issue 5 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, pp. 254-259
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In the course of the international development of tianeptine (T), depressed patients were recruited by 18 centres from Belgium, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland in a double-blind parallel group study versus placebo (P) and imipramine (I). Efficacy and safety of tianeptine were evaluated in 187 depressed inpatients (56% female, 44% male), who fulfilled criteria for either major depression, single episode (24.6%) or recurrent (66.8%), or depressed bipolar disorder (8.6%). After a seven-day run-in placebo pre-inclusion period, patients were treated in double-blind conditions with tianeptine (37.5 mg/d) or imipramine (150 mg/d) or placebo for 14 days, including an increasing daily dose period of three days. After the fourteenth day and until the end of the sixth week of treatment, a flexible dosage was introduced in accordance with the therapeutic efficacy and/or the potential adverse events (T: 25–50 mg/d; I: 100–200 mg/d; P; 2–4 capsules). Discontinuation of treatment occurred in 57 patients (30.5%) with more inefficacy on placebo and tianeptine (P: 16/23; T: 11/17; I: 7/17), and more side-effects on imipramine (P: 1/23; T: 1/17; I: 7/17). Final MÅDRS scores in intention-to-treat analysis were 22.3 ± 1.5, 17.3 ± 1.6 and 18.4 ± 1.5 for placebo, tianeptine and imipramine, respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated the antidepressive efficacy of tianeptine and imipramine versus placebo (P = 0.012 and P = 0.034, respectively), and no difference between tianeptine and imipramine. In patients treated for 42 days (n = 129) the MÅDRS scores dropped from 62.3% on tianeptine, 54.2% on imipramine and 48.5% on placebo. These results confirmed the efficacy of tianeptine (37.5 mg/d) in the treatment of major depression and depressed bipolar disorder when compared to placebo. No difference was found between tianeptine and imipramine (150 mg/d) for the efficacy and between tianeptine and placebo for all safety criteria. The following adverse events were significantly more frequent with imipramine than with tianeptine or placebo: dry mouth (P < 0.001), constipation (P = 0.007), and hot flushes (P = 0.011). No difference in adverse events was found between tianeptine and placebo. While the usual cardiovascular signs of tricyclic antidepressants were observed in the imipramine group, no difference between tianeptine and placebo was shown in respect to heart rate or blood pressure (supine or standing). The assessment of haematological, renal, metabolic and hepatic parameters confirmed the safety of tianeptine.
Prediction error signal correlates with fluid intelligenceand dopamine synthesis across the lifespan
- F. Schlagenhauf, M. Rapp, Q. Huys, L. Deserno, A. Beck, J. Kalbitzer, Y. Kumakura, H.-G. Buchholz, M. Plotkin, A. Heinz
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 26 / Issue S2 / March 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. 954
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Introduction
Fluid intelligence expresses the capacity for interpretation of novel stimuli and flexible behavioral adaptation to such cues. Phasic dopamine firing closely matches a temporal difference prediction error (PE) signal important for learning and rapid behavioral adaptation. Both fluid intelligence and dopaminergic neurotransmission decline with age. So far, no study investigated the relationship between fluid IQ, PE signal and direct measures of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Here we used a multimodal imaging approach that combines positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging.
MethodsA group of healthy controls was investigated with both 6-[18F]FluoroDOPA PET and functional MRI with a probabilistic reversal task. The task required a constant behavioral adaptation to changes in reward contingencies, while choosing between two abstract stimuli. A reinforcement learning algorithm was used to compute a trial-by-trial prediction error, which was the used as a regressor in the fMRI data analysis with SPM8.
ResultsThe prediction error signal was associated with functional activation in the basal ganglia including the ventral striatum and putamen. Fluid intelligence was associated with the PE signal in the ventral striatum, which correlated with age-related changes in dopamine synthesis capacity in the prefrontal cortex.
ConclusionThese findings provide insight into the role of age-related changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission on behavioral adaptation. The multimodal imaging approach allows the characterization of interactions between dopamine metabolism and learning-related neuronal activation and may thus be a useful tool to clarify mechanisms underlying learning and plasticity in old age, which are crucial to our understanding of successful aging.
2177 – Neuroanatomical Changes Associated With Subthreshold Depression In Adolescents
- H. Vulser, M.-L. Paillere-Martinot, H. Lemaitre, R. Miranda, E. Artiges, R. Goodman, J. Penttilä, M. Struve, T. Fadai, V. Kappel, L. Poustka, P. Conrod, T. Banaschewski, A. Barbot, G.J. Barker, C. Büchel, H. Flor, J. Gallinat, H. Garavan, A. Heinz, B. Ittermann, C. Lawrence, E. Loth, K. Mann, T. Paus, Z. Pausova, M. Rietschel, T.W. Robbins, M. Smolka, G. Schumann, J.-L. Martinot, IMAGEN Consortium
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 28 / Issue S1 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, 28-E1340
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Introduction
Although neuroimaging studies suggest brain regional abnormalities in depressive disorders, it remains unclear whether abnormalities are present at illness onset or reflect disease progression.
ObjectivesWe hypothesized that cerebral variations were present in adolescents with subthreshold depression known to be at high risk for later full-blown depression.
AimsWe examined brain structural and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of adolescents with subthreshold depression.
MethodsThe participants were extracted from the European IMAGEN study cohort of healthy adolescents recruited at age 14. Subthreshold depression was defined as a distinct period of abnormally depressed or irritable mood, or loss of interest, plus two or more depressive symptoms but without diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode. Comparisons were performed between adolescents meeting these criteria and control adolescents within the T1-weighted imaging modality (118 and 475 adolescents respectively) using voxel-based morphometry and the diffusion tensor imaging modality (89 ad 422 adolescents respectively) using tract-based spatial statistics. Whole brain analyses were performed with a statistical threshold set to p< 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons.
ResultsCompared with controls, adolescents with subthreshold depression had smaller gray matter volume in caudate nuclei, medial frontal and cingulate cortices; smaller white matter volume in anterior limb of internal capsules, left forceps minor and right cingulum; and lower fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity in the genu of corpus callosum.
ConclusionsThe findings suggest that adolescents with subthreshold depression have volumetric and microstructural gray and white matter changes in the emotion regulation frontal-striatal-limbic network.
Shall we really say goodbye to first rank symptoms?
- A. Heinz, M. Voss, S.M. Lawrie, A. Mishara, M. Bauer, J. Gallinat, G. Juckel, U. Lang, M. Rapp, P. Falkai, W. Strik, J. Krystal, A. Abi-Dargham, S. Galderisi
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 37 / September 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. 8-13
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Background
First rank symptoms (FRS) of schizophrenia have been used for decades for diagnostic purposes. In the new version of the DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) has abolished any further reference to FRS of schizophrenia and treats them like any other “criterion A” symptom (e.g. any kind of hallucination or delusion) with regard to their diagnostic implication. The ICD-10 is currently under revision and may follow suit. In this review, we discuss central points of criticism that are directed against the continuous use of first rank symptoms (FRS) to diagnose schizophrenia.
MethodsWe describe the specific circumstances in which Schneider articulated his approach to schizophrenia diagnosis and discuss the relevance of his approach today. Further, we discuss anthropological and phenomenological aspects of FRS and highlight the importance of self-disorder (as part of FRS) for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Finally, we will conclude by suggesting that the theory and rationale behind the definition of FRS is still important for psychopathological as well as neurobiological approaches today.
ResultsResults of a pivotal meta-analysis and other studies show relatively poor sensitivity, yet relatively high specificity for FRS as diagnostic marker for schizophrenia. Several methodological issues impede a systematic assessment of the usefulness of FRS in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, there is good evidence that FRS may still be useful to differentiate schizophrenia from somatic causes of psychotic states. This may be particularly important in countries or situations with little access to other diagnostic tests. FRS may thus still represent a useful aid for clinicians in the diagnostic process.
ConclusionIn conclusion, we suggest to continue a tradition of careful clinical observation and fine-grained psychopathological assessment, including a focus on symptoms regarding self-disorders, which reflects a key aspect of psychosis. We suggest that the importance of FRS may indeed be scaled down to a degree that the occurrence of a single FRS alone should not suffice to diagnose schizophrenia, but, on the other hand, absence of FRS should be regarded as a warning sign that the diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder is not warranted and requires specific care to rule out other causes, particularly neurological and other somatic disorders. With respect to the current stage of the development of ICD-11, we appreciate the fact that self-disorders are explicitly mentioned (and distinguished from delusions) in the list of mandatory symptoms but still feel that delusional perceptions and complex hallucinations as defined by Schneider should be distinguished from delusions or hallucinations of “any kind”. Finally, we encourage future research to explore the psychopathological context and the neurobiological correlates of self-disorders as a potential phenotypic trait marker of schizophrenia.
Evaluation of the ‘Jumping to conclusions’ bias in different subgroups of the at-risk mental state: from cognitive basic symptoms to UHR criteria
- F. Rausch, S. Eisenacher, H. Elkin, S. Englisch, S. Kayser, N. Striepens, M. Lautenschlager, A. Heinz, Y. Gudlowski, B. Janssen, W. Gaebel, T. M. Michel, F. Schneider, M. Lambert, D. Naber, G. Juckel, S. Krueger-Oezguerdal, T. Wobrock, A. Hasan, M. Riedel, S. Moritz, H. Müller, J. Klosterkötter, A. Bechdolf, M. Zink, M. Wagner
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 46 / Issue 10 / July 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 April 2016, pp. 2071-2081
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Background
Patients with psychosis display the so-called ‘Jumping to Conclusions’ bias (JTC) – a tendency for hasty decision-making in probabilistic reasoning tasks. So far, only a few studies have evaluated the JTC bias in ‘at-risk mental state’ (ARMS) patients, specifically in ARMS samples fulfilling ‘ultra-high risk’ (UHR) criteria, thus not allowing for comparisons between different ARMS subgroups.
MethodIn the framework of the PREVENT (secondary prevention of schizophrenia) study, a JTC task was applied to 188 patients either fulfilling UHR criteria or presenting with cognitive basic symptoms (BS). Similar data were available for 30 healthy control participants matched for age, gender, education and premorbid verbal intelligence. ARMS patients were identified by the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument – Adult Version (SPI-A).
ResultsThe mean number of draws to decision (DTD) significantly differed between ARM -subgroups: UHR patients made significantly less draws to make a decision than ARMS patients with only cognitive BS. Furthermore, UHR patients tended to fulfil behavioural criteria for JTC more often than BS patients. In a secondary analysis, ARMS patients were much hastier in their decision-making than controls. In patients, DTD was moderately associated with positive and negative symptoms as well as disorganization and excitement.
ConclusionsOur data indicate an enhanced JTC bias in the UHR group compared to ARMS patients with only cognitive BS. This underscores the importance of reasoning deficits within cognitive theories of the developing psychosis. Interactions with the liability to psychotic transitions and therapeutic interventions should be unravelled in longitudinal studies.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Resilience and corpus callosum microstructure in adolescence
- A. Galinowski, R. Miranda, H. Lemaitre, M.-L. Paillère Martinot, E. Artiges, H. Vulser, R. Goodman, J. Penttilä, M. Struve, A. Barbot, T. Fadai, L. Poustka, P. Conrod, T. Banaschewski, G. J. Barker, A. Bokde, U. Bromberg, C. Büchel, H. Flor, J. Gallinat, H. Garavan, A. Heinz, B. Ittermann, V. Kappel, C. Lawrence, E. Loth, K. Mann, F. Nees, T. Paus, Z. Pausova, J.-B. Poline, M. Rietschel, T. W. Robbins, M. Smolka, G. Schumann, J.-L. Martinot, the IMAGEN Consortium
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 45 / Issue 11 / August 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 March 2015, pp. 2285-2294
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Background
Resilience is the capacity of individuals to resist mental disorders despite exposure to stress. Little is known about its neural underpinnings. The putative variation of white-matter microstructure with resilience in adolescence, a critical period for brain maturation and onset of high-prevalence mental disorders, has not been assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) though, has been reported in the corpus callosum (CC), the brain's largest white-matter structure, in psychiatric and stress-related conditions. We hypothesized that higher FA in the CC would characterize stress-resilient adolescents.
MethodThree groups of adolescents recruited from the community were compared: resilient with low risk of mental disorder despite high exposure to lifetime stress (n = 55), at-risk of mental disorder exposed to the same level of stress (n = 68), and controls (n = 123). Personality was assessed by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Voxelwise statistics of DTI values in CC were obtained using tract-based spatial statistics. Regional projections were identified by probabilistic tractography.
ResultsHigher FA values were detected in the anterior CC of resilient compared to both non-resilient and control adolescents. FA values varied according to resilience capacity. Seed regional changes in anterior CC projected onto anterior cingulate and frontal cortex. Neuroticism and three other NEO-FFI factor scores differentiated non-resilient participants from the other two groups.
ConclusionHigh FA was detected in resilient adolescents in an anterior CC region projecting to frontal areas subserving cognitive resources. Psychiatric risk was associated with personality characteristics. Resilience in adolescence may be related to white-matter microstructure.
Investigating accretion disk – radio jet coupling across the stellar mass scale
- James C. A. Miller-Jones, Gregory R. Sivakoff, Diego Altamirano, Elmar G. Körding, Hans A. Krimm, Dipankar Maitra, Ron A. Remillard, David M. Russell, Valeriu Tudose, Vivek Dhawan, Rob P. Fender, Sebastian Heinz, Sera Markoff, Simone Migliari, Michael P. Rupen, Craig L. Sarazin
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 6 / Issue S275 / September 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 February 2011, pp. 224-232
- Print publication:
- September 2010
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Relationships between the X-ray and radio behavior of black hole X-ray binaries during outbursts have established a fundamental coupling between the accretion disks and radio jets in these systems. I begin by reviewing the prevailing paradigm for this disk-jet coupling, also highlighting what we know about similarities and differences with neutron star and white dwarf binaries. Until recently, this paradigm had not been directly tested with dedicated high-angular resolution radio imaging over entire outbursts. Moreover, such high-resolution monitoring campaigns had not previously targetted outbursts in which the compact object was either a neutron star or a white dwarf. To address this issue, we have embarked on the Jet Acceleration and Collimation Probe Of Transient X-Ray Binaries (JACPOT XRB) project, which aims to use high angular resolution observations to compare disk-jet coupling across the stellar mass scale, with the goal of probing the importance of the depth of the gravitational potential well, the stellar surface and the stellar magnetic field, on jet formation. Our team has recently concluded its first monitoring series, including (E)VLA, VLBA, X-ray, optical, and near-infrared observations of entire outbursts of the black hole candidate H 1743-322, the neutron star system Aquila X-1, and the white dwarf system SS Cyg. Here I present preliminary results from this work, largely confirming the current paradigm, but highlighting some intriguing new behavior, and suggesting a possible difference in the jet formation process between neutron star and black hole systems.
Selective effects of ECT on hypothalamic—pituitary activity
- Lawrence J. Whalley, John M. Eagles, Geoffrey M. R. Bowler, John G. Bennie, Heinz R. Dick, Ralph J. McGuire, George Fink
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 17 / Issue 2 / May 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 July 2009, pp. 319-328
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The hypothesis that ECT produces selective effects on hypothalamic–pituitary activity was investigated by determining the effect of ECT on pituitary hormone release in nine depressed patients. After ECT there were massive and rapid increases in the plasma concentrations of nicotine-and oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin (NSN and ESN), prolactin (PRL) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), smaller increases in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and cortisol, a significant decrease in plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration but no change in plasma thyrotropin (TSH). There was significant attenuation of PRL responses with repeated ECT. The hormonal responses to ECT cannot simply be attributed to stress, since a similar pattern of increases in plasma hormone concentrations did not occur in psychologically normal patients in whom plasma hormone concentrations were measured during induction of anaesthesia and abdominal incision for cholecystectomy. Analysis of these hormonal responses in terms of the knowledge available on the neurotransmitter control of pituitary hormone release suggests that some of these hormonal responses to ECT may be mediated by the activation of serotonergic neurones, while others are probadly due to direct stimulation of the neuroendocrine neurones themselves.
Effects of remifentanil and fentanyl on intraocular pressure during the maintenance and recovery of anaesthesia in patients undergoing non-ophthalmic surgery
- S. M. Sator-Katzenschlager, M. J. Oehmke, E. Deusch, S. Dolezal, G. Heinze, A. Wedrich
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- Journal:
- European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / February 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 December 2004, pp. 95-100
- Print publication:
- February 2004
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Summary
Background and objective: To compare the effects of remifentanil and fentanyl on intraocular pressure during the maintenance and recovery of anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective non-ophthalmic surgery.
Methods: Thirty-two patients (ASA I–II) were randomized into two groups to receive either a continuous infusion of remifentanil (0.25–0.5 μg kg−1 min−1, n = 16, Group R) or an intermittent bolus of fentanyl (2–5 μg kg−1, n = 16, Group F) during the maintenance of anaesthesia. For the induction of anaesthesia, Group R received remifentanil 1 μg kg−1 and Group F received fentanyl 2 μg kg−1; both groups then received propofol 2 mg kg−1 with vecuronium 0.1 mg kg−1. Anaesthesia in both groups was maintained with a continuous infusion of propofol 4–8 mg kg−1 h−1. Ventilation of the lungs was controlled to a constant end-tidal PCO2 of 4.7–5.4 kPa. Blood pressure, electrocardiography, heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored throughout anaesthesia. Intraocular pressure was determined before surgery, during the maintenance of anaesthesia, 2 min after emergence and in the recovery room using a Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer by an ophthalmologist blinded to the anaesthetic technique.
Results: After induction of anaesthesia, a significant decrease in intraocular pressure in the remifentanil group from 13.6 ± 2.6 to 7.1 ± 3.1 mmHg (P < 0.001) and in the fentanyl group from 13.7 ± 2.2 to 9.7 ± 3.4 mmHg (P < 0.001) was observed and maintained during anaesthesia. Thirty minutes after the end of anaesthesia, intraocular pressure returned to baseline values in both groups (remifentanil: 13.9 ± 2.8 mmHg, P = 0.28; fentanyl: 13.6 ± 2.3 mmHg, P = 0.59). The intraocular pressure and haemodynamic variables did not differ significantly between the two groups (intraocular pressure, P = 0.7327; blood pressure, P = 0.1295; heart rate, P = 0.8601).
Conclusions: Remifentanil maintains intraocular pressure at an equally reduced level compared with fentanyl.
Effect of different doses of cisatracurium on intraocular pressure in sedated patients
- S. M. Sator-Katzenschlager, M. J. Oehmke, M. Kontaratos, A. Wedrich, G. Heinze, C. Weinstabl
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- Journal:
- European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 19 / Issue 11 / November 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2006, pp. 823-828
- Print publication:
- November 2002
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Background and objective: The aim was to examine the course of intraocular pressure after relaxation with different doses of cisatracurium.
Methods: The investigation was carried out as a prospective, randomized double-blind study in a crossover design in 30 postoperative patients with stable haemodynamic and respiratory function (ASA I and II). To exclude any disrupting factors, patients remained intubated and continuously sedated. Twenty patients received an intubation dose (2 × ED95) of cisatracurium (0.1 mg kg−1) compared with atracurium (0.5 mg kg−1). In a second series, 10 patients were given an effective dose, ED95 (0.05 mg kg−1), and a repeat dose (0.02 mg kg−1) of cisatracurium. The intraocular pressure was determined before (T0) as well as 1 (T1), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20) and 45 (T45) min after bolus administration.
Results: Intraocular pressure decreased after an intubation dose of either cisatracurium or atracurium, and reached a minimum after 10 min (6.7 ± 2.2 and 7.9 ± 2.1 mmHg, respectively). There was no significant difference between either muscle relaxant (P = 0.27). When lower doses of cisatracurium (0.05 and 0.02 mg kg−1) were applied, the intraocular pressure also decreased, albeit to a lesser extent and with a delayed onset (8.4 ± 1.9 mmHg after 10 min, 9.9 ± 3.4 mmHg after 15 min). There was no significant difference between dosages (P = 0.44).
Conclusions: Cisatracurium is a useful drug in patients when a decrease of intraocular pressure is wanted and where muscle relaxation is necessary and acceptable.
Una comparación doble ciego de tianeptina, imipramina y placebo en el tratamiento de episodios depresivos mayores
- G. B. Cassano, G. Heinze, H. Lôo, J. Mendlewicz, M. Paes de Sousa, en nombre del Grupo de Estudio
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry (Ed.Española) / Volume 4 / Issue 3 / April 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 May 2020, pp. 171-178
- Print publication:
- April 1997
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En el curso del desarrollo internacional de la tianeptina (T), 18 centros de Bélgica, Italia, México, Portugal, España y Suiza seleccionaron pacientes deprimidos en un estudio doble ciego de grupos paralelos frente a placebo (P) e imipramina (I). La eficacia y seguridad de la tianeptina se valoraron en 187 pacientes internos deprimidos (56% mujeres, 44% varones) que cumplían los criterios para depresión mayor, con episodio único (24,6%) o recurrente (6 6 ,8 %), o trastorno bipolar depresivo (8 ,6 %). Después de un periodo de rodaje de siete días con placebo previo a la inclusión, los pacientes recibieron tratamiento en condiciones de doble ciego con tianeptina (37,5 mg/d), imipramina (150 mg/d) o placebo durante 14 días, incluido un periodo de tres días de aumento diario de la dosis. Después del decimocuarto día y hasta el final de la sexta semana de tratamiento, se introdujo una dosis flexible de acuerdo con la eficacia terapéutica o los acontecimientos adversos potenciales (T: 25-50 mg/d; I: 100-200 mg/d; P: 2-4 cápsulas).
A Double-blind Comparative Trial of Moclobemide v. Imipramine and Placebo in Major Depressive Episodes
- M. Versiani, U. Oggero, P. Alterwain, R. Capponi, F. Dajas, G. Heinze-Martin, C.A. Marquez, M.A. Poleo, L.E. Rivero-Almanzor, L. Rossel, W. Schmid-Burgk, R. Ucha-Udabe
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 155 / Issue S6 / October 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 August 2018, pp. 72-77
- Print publication:
- October 1989
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Patients (n = 490) suffering from a major depressive episode according to DSM-III criteria were randomly allocated to groups receiving either moclobemide, imipramine, or placebo treatment. Subjects were treated as out-patients for 6 weeks. On overall assessment of efficacy and on results of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, both moclobemide and imipramine were superior to placebo, but the differences between moclobemide and imipramine were not significant. Premature termination due to insufficient efficacy was more frequent with placebo than with moclobemide or with imipramine, these differences being significant. The overall assessment of tolerance clearly favoured placebo and moclobemide over imipramine. This was also reflected in the frequency of premature terminations due to poor tolerance, as well as in the frequency of adverse events, which were highest in the imipramine group. The only cardiovascular finding was an increase of the mean heart rate with imipramine, maximum at the end of week 1, while placebo and moclobemide displayed no relevant changes. There were no other important drug-related changes.
A Comparison Between Energetics of Decomposition and Photo-Deposition of Pd and Pt from Pd(C5 H5 )(C3 H5) and Pt(C5H5)(C3 H5)
- Karl-Heinz Emrich, G. T. Stauf, W. Hirschwald, S. Barfuss, P. A. Dowben, R. R. Birge, N. M. Boag
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 131 / 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 February 2011, 401
- Print publication:
- 1988
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The energetics of decomposition of a variety of organometallic compounds have been determined from photoionization mass spectroscopy and electron impact mass spectroscopy. In particular, Pd(C5H5)(C3H5) and Pt(C5H5)(C3H5) have been studied in this fashion, and the information used to make patterned Pd/Ni/Si heterostructures by laser induced photolysis of the palladium compound and nickelocene in vacuum (MOCVD). Contamination in the thin films was determined by Auger electron spectroscopy, and compared with that found by other researchers for photo-deposition of Pt from the cyclopentadiene allyl [1].Thermodynamic data is used to explain differing contamination levels in the Pd and the Pt coatings.