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A new approach to derive variation shares by combining the C&C² approach and the PGE model
- Peter Michael Tröster, Giorgi Tsutskiridze, Tobias Dieck, Albert Albers
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Design Society / Volume 4 / May 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 May 2024, pp. 165-174
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This paper introduces a method to derive variation shares in engineering design, merging the Contact & Channel Approach (C&C²) with the model of PGE - Product Generation Engineering. It focuses on one-piece parts, enhancing precision in identifying component variations. The integration allows for detailed qualitative modeling and subcomponent analysis, improving design efficiency and innovation, illustrated with bottle examples. This research advances engineering design by enabling more accurate categorization of system variations.
2 - Serial Production and Individualisation in Late Medieval Silk Weaving
- Edited by Cordelia Warr, University of Manchester
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- Book:
- Medieval Clothing and Textiles
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 May 2024
- Print publication:
- 14 May 2024, pp 41-72
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Summary
Whenever the conversation turns to single orders or special commissions in medieval silk weaving, sooner or later the altar hanging with a Crucifixion scene in Regensburg will be brought up as one of the most elaborate and exclusive commissions to have survived from the decorative arts of the Middle Ages (figs. 2.1 and 2.2).
The basic type of pictorial fabric is well known from medieval textile art. Starting from the thirteenth century, fabrics with subjects containing human figures are mentioned in merchants’ account books and church inventories. They can also be found among the surviving silk weavings of the period, depicting the Crucifixion of Christ along with a variety of other religious images, including various saints, the enthroned Virgin Mary, the Nativity, the Adoration of the Magi, the Entombment, and the Resurrection. Alongside these, secular scenes from courtly literature are also attested to as pictorial themes in woven silks.
However, all these fabrics containing human figures depict small-scale scenes, scarcely more than a hand span wide. They were products of the extensive use of serial production, by means of which the centres of the Italian silk industry supplied the European market. Like the later woven orphrey bands with figurative designs of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, they were manufactured as repeat patterns in countless repetitions, to be used as ornaments for secular or ecclesiastical clothing.
The Regensburg altar hanging is, in contrast, a unique piece with respect to its content, form, technique, and design. It originally measured about 120 centimetres (about 1⅜ yards) in height and 300 centimetres (3. yards) in width, and was commissioned by Heinrich von Rotteneck, the bishop of Regensburg from 1277 to 1296. The identity of the commissioner is made clear on the hanging, through both text and imagery. Kneeling in full pontificals, his hands raised in intercession, the bishop appears to the side of the Crucifixion scene, while a woven inscription gives his name and title. It may be assumed on this basis that Heinrich was both the commissioner and the recipient of the hanging. This type of full-figure donor portrait is unique in thirteenth-century silk weaving, representing the first occurrence in the history of European silk production.
McMurdo Dry Valley lake edge ‘moats’: the ecological intersection between terrestrial and aquatic polar desert habitats
- Michael S. Stone, Shawn P. Devlin, Ian Hawes, Kathleen A. Welch, Michael N. Gooseff, Cristina Takacs-Vesbach, Rachael Morgan-Kiss, Byron J. Adams, J.E. Barrett, John C. Priscu, Peter T. Doran
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- Journal:
- Antarctic Science , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 April 2024, pp. 1-17
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Aquatic ecosystems - lakes, ponds and streams - are hotspots of biodiversity in the cold and arid environment of Continental Antarctica. Environmental change is expected to increasingly alter Antarctic aquatic ecosystems and modify the physical characteristics and interactions within the habitats that they support. Here, we describe physical and biological features of the peripheral ‘moat’ of a closed-basin Antarctic lake. These moats mediate connectivity amongst streams, lake and soils. We highlight the cyclical moat transition from a frozen winter state to an active open-water summer system, through refreeze as winter returns. Summer melting begins at the lakebed, initially creating an ice-constrained lens of liquid water in November, which swiftly progresses upwards, creating open water in December. Conversely, freezing progresses slowly from the water surface downwards, with water at 1 m bottom depth remaining liquid until May. Moats support productive, diverse benthic communities that are taxonomically distinct from those under the adjacent permanent lake ice. We show how ion ratios suggest that summer exchange occurs amongst moats, streams, soils and sub-ice lake water, perhaps facilitated by within-moat density-driven convection. Moats occupy a small but dynamic area of lake habitat, are disproportionately affected by recent lake-level rises and may thus be particularly vulnerable to hydrological change.
Assessing aerial biodiversity over Keller Peninsula, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica, using DNA metabarcoding
- Paulo E.A.S. Câmara, Michael Stech, Peter Convey, Tina Šantl-Temkiv, Otavio Henrique Bezerra Pinto, Fábio Leal Viana Bones, Fabyano Alvares Cardoso Lopes, Luiz Antônio Da Costa Rodrigues, Micheline Carvalho-Silva, Luiz Henrique Rosa
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- Antarctic Science / Volume 36 / Issue 1 / February 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 March 2024, pp. 37-46
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Antarctic ice-free areas are dominated by wind-dispersed organisms. However, which organisms arrive and circulate in Antarctica and how remain poorly understood. Due to their proximity to South America and less extreme conditions, the South Shetland Islands are likely to receive higher diaspore numbers. One possible consequence of climate change is that newcomers will be able to colonize ice-free areas, altering community compositions and impacting the native biota. We used DNA metabarcoding to identify non-fungal eukaryotic DNA present in the air that could potentially reach and circulate in Antarctica. Air was sampled near the Brazilian Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station on King George Island between December 2019 and January 2020. Sequences representing a total of 35 taxa from 10 phyla and 3 kingdoms were assigned: Chromista (Ciliophora, Cercozoa, Haptophyta and Ochrophyta), Plantae (Chlorophyta, Bryophyta and Magnoliophyta) and Animalia (Mollusca, Arthropoda and Chordata). The most diverse group were the plants (26 taxa), followed by Chromista (6 taxa). The most abundant sequences represented the green algae Chlamydomonas nivalis. The two angiosperm sequences represent exotic taxa; Folsomia is also exotic and was recorded only on Deception Island. Metabarcoding revealed the presence of previously undocumented airborne diversity, suggesting that the Antarctic airspora includes propagules of both local and distant origin.
On the behaviour of the upstream-travelling waves in merging twin-jet systems
- Michael N. Stavropoulos, Eduardo Martini, Daniel M. Edgington-Mitchell, Joel Weightman, Peter Jordan, Petrônio A.S. Nogueira
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 983 / 25 March 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 March 2024, A17
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There is currently considerable interest in the guided-jet mode, as a result of recent works demonstrating it being the upstream component of various resonant systems in high-speed flows. For given jet operating conditions, the mode is known to exist over only a finite-frequency range that, for a twin-jet system, has been observed to vary with both jet separation and solution symmetry. Vortex-sheet and finite-thickness linear stability models are here employed to consider the behaviour of the guided-jet mode as the two jets are brought together, for both a planar and round twin-jet system. It is demonstrated that in both cases as the twin-jet system merges it forms a higher-order mode of an equivalent single-jet geometry. This then imposes a constraint on the guided-jet mode as the finite-frequency range must change to meet that of the equivalent geometry the system merges to, explaining the previously observed dependence on jet separation.
Validation of the Passive Surveillance Stroke Severity Score in Three Canadian Provinces
- Amy Y. X. Yu, Peter C. Austin, Alison L. Park, Jiming Fang, Michael D. Hill, Noreen Kamal, Thalia S. Field, Raed A. Joundi, Sandra Peterson, Yinshan Zhao, Moira K. Kapral
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2024, pp. 1-6
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Background:
Stroke outcomes research requires risk-adjustment for stroke severity, but this measure is often unavailable. The Passive Surveillance Stroke SeVerity (PaSSV) score is an administrative data-based stroke severity measure that was developed in Ontario, Canada. We assessed the geographical and temporal external validity of PaSSV in British Columbia (BC), Nova Scotia (NS) and Ontario, Canada.
Methods:We used linked administrative data in each province to identify adult patients with ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage between 2014-2019 and calculated their PaSSV score. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association between the PaSSV score and the hazard of death over 30 days and the cause-specific hazard of admission to long-term care over 365 days. We assessed the models’ discriminative values using Uno’s c-statistic, comparing models with versus without PaSSV.
Results:We included 86,142 patients (n = 18,387 in BC, n = 65,082 in Ontario, n = 2,673 in NS). The mean and median PaSSV were similar across provinces. A higher PaSSV score, representing lower stroke severity, was associated with a lower hazard of death (hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals 0.70 [0.68, 0.71] in BC, 0.69 [0.68, 0.69] in Ontario, 0.72 [0.68, 0.75] in NS) and admission to long-term care (0.77 [0.76, 0.79] in BC, 0.84 [0.83, 0.85] in Ontario, 0.86 [0.79, 0.93] in NS). Including PaSSV in the multivariable models increased the c-statistics compared to models without this variable.
Conclusion:PaSSV has geographical and temporal validity, making it useful for risk-adjustment in stroke outcomes research, including in multi-jurisdiction analyses.
External cues improve visual working memory encoding in the presence of salient distractors in schizophrenia
- Catherine V. Barnes-Scheufler, Lara Rösler, Michael Schaum, Carmen Schiweck, Benjamin Peters, Jutta S. Mayer, Andreas Reif, Michael Wibral, Robert A. Bittner
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 March 2024, pp. 1-10
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Background
People with schizophrenia (PSZ) are impaired in attentional prioritization of non-salient but relevant stimuli over salient distractors during visual working memory (VWM) encoding. Conversely, guidance of top–down attention by external predictive cues is intact. Yet, it is unknown whether this preserved ability can help PSZ encode more information in the presence of salient distractors.
MethodsWe employed a visuospatial change-detection task using four Gabor patches with differing orientations in 66 PSZ and 74 healthy controls (HCS). Two Gabor patches flickered which were designated either as targets or distractors and either a predictive or a non-predictive cue was displayed to manipulate top–down attention, resulting in four conditions.
ResultsWe observed significant effects of group, salience and cue as well as significant interactions of salience by cue, group by salience and group by cue. Across all conditions, PSZ stored significantly less information in VWM than HCS. PSZ stored significantly less non-flickering than flickering information with a non-predictive cue. However, PSZ stored significantly more flickering and non-flickering information with a predictive cue.
ConclusionsOur findings indicate that control of attentional selection is impaired in schizophrenia. We demonstrate that additional top–down information significantly improves performance in PSZ. The observed deficit in attentional control suggests a disturbance of GABAergic inhibition in early visual areas. Moreover, our findings are indicative of a mechanism for enhancing attentional control in PSZ, which could be utilized by pro-cognitive interventions. Thus, the current paradigm is suitable to reveal both preserved and compromised cognitive component processes in schizophrenia.
Tropical vegetation productivity and atmospheric methane over the last 40,000 years from model simulations and stalagmites in Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Claire E. Krause, Alena K. Kimbrough, Michael K. Gagan, Peter O. Hopcroft, Gavin B. Dunbar, Wahyoe S. Hantoro, John C. Hellstrom, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Henri Wong, Bambang W. Suwargadi, Paul J. Valdes, Hamdi Rifai
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 118 / March 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 February 2024, pp. 126-141
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Recent research has shown the potential of speleothem δ13C to record a range of environmental processes. Here, we report on 230Th-dated stalagmite δ13C records for southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, over the last 40,000 yr to investigate the relationship between tropical vegetation productivity and atmospheric methane concentrations. We demonstrate that the Sulawesi stalagmite δ13C record is driven by changes in vegetation productivity and soil respiration and explore the link between soil respiration and tropical methane emissions using HadCM3 and the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. The model indicates that changes in soil respiration are primarily driven by changes in temperature and CO2, in line with our interpretation of stalagmite δ13C. In turn, modelled methane emissions are driven by soil respiration, providing a mechanism that links methane to stalagmite δ13C. This relationship is particularly strong during the last glaciation, indicating a key role for the tropics in controlling atmospheric methane when emissions from high-latitude boreal wetlands were suppressed. With further investigation, the link between δ13C in stalagmites and tropical methane could provide a low-latitude proxy complementary to polar ice core records to improve our understanding of the glacial–interglacial methane budget.
Screen time, brain network development and socio-emotional competence in childhood: moderation of associations by parent–child reading
- Pei Huang, Shi Yu Chan, Zhen Ming Ngoh, Zi Yan Ong, Xi Zhen Low, Evelyn C. Law, Peter D. Gluckman, Michelle Z.L. Kee, Marielle V. Fortier, Yap Seng Chong, Juan H. Zhou, Michael J. Meaney, Ai Peng Tan
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- Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2024, pp. 1-12
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Background
Screen time in infancy is linked to changes in social-emotional development but the pathway underlying this association remains unknown. We aim to provide mechanistic insights into this association using brain network topology and to examine the potential role of parent–child reading in mitigating the effects of screen time.
MethodsWe examined the association of screen time on brain network topology using linear regression analysis and tested if the network topology mediated the association between screen time and later socio-emotional competence. Lastly, we tested if parent–child reading time was a moderator of the link between screen time and brain network topology.
ResultsInfant screen time was significantly associated with the emotion processing-cognitive control network integration (p = 0.005). This network integration also significantly mediated the association between screen time and both measures of socio-emotional competence (BRIEF-2 Emotion Regulation Index, p = 0.04; SEARS total score, p = 0.04). Parent–child reading time significantly moderated the association between screen time and emotion processing-cognitive control network integration (β = −0.640, p = 0.005).
ConclusionOur study identified emotion processing-cognitive control network integration as a plausible biological pathway linking screen time in infancy and later socio-emotional competence. We also provided novel evidence for the role of parent–child reading in moderating the association between screen time and topological brain restructuring in early childhood.
A virtual recruitment protocol promotes enrollment of underrepresented groups in a diabetes prevention trial
- Natalie D. Ritchie, Melanie T. Turk, Jodi Summers Holtrop, Michael Josh Durfee, L. Miriam Dickinson, Peter G. Kaufmann
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 8 / Issue 1 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2024, e26
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Strategies are needed to ensure greater participation of underrepresented groups in diabetes research. We examined the impact of a remote study protocol on enrollment in diabetes research, specifically the Pre-NDPP clinical trial. Recruitment was conducted among 2807 diverse patients in a safety-net healthcare system. Results indicated three-fold greater odds of enrolling in remote versus in-person protocols (AOR 2.90; P < 0.001 [95% CI 2.29–3.67]). Priority populations with significantly higher enrollment included Latinx and Black individuals, Spanish speakers, and individuals who had Medicaid or were uninsured. A remote study design may promote overall recruitment into clinical trials, while effectively supporting enrollment of underrepresented groups.
Identifying barriers and facilitators to increase fibre intakes in UK primary school children and exploring the acceptability of intervention components: a UK qualitative study
- Angela S Donin, Lucy P Goldsmith, Clare Sharp, Charlotte Wahlich, Peter H Whincup, Michael H Ussher
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 27 / Issue 1 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2024, e59
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Objective:
Within the UK, dietary fibre intakes are well below recommended intakes and associated with increased risk of obesity. This study aimed to explore the views of parents and children on barriers and facilitators to increasing fibre intakes and improving diets, alongside investigating the appropriateness of intervention components to overcome modifiable barriers.
Design:Qualitative study including semi-structured interviews and focus groups informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model.
Participants:Year 5 children (aged 9–10-years) and parents, recruited through London primary schools
Results:A total of twenty-four participants (eleven parents and thirteen children) took part. Five key themes were identified as barriers and facilitators, namely lack of (and improving) knowledge, social factors (including parent–child conflicts, limited time for food preparation, influence of peer and family members), current eating habits, influence of the school, community and home environment in shaping eating behaviours, and the importance of choice and variety in finding foods that are healthy and tasty. Parents strongly supported school-based dietary interventions to enable consistent messaging at home and school and help support dietary behaviour change. Practical sessions (such as workshops to strengthen knowledge, taste tests and food swap ideas) were supported by parents and children.
Conclusions:By using a theory-driven approach to explore the barriers and facilitators to increasing fibre intake, this research identified important themes and modifiable barriers to behaviour change and identifies acceptable intervention components to overcome barriers and bring about sustained dietary behaviour change in primary school children.
Variation of subclinical psychosis across 16 sites in Europe and Brazil: findings from the multi-national EU-GEI study
- Giuseppe D'Andrea, Diego Quattrone, Kathryn Malone, Giada Tripoli, Giulia Trotta, Edoardo Spinazzola, Charlotte Gayer-Anderson, Hannah E Jongsma, Lucia Sideli, Simona A Stilo, Caterina La Cascia, Laura Ferraro, Antonio Lasalvia, Sarah Tosato, Andrea Tortelli, Eva Velthorst, Lieuwe de Haan, Pierre-Michel Llorca, Paulo Rossi Menezes, Jose Luis Santos, Manuel Arrojo, Julio Bobes, Julio Sanjuán, Miguel Bernardo, Celso Arango, James B Kirkbride, Peter B Jones, Bart P Rutten, Jim Van Os, Jean-Paul Selten, Evangelos Vassos, Franck Schürhoff, Andrei Szöke, Baptiste Pignon, Michael O'Donovan, Alexander Richards, Craig Morgan, Marta Di Forti, Ilaria Tarricone, Robin M Murray
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- Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 January 2024, pp. 1-14
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Background
Incidence of first-episode psychosis (FEP) varies substantially across geographic regions. Phenotypes of subclinical psychosis (SP), such as psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and schizotypy, present several similarities with psychosis. We aimed to examine whether SP measures varied across different sites and whether this variation was comparable with FEP incidence within the same areas. We further examined contribution of environmental and genetic factors to SP.
MethodsWe used data from 1497 controls recruited in 16 different sites across 6 countries. Factor scores for several psychopathological dimensions of schizotypy and PLEs were obtained using multidimensional item response theory models. Variation of these scores was assessed using multi-level regression analysis to estimate individual and between-sites variance adjusting for age, sex, education, migrant, employment and relational status, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. In the final model we added local FEP incidence as a second-level variable. Association with genetic liability was examined separately.
ResultsSchizotypy showed a large between-sites variation with up to 15% of variance attributable to site-level characteristics. Adding local FEP incidence to the model considerably reduced the between-sites unexplained schizotypy variance. PLEs did not show as much variation. Overall, SP was associated with younger age, migrant, unmarried, unemployed and less educated individuals, cannabis use, and childhood adversity. Both phenotypes were associated with genetic liability to schizophrenia.
ConclusionsSchizotypy showed substantial between-sites variation, being more represented in areas where FEP incidence is higher. This supports the hypothesis that shared contextual factors shape the between-sites variation of psychosis across the spectrum.
Somatic multicomorbidity and disability in patients with psychiatric disorders in comparison to the general population: a quasi-epidemiological investigation in 54,826 subjects from 40 countries (COMET-G study)
- Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis, Grigorios N. Karakatsoulis, Seri Abraham, Kristina Adorjan, Helal Uddin Ahmed, Renato D. Alarcón, Kiyomi Arai, Sani Salihu Auwal, Michael Berk, Sarah Bjedov, Julio Bobes, Teresa Bobes-Bascaran, Julie Bourgin-Duchesnay, Cristina Ana Bredicean, Laurynas Bukelskis, Akaki Burkadze, Indira Indiana Cabrera Abud, Ruby Castilla-Puentes, Marcelo Cetkovich, Hector Colon-Rivera, Ricardo Corral, Carla Cortez-Vergara, Piirika Crepin, Domenico De Berardis, Sergio Zamora Delgado, David De Lucena, Avinash De Sousa, Ramona Di Stefano, Seetal Dodd, Livia Priyanka Elek, Anna Elissa, Berta Erdelyi-Hamza, Gamze Erzin, Martin J. Etchevers, Peter Falkai, Adriana Farcas, Ilya Fedotov, Viktoriia Filatova, Nikolaos K. Fountoulakis, Iryna Frankova, Francesco Franza, Pedro Frias, Tatiana Galako, Cristian J. Garay, Leticia Garcia-Álvarez, Maria Paz García-Portilla, Xenia Gonda, Tomasz M. Gondek, Daniela Morera González, Hilary Gould, Paolo Grandinetti, Arturo Grau, Violeta Groudeva, Michal Hagin, Takayuki Harada, Tasdik M. Hasan, Nurul Azreen Hashim, Jan Hilbig, Sahadat Hossain, Rossitza Iakimova, Mona Ibrahim, Felicia Iftene, Yulia Ignatenko, Matias Irarrazaval, Zaliha Ismail, Jamila Ismayilova, Asaf Jakobs, Miro Jakovljević, Nenad Jakšić, Afzal Javed, Helin Yilmaz Kafali, Sagar Karia, Olga Kazakova, Doaa Khalifa, Olena Khaustova, Steve Koh, Svetlana Kopishinskaia, Korneliia Kosenko, Sotirios A. Koupidis, Illes Kovacs, Barbara Kulig, Alisha Lalljee, Justine Liewig, Abdul Majid, Evgeniia Malashonkova, Khamelia Malik, Najma Iqbal Malik, Gulay Mammadzada, Bilvesh Mandalia, Donatella Marazziti, Darko Marčinko, Stephanie Martinez, Eimantas Matiekus, Gabriela Mejia, Roha Saeed Memon, Xarah Elenne Meza Martínez, Dalia Mickevičiūtė, Roumen Milev, Muftau Mohammed, Alejandro Molina-López, Petr Morozov, Nuru Suleiman Muhammad, Filip Mustač, Mika S. Naor, Amira Nassieb, Alvydas Navickas, Tarek Okasha, Milena Pandova, Anca-Livia Panfil, Liliya Panteleeva, Ion Papava, Mikaella E. Patsali, Alexey Pavlichenko, Bojana Pejuskovic, Mariana Pinto Da Costa, Mikhail Popkov, Dina Popovic, Nor Jannah Nasution Raduan, Francisca Vargas Ramírez, Elmars Rancans, Salmi Razali, Federico Rebok, Anna Rewekant, Elena Ninoska Reyes Flores, María Teresa Rivera-Encinas, Pilar Saiz, Manuel Sánchez de Carmona, David Saucedo Martínez, Jo Anne Saw, Görkem Saygili, Patricia Schneidereit, Bhumika Shah, Tomohiro Shirasaka, Ketevan Silagadze, Satti Sitanggang, Oleg Skugarevsky, Anna Spikina, Sridevi Sira Mahalingappa, Maria Stoyanova, Anna Szczegielniak, Simona Claudia Tamasan, Giuseppe Tavormina, Maurilio Giuseppe Maria Tavormina, Pavlos N. Theodorakis, Mauricio Tohen, Eva Maria Tsapakis, Dina Tukhvatullina, Irfan Ullah, Ratnaraj Vaidya, Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, Jelena Vrublevska, Olivera Vukovic, Olga Vysotska, Natalia Widiasih, Anna Yashikhina, Panagiotis E. Prezerakos, Daria Smirnova
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 29 / Issue 2 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 January 2024, pp. 126-149
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Background
The prevalence of medical illnesses is high among patients with psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to investigate multi-comorbidity in patients with psychiatric disorders in comparison to the general population. Secondary aims were to investigate factors associated with metabolic syndrome and treatment appropriateness of mental disorders.
MethodsThe sample included 54,826 subjects (64.73% females; 34.15% males; 1.11% nonbinary gender) from 40 countries (COMET-G study). The analysis was based on the registration of previous history that could serve as a fair approximation for the lifetime prevalence of various medical conditions.
ResultsAbout 24.5% reported a history of somatic and 26.14% of mental disorders. Mental disorders were by far the most prevalent group of medical conditions. Comorbidity of any somatic with any mental disorder was reported by 8.21%. One-third to almost two-thirds of somatic patients were also suffering from a mental disorder depending on the severity and multicomorbidity. Bipolar and psychotic patients and to a lesser extent depressives, manifested an earlier (15–20 years) manifestation of somatic multicomorbidity, severe disability, and probably earlier death. The overwhelming majority of patients with mental disorders were not receiving treatment or were being treated in a way that was not recommended. Antipsychotics and antidepressants were not related to the development of metabolic syndrome.
ConclusionsThe finding that one-third to almost two-thirds of somatic patients also suffered from a mental disorder strongly suggests that psychiatry is the field with the most trans-specialty and interdisciplinary value and application points to the importance of teaching psychiatry and mental health in medical schools and also to the need for more technocratically oriented training of psychiatric residents.
Bridging the great divide: Conspiracy theory research for the 21st century
- Michael Butter, Peter Knight
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This article starts from the observation that research on conspiracy theories is currently thriving, but that it is also fragmented. In particular there is an increasing divide between disciplines with culturalist and qualitative approaches, such as history, cultural studies and ethnology, and disciplines with quantitative and empirical approaches, such as psychology and political science. The article argues that this ‘great divide’ has to be bridged for research to arrive at a genuine understanding of conspiracy theories. As a first step in such a bridge-building process, the article engages, from the vantage point of (American) cultural studies, with research done on the other side of the divide, namely in psychology and political science. It summarizes the work done in these fields and evaluates it critically, concentrating on methodology; the assumptions about the dysfunctionality of conspiracy beliefs; the circularity of some arguments; the focus on individual rather than social and collective aspects; the lack of engagement with the definition of the phenomenon; and the neglect of cultural and historical difference. The article ends with recommendations for future collaborative research projects.
88 Single Trial of Biber Figure Learning Test Captures Subjective Cognitive Decline
- Michael Kann, Peter Zeiger, Silvia Chapman, Shaina Shagalow, Jillian Joyce, Leah Waltrip, Sandra Rizer, Martina Azar, Stephanie Cosentino
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 390-391
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Objective:
The Biber Figure Learning Test (BFLT) is a serial figure learning assessment previously been shown to be sensitive to various biomarkers of the aging brain. BFLT is an extensive assessment requiring about 30 minutes for administration. In this study, we investigated BFLT’s associations with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), an early marker for preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and examined whether alternative BFLT indices could be utilized to considerably shorten the length of assessment without decreasing its sensitivity to SCD.
Participants and Methods:Participants were 50 cognitively normal older adults (8% Hispanic, 92% Non-Hispanic; 78% White, 16% Black; 64% female; mean age =72.7 (SD =6.2); mean education =17.05 (SD =2.09)). SCD was measured using a 20-item age-anchored dichotomous questionnaire that assessed complaints of cognitive functioning, and the BFLT was administered in full. Pearson correlations were conducted between SCD and BFLT scores including: Trial 1 Learning (T1), Trials 1 to 2 Total Learning (T1T2), Trials 1 to 3 Total Learning (T1T3), Trials 1 to 5 Total Learning (Total Learning), Immediate Recall, Delayed Recall, Proactive Interference (Trial B – Trial 1), Retroactive Interference (Immediate Recall – Trial 5), and Total Discrimination (calculated as [Recognition Total Correct + 0.5]/16) − ([Total False Alarms + 0.5]/31]). A Fishers Exact Test was utilized to compare the correlational strength between SCD and each of the BFLT scores. Lastly, demographically adjusted (age, gender, and education) regression models were conducted to examine SCD as an individual predictor for the various BFLT scores.
Results:SCD was negatively associated with BFLT T1 (r =-0.406, p =0.003), T1T2 (r =-0.331, p =0.019), T1T3 (r =-0.323, p =0.022), Total Learning (r =-0.283, p =0.046), Immediate Recall (r =-0.322, p =0.023), Delayed Recall (r =-0.318, p =0.025), and Retroactive Interference (r =-0.388, p =0.005) and positively associated with Proactive Interference (r =0.308, p =0.029). There was no significant difference in correlational strength between any of these BFLT scores and SCD. Adjusting for demographics, SCD predicted Immediate Recall (B =-0.273, p =0.029), Total Learning (B =- 0.253, p =0.040), T1 (B =-0.412, p =0.002), T1T2 (B =-0.326, p =0.010), T1T3 (B =-0.299, p =0.017), Proactive Interference (B =0.292, p =0.050), and Retroactive Interference (B =- 0.330, p =0.025).
Conclusions:Eight of the nine assessed BFLT scores were strongly correlated with age-anchored SCD and age-anchored SCD predicted seven of the nine assessed BFLT indices when adjusted for demographics. Although additional work is needed, these findings suggest SCD’s sensitivity to changes in visuospatial learning and memory, supporting its use as an early marker for preclinical AD. Likewise, our results suggest that an abbreviated version of the BFLT could be utilized that shortens testing time and reduces participant fatigue without a decrease in clinical relevance. Through ongoing longitudinal work, we hope to further disentangle the relationship between SCD and visuospatial learning and memory as measured through the BFTL and to examine how associations between SCD and the BFLT assessment change over time.
18 Which cognitive complaints among older adults are more concerning than others? Analysis of items in a Subjective Cognitive Decline Questionnaire
- Michelle Hernandez, Jillian Joyce, Silvia Chapman, Martina Azar, Leah Waltrip, Peter Zeiger, Shaina Shagalow, Sandra Rizer, Michael Kann, Stella Garriga, Stephanie Cosentino
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 809-810
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Objective:
Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) is the self-reported experience of one’s own declining cognition prior to objective impairment on clinical neuropsychological testing. While SCD is a promising marker of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), information is needed to determine which cognitive complaints reflect typical aging versus prodromal degenerative disease. The objective of the current study was to examine the extent to which specific cognitive complaints were associated with two clinical outcomes including: 1) lower performance on cognitive tasks sensitive to preclinical AD; and 2) seeking help (i.e., medical attention) for cognitive difficulties.
Participants and Methods:The current sample consisted of 175 healthy older adults (56 Male, 119 Female), aged 51 to 90 (M=72.67, SD=7.12) with a mean education of 16 years (SD=2.3 years) who performed > -1.5 SD on clinical neuropsychological testing. 26.8% of the sample self-reported as race/ethnic minorities (e.g., Hispanic or Non-Hispanic, Black, Asian, Other.) Participants completed a 20-item SCD questionnaire assessing perceived cognitive difficulties in comparison to same aged peers, and tests shown to be sensitive to preclinical AD including the Face Name Associative Learning Test and the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning. Participants were coded as having sought help for SCD (39%) if they entered the current study from a clinical referral source, OR if they entered through a non-clinical referral stream but indicated that they had previously seen a doctor specifically for memory concerns or spoken to their doctor about memory concerns. Chi square tests were used to examine relationships between SCD item endorsement and help-seeking; ANOVAs were used to the extent to which item endorsement was associated with performance on cognitive tests. Results were considered significant at p < .05.
Results:Three SCD items were associated with both lower cognitive test scores and having sought help for SCD (p values ranged from < .001 to .02). Items included difficulty remembering the date or day of the week and remembering a few shopping items without a list. One non-memory item was also associated with both outcomes including difficulty thinking ahead. In contrast, six items were not related to either outcome of interest. Such items included difficulty remembering appointments, remembering where you put things like keys, following a map to a new location, doing two things at once, understanding what you read, or understanding what people say to you. The remaining eleven items explore the extent to which selective associations exist with either help-seeking or cognitive performance.
Conclusions:Patients and clinicians alike are often unsure about which cognitive difficulties are typical for aging and which may be the cause for further workup. Current results suggest that certain complaints among cognitively healthy older adults may be cause for more thorough evaluation or monitoring. These complaints include specific memory and nonmemory concerns. Future work is needed to determine if these complaints predict future cognitive decline or conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment.
92 Biber Figure Learning Test Outperforms Other Cognitive Measures in Predicting Subjective Cognitive Decline
- Shaina Shagalow, Silvia Chapman, Peter J Zeiger, Michael R Kann, Leah Waltrip, Jillian L Joyce, Sandra Rizer, Stephanie Cosentino
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 393-394
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Objective:
Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD), the perception of deteriorating cognition in the absence of apparent impairment on objective testing, has gained momentum in recent literature as a risk marker for AD. Traditional neuropsychological assessments, while typically inclusive of a word list learning task, often do not include a comparable figure learning task. Growing evidence suggests that nonverbal assessments may be particularly sensitive to the earliest cognitive changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The Biber Figure Learning Test (BFLT), a visuospatial analogue to verbal list learning tasks, has been shown to associate with brain-based biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD; hippocampal volume, amyloid load). This study investigates the utility of the BFLT in capturing SCD above and beyond other cognitive measures sensitive to AD progression.
Participants and Methods:50 community-dwelling, cognitively normal individuals (78% White, 16% Black, 6% Other; 92% Non-Hispanic; 64% Female; Education M=17.1, SD=2.1; Age M=72.7, SD=6.2) participated in a study of SCD. All participants performed >-1.5 SD on clinical neuropsychological testing including a word list learning task. SCD was assessed using a 20-item scale querying individuals’ perception of difficulty across a range of memory and non-memory abilities in relation to others of the same age. Participants completed the BFLT, Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales of Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L), Short-Term Memory Binding (STMB), and Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (FNAME), previously established as being sensitive to pre-clinical AD, were examined as predictors of SCD. A multiple regression adjusted for demographics (age, gender, education) was used to investigate the extent to which BFLT Trial 1 (T1) predicted SCD above and beyond these other cognitive measures sensitive to AD progression. Trial 1 of the BFLT was used based on a separate abstract examining which BFLT score was most highly associated with SCD (Kann et al., pending acceptance).
Results:Adjusting for demographics, the present model accounts for 42% of the variance in SCD, while Biber T1 alone accounts for 20% and is the only significant individual predictor of SCD (β=-0.55, p=0.004). In contrast, other variables in the model independently accounted for less than 1% to 4% each (age β=-0.23, p=0.15; gender β=-0.15, p=0.34; education β=0.06, p=0.66; LASSI-L β=-0.11, p=0.55; STMB β=-0.03, p=0.85; FNAME β=-0.10, p=0.64).
Conclusions:The present study demonstrates the usefulness of the first learning trial of the BFLT as an independent predictor of SCD above and beyond other verbal and nonverbal measures sensitive to AD pathology. It also highlights the value of including even one trial of figure learning (< 5 minutes) in both clinical and research assessments seeking to capture cognitive changes which may be the earliest indicators of a neurodegenerative process. Ongoing longitudinal research is examining the predictive utility of the BFLT for future cognitive decline and transition to Mild Cognitive Impairment. Further research should explore the association between Biber T1, specifically, and neuropathological biomarkers of AD to further establish its utility as a portent of AD.
93 Impact of Childhood Socioeconomic Status on Subjective Cognitive Decline
- Stella M Garriga, Jillian Joyce, Martina Azar, Leah Waltrip, Peter Zeiger, Shaina Shagalow, Sandra Rizer, Michael Kann, Michelle Hernandez, Stephanie Cosentino
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, p. 394
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Objective:
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is increasingly being considered one of the earliest clinical signs of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Certain characteristics of early life, such as childhood socioeconomic status (SES), have been associated with late life cognitive performance. Here we examine the extent to which childhood SES predicts SCD.
Participants and Methods:The current sample consisted of 55 healthy older adults (17 Male, 39 Female), aged 51 to 88 (M=73.14, SD=6.23) with a mean education of 16 years (SD=2.1 years). 21.5% of the sample self-reported as race/ethnic minorities (e.g., Hispanic or Non-Hispanic African American, Asian, Other.) Participants completed a 20-item SCD questionnaire assessing perceived cognitive difficulties in comparison to same aged peers, and objective cognitive testing. Childhood SES was assessed using two items. The first item asked the participant to utilize a modified MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status to identify where on the ladder they felt their family would have been placed during their childhood relative to others in the United States. This ladder has 10 rungs, with rung 1 associated with being the “worst off” and rung 10 associated with being the “best off”. The second item asked the participant to rate their family’s difficulty paying bills during their childhood. Linear regression models were used to examine the extent to which childhood SES predicted SCD. Models were adjusted for education, referral source (clinical versus non-clinical), and objective cognitive testing. Age and gender were not associated with childhood SES or SCD, and as a result were not adjusted for in these models.
Results:On the MacArthur Scale, 20% of participants placed their family at rung 5, 38.2% placed their families at a rung lower than 5, and 41.8% placed their family at a rung higher than 5. When rating the difficulty their family faced paying bills, 3.6% of participants responded “extremely difficult”, 16.4% responded “very difficult”, 20% responded “somewhat difficult”, 23.6% responded “slightly difficult”, and 36.4% responded “not difficult”. Linear regression models revealed a significant effect of childhood SES on SCD (β=-.29, p=.045, SE=.90; β=-.35, p=.015, SE=1.68).
Conclusions:Childhood SES, measured by subjective social status and family’s difficulty paying the bills in childhood, was predictive of SCD in this study of cognitively healthy adults. This result highlights another characteristic of early life that may shape the path of cognitive aging. The predictive utility of childhood SES for SCD may also provide clinicians and researchers with further insight into the populations that may be more susceptible to experiencing SCD in later life. Future studies should utilize a larger sample size among a population with a greater range of childhood SES, to most accurately capture the effectiveness of childhood SES to predict SCD.
39 The role of Subjective Cognitive Decline and Aging Perceptions in Help Seeking across White and Non-White older adults
- Martina Azar, Jillian L Joyce, Silvia Chapman, Sandra Rizer, Leah Waltrip, Michael R Kann, Peter Zeiger, Shaina Shagalow, Stephanie Cosentino
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 247-248
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Objective:
Research has indicated that racial and ethnic minoritized groups in the United States are disproportionately affected by dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease), and seek help (HS) later in the disease course, if at all. It has also been posited that individuals from different ethno-racial groups have divergent perceptions of the aging process, which may influence HS. These disparities warrant tailored preventive efforts to encourage identification of factors which contribute to HS to enable earlier psychoeducation and enhanced access to resources. The factors which influence HS may differ across ethnoracial groups. Here we examine the relative influence of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), a risk factor for AD, and aging perceptions to HS in these groups.
Participants and Methods:The current sample consisted of 161 healthy older adults (51 Male, 110 Female), aged 51 to 92 (M=73.43, SD=6.85) with a mean education of 16 years (SD=2.3 years) who performed > -1.5 SD on clinical neuropsychological testing. 26.7% of the sample self-reported as race/ethnic minorities (e.g., Hispanic or Non-Hispanic African American, Asian, Other.) Participants completed a 20-item SCD questionnaire assessing perceived cognitive difficulties in comparison to same aged peers, in addition to measures assessing HS behavior, (e.g., Have you gone to the doctor specifically for memory concerns?), and aging perceptions (e.g., older adulthood group identification, explicit stereotypes, essentialism). Point biserial correlations examined relationships between SCD, HS and aging perceptions, and multinomial logistic regressions examined the contribution of SCD and aging perceptions to HS across majority (White) and minoritized groups (Non-White participants).
Results:In bivariate analyses of the White participant group, HS was associated with SCD (r=0.43, p<0.001) and age group identification (r=0.27, p<0.01), and the latter were also associated (r=-0.19, p<0.05). The logistic regression model correctly classified 86% of participants (same as null), explaining a relatively small proportion of variance in HS, Snell R2 = 0.09, Nagelkerke’s R2 = 0.16. Age group identification was not associated with HS (b=-0.02, SE=0.26, p=0.94, 95% CI [0.59, 1.63] but SCD was (p=0.04). In the non-White group (n=42), bivariate analyses showed that HS was associated with essentialism (r=-0.41, p<0.01; belief aging as a fixed and inevitable process)) and explicit stereotypes (r=-0.42, p<0.01) but not with SCD (r=0.21, p=0.19). SCD was also associated with essentialism (p=-0.32, p<0.05), stereotypes (p=0.32, p<0.05), and age group identification (r=0.38, p<0.01). The regression model correctly classified 88.9% of participants (same as null); neither SCD (p=0.39), explicit stereotypes (p=0.43), essentialism (p=0.72), nor age group identification (p=0.62) contributed to HS when all were considered.
Conclusions:When both SCD and age perceptions are examined together as predictors of HS, SCD alone predicts HS in the majority group. Neither construct predicts HS in the minoritized group—despite significant bivariate associations between HS, aging perceptions and SCD that varied across ethno-racial groups. Findings illustrate that SCD and aging perceptions may contribute differently to HS across ethno-racial groups in the US, and as such may indicate different priorities when implementing HS tools (e.g., screeners for detection of cognitive impairment). Ongoing work is addressing illness perceptions, another key barrier in HS in these groups to further inform on tailoring of services.
98 Cognitive Outcomes Following Bilateral Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Tremor
- Jennifer Rabin, Georgia Gopinath, Melissa McSweeney, Camryn Rohringer, Nadia Scantlebury, Clement Hamani, Peter Giacobbe, Sean Nestor, Yana Yunusova, Richard Swartz, Michael Schwartz, Nir Lipsman, Agessandro Abrahao
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 197-198
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Objective:
Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder, characterized by bilateral action tremors of the upper extremities. Surgical interventions can be considered for severe cases that are refractory to medication. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim) is a recently approved, minimally invasive treatment for unilateral tremor. While patients are generally pleased with unilateral treatment, many patients are bothered by tremor on the untreated side. Historically, bilateral thalamotomy has been associated with a higher rate of adverse events, including cognitive impairment. MRgFUS Vim thalamotomy for bilateral tremor is currently being investigated. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bilateral MRgFUS Vim thalamotomy on cognition.
Participants and Methods:Twelve patients with medication-refractory essential tremor (mean age = 68.77 +/- 11.78 years, mean education = 14.34 +/- 2.71 years, 8 male) were included in the present study. Three of the 12 patients met criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). All patients successfully underwent unilateral MRgFUS thalamotomy at least 48 weeks before the second thalamotomy. A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to patients before (considered baseline in the present study) and three months following the second thalamotomy. Baseline evaluations occurred on average 144.64 +/- 91.53 weeks (range: 55.00 - 346.58) after the first thalamotomy. The neuropsychological battery assessed domains of processing speed (Oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test, D-KEFS Color-Word Naming and Reading), attention (WAIS-IV Digit Span Forward), executive function (D-KEFS Color-Word Inhibition and Inhibition/Switching), working memory (WAIS-IV Digit Span Backward and Sequencing), verbal fluency (D-KEFS Letter Fluency and Animal Fluency), confrontation naming (Boston Naming Test), verbal memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised), and visuospatial perception (Judgment of Line Orientation). Alternate versions of tests were used when possible. Cognitive changes were analyzed at the group and individual level. Group level changes were assessed with paired sample t-tests (corrected for multiple comparisons). At the individual level, postoperative declines > 1.5 SD from baseline were considered clinically significant.
Results:Participants’ baseline intellectual functioning ranged from low average to superior (as measured by the WTAR). The mean baseline score on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment was 24.58 (range: 17 - 30). At the group level, there were no significant changes in cognitive scores from baseline to follow-up (all p values > 0.635). At the individual level, one patient with MCI declined > 1.5 SD on the verbal memory composite. No other patients showed declines > 1.5 SD.
Conclusions:Our preliminary findings suggest that bilateral MRgFUS Vim thalamotomy is relatively safe from a cognitive perspective. However, a single patient with MCI exhibited clinically significant postoperative decline in verbal memory. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to investigate the factors that increase the risk of postoperative cognitive decline, including pre-existing cognitive impairment, older age, and lesion size.
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