Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-11T02:30:54.083Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - The Impacts of Urbanising the World’s Population on Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters, and Disease Outbreaks

from Section 1 - The Nature and Impacts of Twenty-First-Century Healthcare Emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2024

Richard Williams
Affiliation:
University of South Wales
Verity Kemp
Affiliation:
Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant
Keith Porter
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Tim Healing
Affiliation:
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London
John Drury
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Get access

Summary

More than half of the world’s population now live in urban areas, many of them in low- and low-middle-income countries with limited ability to support urban growth. Urban areas are inherently fragile. Many cities are desperately overcrowded, with poor building construction, limited access, poor or absent waste disposal, limited or no access to clean water, irregular supplies of food, unreliable power supplies, inadequate emergency services, and problems with crime and violence. Healthcare is often poor or absent, with an increased risk of communicable disease outbreaks. Supply chains can easily be interrupted. Urban poverty and slums are proliferating with informal dwellings in areas vulnerable to natural disasters. The nature of urban areas can increase the impact of disasters, as was shown by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Type
Chapter
Information
Major Incidents, Pandemics and Mental Health
The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
, pp. 30 - 35
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

UN-Habitat. World Cities Report 2016. Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures. UN-Habitat, 2016.Google Scholar
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2018 Revision. UN DESA, 2019 (www.un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html).Google Scholar
World Bank. Urban Development. World Bank, 2020 (www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview).Google Scholar
Sphere Association. The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response 4th ed. Sphere Association, 2018.Google Scholar
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). World Disasters Report 2010: Focus on Urban Risk. IFRC, 2021.Google Scholar
World Bank. Urban and Disaster Risk Management Responses to COVID-19. World Bank, 2020 (bdocs.worldbank.org/en/575581589235414090/World-Bank-Urban-DRM-COVID-19-Responses.pdf).Google Scholar
Lovett, RA. Why Chile fared better than Haiti. Nature 2010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2010.100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UN. Policy Brief: COVID-19 in an Urban World. UN, 2020 (https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-covid-19-urban-world).Google Scholar
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Understanding the Nature and Scale of Urban Risk in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and its Implications for Humanitarian Preparedness, Planning and Response. IIED, 2012 (assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a6940f0b652dd0006fe/UrbanRisk_andResponse-IIEDforDFID-211012.pdf).Google Scholar
Watson, GB. Designing resilient cities and neighbourhoods. In Urban Disaster Resilience (eds Sanderson, D, Kayden, JS, Leis, J): 3952. Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Alirol, E, Getaz, L, Stoll, B, Chappuis, F, Loutan, L. Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 131–41.Google Scholar
Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH). Urbanization and Preparedness for Outbreaks with High-Impact Respiratory Pathogens. NIPH, 2020 (apps.who.int/gpmb/assets/thematic_papers_2020/tp_2020_4.pdf).Google Scholar
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Official Statistics. Rural Economic Bulletin for England (updated 1 April 2021). Defra, 2021.Google Scholar
Paul, R, Arif, AA, Adeyemi, O, Ghosh, S, Han, D. Progression of COVID‐19 from urban to rural areas in the United States: a spatiotemporal analysis of prevalence rates. J Rural Health 2020; 36: 591601.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID-19 stats: COVID-19 incidence, by urban-rural classification – United States, January 22–October 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69: 1753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Q, Jackson, S, Derakhshan, S, Lee, L, Pham, E, Jackson, A, et al. Urban–rural differences in COVID-19 exposures and outcomes in the South: a preliminary analysis of South Carolina. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0246548.Google Scholar
Iyanda, AE., Boakye, KA., Lu, Y, Oppong, JR. Racial/ethnic heterogeneity and rural-urban disparity of COVID-19 case fatality ratio in the USA: a negative binomial and GIS-based analysis. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9: 708–21.Google Scholar
Acuto, M, Larcom, S, Keil, R, Ghojeh, M, Lindsay, T, Camponeschi, C, et al. Seeing COVID-19 through an urban lens. Nat Sustain 2020; 3: 977–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, G, Safford, MM, Moy, CS, Howard, VJ, Kleindorfer, DO, Unverzagt, FW, et al. Racial differences in the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in older black and white adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2017; 65: 8390.Google Scholar
Friesen, J, Pelz, PF. COVID-19 and slums: a pandemic highlights gaps in knowledge about urban poverty. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6: e19578.Google Scholar
Jordan, RE, Adab, P, Cheng, KK. Covid-19: risk factors for severe disease and death. BMJ 2020; 368 : m1198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farha, L. COVID-19 Guidance Note: Protecting Residents of Informal Settlements. UN Human Rights Special Procedures, 2020 (www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/SR_housing_COVID-19_Guidance_informaettlements.pdf).Google Scholar
Du, J, King, R, Chanchani, R. Tackling Inequality in Cities is Essential for Fighting COVID-19. World Resources Institute, 2020 (www.wri.org/insights/tackling-inequality-cities-essential-fighting-covid-19).Google Scholar
Ezeh, A, Oyebode, O, Satterthwaite, D, Chen, Y-F, Ndugwa, R, Sartori, J, et al. The history, geography, and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums. Lancet 2017; 389: 547–58.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, A. Local response in health emergencies: key considerations for COVID-19 in informal urban settlements. Environ Urban 2020; 32: 503–22.Google Scholar
Kuffer, M, Pfeffer, K, Sliuzas, R. Slums from space—15 years of slum mapping using remote sensing. Remote Sensing 2016; 8: 455.Google Scholar
Sharifi, A, Khavarian-Garmsir, AR. The COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749: 142391.Google Scholar
Teller, J. Urban density and Covid-19: towards an adaptive approach. Build Cities 2021; 2: 150–65.Google Scholar
UN-Habitat. OPINION: COVID-19 Demonstrates Urgent Need for Cities to Prepare for Pandemics. UN-Habitat, 2020 (unhabitat.org/opinion-covid-19-demonstrates-urgent-need-for-cities-to-prepare-for-pandemics).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×