Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Science of the Mind by Jose Luis Bermudez

• What is behaviorism? (entry from About.com)
• Behaviorism (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by George Graham)
• Classical conditioning (entry from Wikipedia)
• Operant conditioning (entry from Wikipedia)
• Conditioning (chapter from Russell Dewey’s online Psychology: An Introduction)
• Operant conditioning (video from YouTube)

• Psychology as the behaviorist views it (by John B. Watson, 1913; from Classics in the History of Psychology)
• Commentary on "Psychology as the behaviorist views it" (by Robert Wozniak, 1997; from Classics in the History of Psychology)
• Cognitive maps in rats and men (by Edward Tolman, 1948; from Classics in the History of Psychology)

• The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (book by John O’Keefe and Lynn Nadel, 1978)
• Do animals have cognitive maps? (paper by Andrew Bennett, 1996; from The Journal of Experimental Biology, 199)

• Karl Spencer Lashley (entry from the History of Psychology Web Site)
• Spoonerisms: The structure of errors in the serial order of speech (paper by Donald MacKay, 1970; from Neuropsychologia, 8)
• Representation of serial order in humans: A comparison to the findings with monkeys (Cebus apella) (paper by Michael Colombo and Nicole Frost, 2001; from Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8)

• Alan Mathison Turing (biographical entry from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive)
• Alan Turing (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Andrew Hodges)
• The Alan Turing home page (maintained by biographer Andrew Hodges)

• Turing machines (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by David Barker-Plummer)
• Turing machines I (handout by Peter Suber)
• Turing machine (entry from Wikipedia)
• Universal Turing machine (entry from Wikipedia)
• Entscheidungsproblem (or, decision problem; entry from Wikipedia)
• Halting problem (entry from Wikipedia)

• xTuringMachine lab: Introduction to Turing machines (lab, including an applet, by David Eck)
• The LEGO Turing machine (video from YouTube)

• On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem (1936; from Proceedings of the London Mathematic Society, Series 2, 42)
• Computing machinery and intelligence (1950; from Mind, LIX)

• Chomsky's revolution in linguistics (article by John Searle, 1972; from the New York Review of Books)
• Noam Chomsky (entry by Norbert Hornstein; from the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

• A review of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior (paper by Noam Chomsky, 1967; from chomsky.info; originally from Readings in the Psychology of Language)
• On Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior (paper by Kenneth MacCorquodale, 1970; from the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13)
• On Chomsky’s appraisal of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior: A half century of misunderstanding (paper by David Palmer, 2006; from The Behavior Analyst, 29)
• The case against B. F. Skinner (paper by Noam Chomsky, 1971; from chomsky.info; originally from the New York Review of Books)

• Syntax (entry from Wikipedia)
• Phrase structure rules (entry from Wikipedia)
• Transformational grammar (entry from Wikipedia)

• A mathematical theory of communication (paper by Claude Shannon, 1948; from the Bell System Technical Journal)
• Information theory (entry from Wikipedia)
• Chunking (entry from Wikipedia)
• The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information (paper by George Miller, 1956; from The Psychological Review, 63)
• The information processing approach to cognition(entry by W. Huitt, 2003; from Educational Psychology Interactive)

• History of research on attention (entry from Wikibooks)
• Attention (entry from Wikipedia)
• Cocktail party effect (entry from Wikipedia)
• Selective attention (section from Russell Dewey’s online Psychology: An Introduction)
• Donald Broadbent(article by Dianne Berry, 2002; from The Psychologist, 15)

• Eliza test (applet allowing you to talk with ELIZA)
• ELIZA—A computer program for the study of natual language communication between man and machine (paper by Joseph Weizenbaum, 1966)
• Kenneth Colby (entry from Wikipedia on the creator of PARRY, first chatterbot to pass the Turing test)
• The Turing test (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Graham Oppy and David Dowe)



For information on Turing, see the online resources for section 1.2.

• SHRDLU resurrection (website with downloadable versions of SHRDLU for Windows)
• SHRDLU (website by creator Terry Winograd; includes link to his dissertation)

• Mental imagery (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Nigel Thomas)
• An introduction to the science and philosophy of mental imagery (article by Nigel Thomas, but shorter than above)
• Imagery and imagination (entry from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Amy Kind)

• Mental rotation experiment (entry from PsychExperiments)
• Mental rotation (experiment from Cognition Laboratory Experiments, John Krantz)
• What shape are a German Shepherd’s ears? (interview with Stephen Kosslyn, from Edge)
• Motor processes in mental rotation (article by Mark Wexler, Stephen Kosslyn, and Alain Berthoz, 1998; from Cogprints; originally from Cognition, 68)

• Dr. Zenon Pylyshyn (personal website, with links to short biography and articles)

• David Marr (short biography by Shimon Edelman; from the International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences)
• David Marr: A pioneer in computational neuroscience (link to paper by Terrence Sejnowski, 1991)

• Marr’s approach to vision (paper by T. Poggio)
• Marr’s vision: 25 years on (paper by Andrew Glennester)
• Marr’s three levels: A re-evaluation (paper by Ron McClamrock, 1991; from Minds and Machines, 1)
• Levels of description and explanation in cognitive science Levels of description and explanation in cognitive science (paper by Bill Bechtel, 1994; from Minds and Machines, 4)

• Neuroanatomy tutorial (from the University of Utah medical school)
• Structure-function (map of the brain from the University of Idaho)
• Human brain (entry from Wikipedia)
• Brodmann areas (entry from Wikipedia)
• Cerebral cortex (entry from Wikipedia)

• Visual pathways (slideshow from Sumanas, Inc.)
• Visual cortex (entry from Wikipedia)
• The primary visual cortex (article by Matthew Schmolesky)

• One brain—two visual systems (article by Mel Goodale and David Milner, 2006; from The Psychologist, 19)
• Two visual systems re-viewed (article by Mel Goodale and David Milner, 2008; from Neuropsychologia, 46)

• AI’s next brain wave (article by Aaron Ricadela; from InformationWeek)
• Topic: Connectionism (radio interview with Jay McClelland; from PhilosophyTalk)
• What is a neural network? (entry and video presentation from NeuroSolutions)
• Neural networks (website by Christos Stergiou and Dimitrios Siganos)
• Connectionism (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by James Garson)

For more links see the online resources for chapters 8 and 9.

• The PET scan: A new window into the brain (article by Renato Sabbatini)
• Functional neuroimaging (entry from Wikipedia)
• Positron emission tomography (entry from Wikipedia)
• Functional neuroimaging with PET (PowerPoint by Terry Oakes at the University of Wisconsin)

See also section 11.2.

• Language processing in the brain (video from YouTube featuring Marcus Raichle)
• The anatomy of language: Contributions from functional neuroimaging (by Cathy Price, 2000; from Journal of Anatomy, 197)
• Neuroimaging studies of word reading (review article by Julie Fiez and Steven Petersen, 1998; from Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 95)

• What is cognitive science? Class notes (paper by Zenon Pylyshyn, 1998)
• Cognitive science (entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Paul Thagard)
• Cognitive science (entry in the Encyclopedia of Computer Science, by William Rappaport)
• The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective(paper by George Miller, 2003; from Trends in Cognitive Science, 7)
• What is cognitive science? (paper by Lynn Nadel and Massimo Piatelli-Palmarini, 2002; from the Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science)

• Psychology (entry from Wikipedia)
• Neuroscience (entry from Wikipedia)
• Levels and loops: The future of artificial intelligence and neuroscience (paper by Anthony Bell, 1999; from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 354)
• Integrating neuroscience, psychology, and evolutionary biology through a teleological conception of function (paper by Jennifer Mundale and Bill Bechtel)
• Converging levels of analysis in the cognitive neuroscience of attention (paper by John Duncan, 1998; from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 353)

• The Wason selection task (interactive version; from Philosophy Experiments)
• The Wason selection task (different versions; from Cosmides and Tooby’s Center for Evolutionary Psychology)
• Motivated reasoning and performance on the Wason selection task (paper by Erica Dawson, Thomas Gilovich, and Dennis Regan, 2002; from Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28)
• Cognitive ability and variation in selection task performance (paper by Keith Stanovich and Richard West, 1998; from Thinking and Reasoning, 4)

• Interview (with Leda Cosmides)
• Evolutionary psychology: A primer (paper by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby; from the Center for Evolutionary Psychology)
• Cognitive adaptations for social exchange (paper by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, 1992; from The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture)
• A cheater detection module: Dubious interpretations of the Wason selection task and logic (paper by Scott Atran, 2001; from Evolution and Cognition, 7)
• Evolutionary psychology (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Stephen Downes

• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (entry from Wikipedia)
• Introduction to fMRI (from the University of Oxford’s FMRIB Centre)
• Neuroimaging: Advances and potential (video from YouTube featuring Gil Rabinovici, MD)

See also section 11.2.

• Interpreting the BOLD signal (paper by Nikos Logothetis and Brian Wandell, 2004; from the Annual Review of Physiology, 66)
• The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals (paper by David Attwell and Constantino Iadecola, 2002; from Trends in Neuroscience, 25)
• How well do we understand the neural origins of the fMRI BOLD signal? (paper by Owen Arthurs and Simon Boniface, 2002; from Trends in Neuroscience, 25)

• Concepts of intertheoretic reduction in contemporary philosophy of mind (paper by John Bickle, from the online A Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind)
• The unity of science (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Jordi Cat)
• Intertheory relations in physics (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Robert Batterman)

• Intertheoretic reduction: A neuroscientist’s field guide (paper by Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland, 1991)
• Reduction: Models of cross-scientific relation and their implications for the psychology-neuroscience interface (paper by Robert McCauley, 2007; from the Handbook to the Philosophy of Science)
• How does it work?” vs. “What are the laws?” Two conceptions of psychological explanation (paper by Robert Cummins, 2000)
• Beyond reduction: Mechanisms, multifield integration and the unity of science (paper by Carl Craver, 2005; from Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 36)

• Long-term memory (entry from Wikipedia)
• Short-term memory (entry from Wikipedia)
• Baddeley’s model of working memory (entry from Wikipedia)
• The fractionation of working memory (paper by Alan Baddeley, 1996; from Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 93)

• Frame problem (entry from Wikipedia)
• The frame problem (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Murray Shanahan)
• Frame problem (entry from the MIT Encylopedia of Cognitive Science, by Eric Lormand)



For Marr see the online resources for section 2.3.

For modularity see the online resources for section 10.2.

• Cognitive architecture (entry from Wikipedia)
• Soar (cognitive architecture) (entry from Wikipedia)
• ACT-R (entry from Wikipedia)
• An example cognitive architecture: EPIC (PowerPoint slides by David Kieras)
• ACT-R (official website from Carnegie Mellon University)
• Soar (official website from the University of Michigan)

  For hybrid architectures see the online resources for section 10.4.

• Allen Newell (entry by Gualtiero Piccinini, from the New Dictionary of Scientific Biography)
• Allen Newell (entry from Wikipedia)
• Herbert Simon (entry from Wikipedia)
• Herbert Simon’s autobiography (from nobelprize.org)
• A life of the mind: Remembering Herb Simon (memorial from the American Psychological Society)

• Physical symbol system (entry from Wikipedia)
• Travelling salesman problem (entry from Wikipedia)
• Missionaries and cannibals problem (entry from Wikipedia)
• The computational theory of mind (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Steven Horst)
• Computer science as empirical inquiry: Symbols and search (paper by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, 1976; from Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 19)
• Physical symbol systems (paper by Allen Newell, 1990; from Cognitive Science, 4)
• The physical symbol system: Status and prospects (paper by Nils Nilsson, 2007; from 50 Years of AI)

• Problem of mental causation (entry from Wikipedia)
• Language of thought (entry from Wikipedia)
• Mental causation(entry from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Julie Yoo)
• Steven Pinker on language and thought (video from TED)
• Topic: Language and thought (radio interview with Lera Boroditsky, from PhilosophyTalk at Stanford)

• The Turing test (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
• Computing machinery and intelligence (paper by Alan Turing, 1950; from Mind, 59)
• The Turing test page
• Turing test: 50 years later (paper by Ayse Saygin, Ilyas Cicekli, and Varol Akman, 2001; from Minds and Machines, 10)

• Expert system (entry from Wikipedia)
• Expert systems: Where are we? And where do we go from here? (paper by Randall Davis, 1982; from AI Magazine, 3)
• Expert systems: How far can they go? Part one (paper by Randall Davis, 1989; from AI Magazine, 10)
• Expert systems: How far can they go? Part two (paper by Randall Davis, 1989; from AI Magazine, 10)
• It's alive! (article by Jennifer Kahn, 2002; from Wired)
• Expert systems and artificial intelligence (report by Robert Engelmore and Edward Feigenbaum, 1993)

• Machine learning (entry from Wikipedia)
• Machine learning—finding patterns in the world (video lecture by Mark Dredze, from videolectures.net)
• Does machine learning really work? (paper by Tom Mitchell, 1997; from AI Magazine, 18)

• ID3 algorithm (entry from Wikipedia)
• Rule induction: Ross Quinlan’s ID3 algorithm (paper by Peter Ross)
• Implementation of ID3—decision tree algorithm (paper by Sharad Verma and Nikita Jain)

• Experiential reasoning (paper by Brian Funt, 1992; from AAAI Technical Report SS-92-02)
• Diagram processing: Computing with diagrams (paper by Michael Andersen and Robert McCartney, 2003; from Artificial Intelligence, 145)
• Diagrams in the mind (paper by Aaron Sloman, 1998)

• Shakey the robot (video from Vimeo)
• Shakey the robot (official website including all technical reports from SRI; see particularly Technical note 323 by Nils Nilsson)
• STRIPS (entry from Wikipedia)
• Logic programming (entry from Wikipedia)
• Meet some robots (links from AITopics)

• Artificial neural networks (article by Alexx Kay, 2001; from Computerworld)
• What are artificial neural networks? (paper by Anders Krogh, 2008; from Nature Biotechnology, 26)
• Artificial neural networks: A tutorial (paper by Anil Jain and Jianchang Mao, 1996; from Computer, 29)
• Connectionism, history of (entry by Ken Aizawa; from the Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind)
• Connectionism: An introduction (unit by Robert Stufflebeam; from The MindProject)
  
  For more links see the online resources for section 3.3.

• How Boolean logic works (article by Marshal Brain; from howstuffworks.com)
• List of Boolean algebra topics (from Wikipedia)

• McCulloch-Pitts neuron (applet)
• McCulloch-Pitts Neurons (unit by Michael Marsalli; from The Mindproject)

• Neural Networks: A Systematic Introduction (book by Raul Rojas, 1996)

• Neural Networks: A Systematic Introduction (book by Raul Rojas, 1996)
• Backpropagation (entry from Wikipedia)
• Backpropagation neural network (tutorial from NeuroAI)

• Some myths of connectionism (paper by Istvan Berkeley, 1997)
• Connectionism, confusion, and cognitive science (paper by Michael Dawson and Kevin Shamanski, 1994; originally from The Journal of Intelligent Systems, 4)

• Distributed representation (entry by Chris Eliasmith; from the Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind)
• Connectionism (entry by Jonathan Waskan; from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
• Philosophy of connectionism (bibliography from MindPapers)

• Natural language understanding (entry from Wikipedia)
• Language acquisition (paper by Steven Pinker)
• The acquisition of language by children (paper by Jenny Saffran, Ann Senghas, and John Trueswell, 2001; from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98)

• The language of thought hypothesis (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Murat Aydede; see particularly section 6)

• Children’s overregularization and its implications for cognition (paper by Gary Marcus, 2000)
• Why do children say “breaked”? (paper by Gary Marcus, 1996; from Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5)
• CHILDES (or Child Language Data Exchange System; downloadable transcripts of children’s language-use)

• Words and rules (paper by Steven Pinker)
• Rules of language (paper by Steven Pinker, 1991; from Science, 253)
• Rules of language (entry from Wikipedia)

• Neural net language models (entry from Scholarpedia)
• Speech recognition using neural networks (from the Center for Spoken Language Understanding)
• A unified architecture for natural language processing: Deep neural networks with multitask learning (video from videolectures)
• Connectionist psycholinguistics: Capturing the empirical data (paper by Morten Christiansen and Nick Chater; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
• Rules or connections in past-tense inflections: What does the evidence rule out? (paper by James McClelland and Karalyn Patterson; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5)
• On learning the past tenses of English verbs (chapter by David Rumelhart and James McClelland; from Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Vol. 2)
• Learning the past tense of English verbs: The symbolic pattern associator vs. connectionist models (paper by Charles Ling, 1994; from the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 1)
• Learning the past tense of English verbs: Connectionism fights back (paper by John Bullinaria, 1994)

• Preferential looking (entry from Wikipedia)
• BBC baby synapse connection (video from YouTube illustrating the dishabituation or preferential looking paradigm)

• How infants learn: Dr. Renee Baillargeon (video from YouTube)
• Infants’ reasoning about hidden objects: Evidence for event-general and event-specific expectations (paper by Renee Baillargeon, 2004; from Developmental Science, 7)
• Object permanence in five-month-old infants (paper by Renee Baillargeon, Elizabeth Spelke, and Stanley Wasserman, 1985; from Cognition, 20)
• Perception of partly occluded objects in infancy (paper by Philip Kellman and Elizabeth Spelke, 1983; from Cognitive Psychology, 15)
• Piaget—stage 1—sensorimotor, object permanence (video from YouTube)

• Infant perseveration and implications for object permanence theories: A PDP model of the A-not-B task (paper by Yuko Munakata, 1998; from Developmental Science, 1)
• Dynamical approaches to cognitive science (paper by Randall Beer, 2000; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4)
• The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching (paper by Esther Thelen, Gregor Schoner, Christian Scheier, and Linda Smith, 2001; from Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24)
• Development as a dynamic system (paper by Linda Smith and Esther Thelen, 2003; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7)

• The APOC framework for the comparison of agent architectures (paper by Matthias Scheutz and Virgil Andronache, 2004)
• Agent architecture (entry from Wikipedia)
• Cognitive architecture (entry from Wikipedia)
• A survey of cognitive and agent architectures (website from the University of Michigan, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science)
• Intelligent agents (chapter from Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig’s Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach)
• Cognitive architectures: Research issues and challenges (paper by Pat Langley, John Laird, and Seth Rogers)

• Jerry Fodor (entry from Wikipedia)
• Modularity of the mind (entry from Wikipedia)
• Jerry Fodor on mental architecture (entry from Wikipedia)
• Modularity in cognition: Framing the debate (paper by H. Clark Barrett and Robert Kurzban, 2006; from Psychological Review, 113)
• Precis of The Modularity of Mind (paper by Jerry Fodor, 1985)
• Modularity of mind (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Philip Robbins)
• Fodor, Jerry (entry from the Encyclopedia of Philosophy; from Bookrags)

• Moderately massive modularity (paper by Peter Carruthers)
• The case for massively modular models of mind (paper by Peter Carruthers)
• Evolutionary psychology and the massive modularity hypothesis (paper by Richard Samuels, 1998; from the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 49)
• In defense of massive modularity (paper by Dan Sperber)
• Evolutionary psychology (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Stephen Downes)
• Modularity of mind (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Philip Robins)
• Unraveling the enigma of human intelligence: Evolutionary psychology and the multimodular mind (paper by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby)
• Evolutionary psychology and the brain (paper by Bradley Duchaine, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, 2001; from Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11)

• Cognitive architecture (entry from Wikipedia)
• OpenCog NS: A deeply-interactive hybrid neural-symbolic cognitive architecture designed for global/local memory synergy (paper by Ben Goertzel and Deborah Duong, 2009; from Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectues II: Papers from the AAAI Fall Symposium FS-09-01)
• Cognitive architectures: Where do we go from here? (paper by Wlodzislaw Duch, Richard Oentaryo, and Michel Pasquier)
• SAL: An explicitly pluralistic cognitive architecture (paper by David Jilk, Chrisian Lebiere, Randal O’Reilly, and John Anderson)
• The SAL integrated cognitive architecture (paper by Christian Lebiere, Randy O’Reilly, David Jilk, Niels Taatgen, and John Anderson)
• The DUAL cognitive architecture: A hybrid multi-agent approach (paper by Boicho Kokinov; from the 11th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence)

• Enhancing ACT-R’s perceptual-motor abilities (short paper by Michael Byrne and John Anderson)
• The ACT-R/PM project (paper by Michael Byrne, 2000; from AAAI Technical Report FS-00-03)
• ACT-R (official website from Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Psychology)
• ACT-R (entry from Wikipedia)

• Mapping anatomical connectivity patterns of human cerebral cortex using in vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractography (paper by Gaolang Gong et al., 2008; from Cerebral Cortex, 19)
• Global relationship between anatomical connectivity and activity propagation in the cerebral cortex (paper by Rolf Kotter and Friedrich Sommer, 2000; from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 355)
• An investigation of functional and anatomical connectivity using magnetic resonance imaging (paper by Martin Koch, David Norris, and Margret Hund-Georgiadis, 2002; from NeuroImage, 16)
• Brain connectivity (entry from Scholarpedia)
• The elusive concept of brain connectivity (paper by Barry Horwitz, 2003; from NeuroImage, 19)
• Explore the brain like never before (website from BrainMaps)
• Brain mapping (entry from Wikipedia)
  
  See also sections 3.1 and 3.2.

• Electroencephalography (entry from Wikipedia)
• Magnetoencephalography (entry from Wikipedia)
• Electroencephalogram (entry from Scholarpedia)
• Magnetoencephalogram (entry from Scholarpedia)

• Introduction to FMRI (from the University of Oxford’s FMRIB Centre)
• Brain imaging technologies (information from the University of Utah)
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (entry from Scholarpedia)
• Positron emission tomography (entry from Wikipedia)
• How nuclear medicine works (entry from HowStuffWorks)
• How fMRI works (entry from HowStuffWorks)
• A history of positron imaging (article by Gordon Brownell, 1999)

• Neuroimaging (entry from Wikipedia)
• Functional neuroimaging (entry from Wikipedia)
• The whole brain atlas (website by Keith Johnson and J. Alex Becker, Harvard Medical School)
• Comparing neuroimaging techniques (video from YouTube)
• Advances in brain imaging (supplementary video to HBO’s The Alzheimer’s Project)
• Scanning the brain (website from PBS’s series The Secret Life of the Brain, with links to information about EEG, CAT, PET, MRI and fMRI, and MEG)
• Functional imaging (entry from Scholarpedia)
• EEG-fMRI (entry from Wikipedia)
• History of neuroimaging (entry from Wikipedia)

• Attention (entry from Wikipedia)
• Cocktail party effect (entry from Wikipedia)
• Attention (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Christopher Mole)(entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Christopher Mole)

• Attention (website by Stephen Schmidt)
• Donald Broadbent (entry from Wikipedia)
  For more on attention, see section 1.4.

• Visual attention: Insights from brain imaging (paper by Nancy Kanwisher and Ewa Wojciulik, 2000; from Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1)
• On the locus of visual selection: Evidence from focused attention tasks (paper by Steven Yantis and James Johnston, 1990; from the Journal of Experimental Psychology, 16)
• Combined spatial and temporal imaging of brain activity during visual selective attention in humans (paper by H. J. Heinze et al., 1994; from Nature, 372)

• Event-related potential (entry from Wikipedia)
• Evoked potential (entry from Wikipedia)
• Event-related potentials, cognition, and behavior: A biological approach (paper by Boris Kotchoubey, 2006; from Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30)
• Neuroimaging studies of attention: From modulation of sensory processing to top-down control (paper by Luiz Pessoa, Sabine Kastner, and Leslie Ungerleider, 2003; from The Journal of Neuroscience, 23)
• Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention (paper by Steven Hillyard and Lourdes Anllo-Vento, 1998; from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95)

• Covert attention experiment (experiment by Ric Toploski, Augusta State University)
• A PET study of visuospatial attention (paper by Maurizio Corbetta, Francis Miezin, Gordon Shulman, and Steven Petersen, 1993; from The Journal of Neuroscience, 13)
• The attention system of the human brain (paper by Michael Posner and Steven Petersen, 1990; from Annual Reviews of Neuroscience, 13)
• Functional localization of the system for visuospatial attention using positron emission tomography (paper by A. C. Nobre et al., 1997; from Brain, 120)
• The influence of stimulus location on the brain activation pattern in detection and orientation discrimination: A PET study of visual attention (paper by R. Vandenberghe et al., 1996; from Brain, 119)

• Neuroanatomic overlap of working memory and spatial attention networks: A functional MRI comparison within subjects (paper by Kevin LaBar, Darren Gitelman, Todd Parrish, and M.-Marsel Mesulam, 1999; from NeuroImage, 10)
• A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements (paper by Maurizio Corbetta et al., 1998; from Neuron, 21)
• Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: Identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems? (paper by Maurizio Corbetta, 1998; from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95)
• Control of eye movements and spatial attention (paper by Tirin Moore and Mazyar Fallah, 2001; from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98)
  For more on attention in general, see section 1.4.

• Ambiguous results in functional neuroimaging data analysis due to covariate correlation (paper by Alexandre Andrade, Anne-Lise Paradis, Stephanie Rouquette, and Jean-Baptiste Poline, 1999; from NeuroImage, 10)
• More accurate interpretation of brain imaging data (article from ScienceDaily)
• Over-interpreting functional neuroimages (paper by Marc Burock, 2009)
• Recommended reading—FMRI methods (website from fmrimethods.org)
• Interpreting oxygenation-based neuroimaging signals: The importance and the challenge of understanding brain oxygen metabolism (paper by Richard Buxton, 2010; from Frontiers in Neuroenergetics, 2)
• Statistical limitations in functional neuroimaging I: Non-inferential methods and statistical models (paper by Karl Petersson, Thomas Nichols, Jean-Baptiste Poline, and Andrew Holmes, 1999; from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 354)
• Statistical limitations in functional neuroimaging II: Signal detection and statistical inference (paper by Karl Petersson, Thomas Nichols, Jean-Baptiste Poline, and Andrew Holmes, 1999; from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 354)
• What can functional neuroimaging tell the experimental psychologist? (paper by Richard Henson, 2005; from The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58A)
• Terra cognita: From functional neuroimaging to the map of the mind (paper by Dan Lloyd, 1999)
• Functional MRI at the crossroads (paper by John Van Horn and Russell Poldrack, 2009; from the International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73)
• Issues in fMRI (entry from Wikipedia)
• Decomposing the mind-brain: A long-term pursuit (paper by William Bechtel, 2002; from Brain and Mind, 3)
• PET: Exploring the myth and the method (paper by Robert Stufflebeam and William Bechtel, 1997; from Philosophy of Science, 64, Supplement)
• The fMRI smackdown cometh (article from MindHacks)
• Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal (paper by Nikos Logothetis, Jon Pauls, Mark Augath, Torsten Trinath, and Axel Oeltermann, 2001; from Nature, 412)
• What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI (paper by Nikos Logothetis, 2008; from Nature, 453)
• Growing pains for fMRI (article by Greg Miller, 2008; from Science, 320)

• The nature of children’s play (article by David Fernie)
• The organization of pretend play (paper by Catherine Garvey and Rita Berndt, 1975)
• The role of pretend play in children’s cognitive development (paper by Doris Bergen, 2002; from Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4)
• Pretend play: Is it metarepresentational? (paper by Chris Jarrold, Peter Carruthers, Peter K. Smith, and Jill Boucher)
• Pretend play glossary (by Jennie Ito)
• Pretend play as Twin Earth: A social-cognitive analysis (paper by Angeline Lillard, 2001; from Developmental Review, 21)
• Pretend play and cognitive development (chapter from the Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development, by Angeline Lillard)
• Pretend play and young children’s development (article by Doris Bergen, 2001)
• Play science: The patterns of play (website from the National Institute for Play)

• Cognitive Development Laboratory Rutgers University (website from Alan Leslie’s lab, including links to publications)
• Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind" (paper by Alan Leslie, 1987; from Psychological Review, 94)
• How to acquire a ‘representational theory of mind’ (paper by Alan Leslie)

• Metarepresentation in philosophy and psychology (paper by Sam Scott)
• Making Tools for Thinking (chapter in Metarepresentations: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, by Daniel Dennett)
• Precis of Oratio Obliqua, Oration Recta: An Essay on Metarepresentation (paper by Francois Recanati)
• Consider the source: The evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation (paper by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, 2000)
• Introduction: Representation and metarepresentation (paper by Maria Frapolli and Robyn Carston)
• Metarepresentation (entry by Rosalind Ridley and Christopher Frith; from the Dictionary of Biological Psychology; from Bookrags)
• Metarepresentations in an evolutionary perspective (papber by Dan Sperber)

• Theory of mind (entry from Wikipedia)
• Theory of mind (entry by Jaqueline Nadel and Anne-Marie Melot; from the Dictionary of Cognitive Science: Neuroscience, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, and Philosophy)
• Theory of mind: A model of mental-state attribution (entry from CogWeb at UCLA)
• Theories of theory of mind (entry by Gloria Origgi; from the online A Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind)
• Theory of mind (video featuring Robert Seyfarth, from the Richard Dawkins Foundation)

• Autism (website from Google Health)
• Autism Research Centre (website from Simon Baron-Cohen’s research group)

• Sally-Anne test (entry from Wikipedia)
• Theory of mind (entry from Wikipedia; see especially section 4)

• Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? (paper by Simon Baron-Cohen, Alan Leslie, and Uta Frith, 1985; from Cognition, 21; other link here)
• Think Different? (interview by Oliver Morton with Simon Baron-Cohen, from Wired)
• Theory of mind in normal development and autism (paper by Simon Baron-Cohen, 2001; from Prisme, 34)
• Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation (paper by Tony Charman et al., 1997; from Developmental Psychology, 33)
• Autism and the brain’s theory of mind (video from YouTube featuring Uta Frith)
• How cognitive theories can help us explain autism (video from YouTube featuring Uta Frith)
• Professor Uta Frith (video from YouTube)
• Empathy, mindblindness, and theory of mind: Do people with autism truly lack empathy? (article from Psychology Today, 2008)
• Language and understanding minds: Connections in autism (paper by Helen Tager-Flusberg)
• Exploration of the autistic child’s theory of mind: Knowledge, belief, and communication (paper by Josef Perner, Uta Frith, Alan Leslie, and Susan Leekam, 1989; from Child Development, 60)
• Pretense, autism, and the theory-of-mind module (paper by Alan Leslie)
• Uta Frith: Autism (personal website with links to papers)
• Is 'theory of mind' impaired in autism? (article and links from Mind Hacks)
• The cognitive basis of a biological disorder (paper by Uta Frith, John Morton, and Alan Leslie, 1991; from Trends in Neurosciences, 14)
• Theories of the autistic mind (paper by Simon Baron-Cohen, 2008; from The Psychologist, 21)

• Core mechanisms in ‘theory of mind’ (paper by Alan Leslie, Ori Friedman, and Tim German, 2004; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8)
• Pretending and believing: issues in the theory of ToMM (paper by Alan Leslie, 1994; from Cognition, 50)
• Evolution of a theory of mind? (paper by Simon Baron-Cohen, 1999)
• What’s domain-specific about theory of mind? (paper by Valerie Stone and Philip Gerrans, 2006; from Social Neuroscience, 1)
• The empathizing system: A revision of the 1994 model of the mindreading system (paper by Simon Baron-Cohen, 2005)

• Belief-desire reasoning as a process of selection (paper by Alan Leslie, Tim German, and Pamela Polizzi)
• Processing demands in belief-desire reasoning: Inhibition or general difficulty? (paper by Ori Friedman and Alan Leslie, 2005; from Developmental Science, 8)
• The role of control functions in mentalizing: Dual-task studies of theory of mind and executive function (paper by Rebecca Bull, Louise Phillips, and Claire Conway, 2007; from Cognition, 107)
• "Theory of mind" as a mechanism of selective attention (paper by Alan Leslie, 2000; from The New Cognitive Neurosciences)
• Cognitive Development Laboratory Rutgers University (website from Alan Leslie’s lab, including links to publications)

• Josef Perner (personal website)
• Does the autistic child have a metarepresentational deficit? (paper by Susan Leekam and Josef Perner, 1991; from Cognition, 40)
• Do infants really understand false belief? (paper by Ted Ruffman and Josef Perner, 2005; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9)

• Folk psychology as mental simulation (entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Robert Gordon)
• Mindreading: Mental state ascription and cognitive architecture (paper by Joseph Hernandez Cruz, 1998; from Mind & Language, 13)
• Imitation as a mechanism of social cognition: Origins of empathy, theory of mind, and the representation of action (chapter by Andrew Meltzoff, 2002; from the Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development)

• Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief (paper by Henry Wellman, David Cross, and Julanne Watson, 2001; from Child Development, 72)
• A conceptual complexity account of theory of mind development (paper by Matthew Phillips)

• Understanding other minds: Linking developmental psychology and functional neuroimaging (paper by Rebecca Saxe, Susan Carey, and Nancy Kanwisher, 2004; from the Annual Review of Psychology, 55)
• Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’ (paper by Helen Gallagher and Christopher Frith, 2003; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7)
• Mind reading: Neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective (paper by K. Vogeley et al., 2001; from NeuroImage, 14)
• Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task (paper by A Vollm et al., 2006; from NeuroImage, 29)
• Before and below ‘theory of mind’: Embodied simulation and the neural correlates of social cognition (paper by Vittorio Gallese, 2007; from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 362)
• People thinking about thinking people: The role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind” (paper by Rebecca Saxe and Nancy Kanwisher, 2003; from NeuroImage, 19)
• Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study (paper by Simon Baron-Cohen et al., 1999; from the European Journal of Neuroscience, 11)
• Mind blindness and the brain in autism (paper by Uta Frith, 2001; from Neuron, 32)
• Theory of mind (neural basis) (paper by Rebecca Saxe)
• How we read each other’s minds (video from TED featuring Rebecca Saxe)
• Saxelab Social Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at MIT (website from Rebecca Saxe’s lab)

• Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading (paper by Vittorio Gallese and Alvin Goldman, 1998; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2)
• Mirror neuron and theory of mind mechanisms involved in fact-to-face interactions: A functional magnetic resonance imaging approach to empathy (paper by Martin Schulte-Ruther, Hans Markowitsch, Gereon Fink, and Martina Piefke, 2007; from the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19)
• Mirror neurons (video from Nova Science Now)
• Mirror neurons (entry from Scholarpedia)
• Mirror neuron (entry from Wikipedia)
• A revealing reflection (article by David Dobbs, 2006; from Scientific American Mind)
• Mirror, mirror in the brain: Mirror neurons, self-understanding, and autism research (article from ScienceDaily, 2007)
• VS Ramachandran: The neurons that shaped civilization (video from TED)
• Cells that read minds (article from The New York Times, by Sandra Blakeslee, 2006)
• Mirror neurons seen behaving normally in autism (article from NewScientist, by Ewen Callaway, 2010)
• Imitation, mirror neurons and autism (paper by Justin Williams, Andrew Whiten, Thomas Suddendorf, and David Perrett, 2001; from Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 25)

• Dynamical systems (from Wikipedia)
• Dynamical systems theory (from Wikipedia)
• Dynamical systems (from Scholarpedia)
• Brief introduction to dynamic systems theory (from The Splintered Mind, by Eric Schwitzgebel)

• Representations and cognitive explanations: Assessing the dynamicist’s challenge in cognitive science (paper by William Bechtel; from Cognitive Science, 22)
• Tim van Gelder (entry from Wikipedia)
• Tim van Gelder (personal website, with links to publications)
• The dynamical challenge (paper by Andy Clark, 1997; from Cognitive Science, 21)

• Steam engine centrifugal governor (from YouTube)
• Feedback / Stafford Beer (video from YouTube)
• Centrifugal governor (from Wikipedia)

• A dynamical systems approach to motor development (paper by Kathi Kamm, Esther Thelen, and Jody Jensen; from Physical Therapy, 70)
• Development as a dynamic system (paper by Linda Smith and Esther Thelen, 2003; from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7)
• Knowing in the context of acting: The task dynamics of the A-not-B error (paper by Linda Smith, Esther Thelen, Robert Titzer, and Dewey McLin, 1999; from Psychological Review, 106)
• Young infants reach correctly in A-not-B tasks: On the development of stability and perseveration (paper by Melissa Clearfield, Frederick Diedrich, Linda Smith, and Esther Thelen, 2006; from Infant Behavior & Development, 29)
• A-not-B error (entry from Wikipedia)
• A-not-B error (video from YouTube)
• A typical 10-month-old on Piaget’s A-not-B task (video from YouTube)
• Postural control during reaching in young infants: A dynamic systems approach (paper by Esther Thelen and John Spencer, 1998; from Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 22)
• The promise of dynamic systems approaches for an integrated account of human development (paper by Marc Lewis, 2000; from Child Development, 71)
• Stepping reflex (11 weeks) (video from YouTube)

• Situated cognition (entry from Wikipedia)
• A short primer on situated cognition (chapter by Philip Robbins and Murat Aydede; from The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition)
• Explanation: Mechanism, modularity, and situated cognition (paper by William Bechtel; from The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition)
• Embodiment and situated cognition (bibliography from MindPapers)
• Embodied cognition: A field guide (paper by Michael Anderson, 2003; from Artificial Intelligence, 149)
• Embodiment (entry by Ronald Chrisley and Tom Ziemke; from The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science)
• Where brain, body, and world collide (paper by Andy Clark, 1998; from Daedalus, 127)

• Morphological computation (robotics) (entry from Wikipedia)
• Insect robotics group (website from Barbara Webb’s research group)
• From earwigs to humans (paper by Rodney Brooks)

• Subsumption architecture (entry from Wikipedia)
• Robotic paradigm (entry from Wikipedia)
• Autonomous behaviors (website from the Idaho National Laboratory)
• Planning is just a way of avoiding figuring out what to do next (paper by Rodney Brooks, 1987)
• Intelligence without representation (paper by Rodney Brooks, 1987)
• Subsumption architecture (website from the University of Michigan)
• A robust layered control system for a mobile robot (paper by Rodney Brooks, 1985)
• Intelligence without reason (paper by Rodney Brooks, 1991)

• How to build complete creatures rather than isolated cognitive simulators (paper by Rodney Brooks)
• Allen (robot) (entry from Wikipedia)
• Elephants don’t play chess (paper by Rodney Brooks, 1990)

• Behavior-based robotics (entry from Wikipedia)
• Behavior-based robotics (tutorial from the Idaho National Laboratory)
• A hierarchical behavior-based architecture (website by Monica Nicolescu)
• Behavior-based control: A brief primer (website by Maja Mataric)
• Behavior-based robotics, its scope and its prospects (paper by Andreas Birk, 1998; from Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the IEEE)

• Imagination and situated cognition (paper by Lynn Stein, 1991)
• A Boy Scout, Toto, and a Bird: How situated cognition is different from situated robotics (paper by William Clancey, 1995)

• Herd mentality (article from Wired, 1996)
• Tiny robots learn to be social (article from CNN)
• Robot swarm (website from the Idaho National Laboratory)

• Human connectome project (official website)
• Neuroscientists are mapping out a complete atlas of connectivity in the human brain, but what’s emerging is a battle of scales (article by Azeen Ghorayshi, 2009; from Seed Magazine)
• Connectome (entry from Wikipedia)

• A paradigm shift in functional brain imaging (paper by Marcus Raichle, 2009; from The Journal of Neuroscience, 29)
• Default network (entry from Wikipedia)
• You are who you are by default (article from ScienceNews, by Tina Saey, 2009)
• A default mode of brain function: A brief history of an evolving idea (paper by Marcus Raichle and Abraham Snyder, 2007; from NeuroImage, 37)

• Neuroprosthetics (entry from Wikipedia)
• Resource database > Neuroprosthetics (website from Virtual Worldlets)

• Applications and misapplications of cognitive psychology to mathematics education (paper by John Anderson, Lynne Reder, and Herbert Simon)
• Developing proficiency in math: Cause and effect in a cognitive process (paper by Bruce Hartman and Thomas Rodgers, 1998; from Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1)

• Neuroeconomics (entry from Wikipedia)
• Neural economics and the biological substrates of valuation (paper by P. Read Montague and Gregory Berns, 2002; from Neuron, 36)
• The problem with eyewitness testimony: Commentary on a talk by George Fisher and Barbara Tversky (paper by Laura Engelhardt; from the Stanford Journal of Legal Studies, 1)
• Eyewitness testimony (entry from Wikipedia)

• David Chalmers (personal website with links to papers)
• Consciousness and cognition (paper by David Chalmers)
• Conscioiusness, philosophical issues about (entry from The Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, by Ned Block)