Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T13:01:54.005Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 8 - Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2018

Michael Wilkinson  and
S. Ali Imran
Michael Wilkinson
Affiliation:
Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia
S. Ali Imran
Affiliation:
Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Clinical Neuroendocrinology
An Introduction
 , pp. 134 - 153
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Reading

–This paper contains excellent figures and a description of the basic physiology of the GH/IGF-1 system.

Ahmid, M, Perry, C G, Ahmed, S F & Shaikh, M G. (2016). Growth hormone deficiency during young adulthood and the benefits of growth hormone replacement. Endocr Connect 5, R1–R11.Google Scholar
Blum, W F, Alherbish, A, Alsagheir, A et al. (2018). The growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in the diagnosis and treatment of growth disorders. Endocr Connect 7, R212–R222.Google Scholar
Butler, A A & le Roith, D. (2001). Control of growth by the somatropic axis: growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors have related and independent roles. Annu Rev Physiol 63, 141–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eigler, T & Ben-Shlomo, A. (2014). Somatostatin system: molecular mechanisms regulating anterior pituitary hormones. J Mol Endocr 53, R1–R19.Google Scholar
Melmed, S. (2016). New therapeutic agents for acromegaly. Nat Revs Endocr 12, 90–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milman, S, Huffman, D M & Barzilai, N. (2016). The somatotropic axis in human aging: framework for the current state of knowledge and future research. Cell Metab 23, 980–989.Google Scholar
Monson, J P, Brooke, A M & Akker, S. (2015). Adult growth hormone deficiency. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278982/Google Scholar
Murray, P G & Clayton, P E. (2016). Disorders of growth hormone in childhood. www.endotext.orgGoogle Scholar
Murray, P G, Higham, C E & and Clayton, P E. (2015). The hypothalamo–GH axis: the past 60 years. J Endocr 226, T123–T140.Google Scholar
Ranke, M B & Wit, J M. (2018). Growth hormone – past, present and future. Nat Rev Endocr 14, 285–300.Google Scholar
Rozario, K, Lloyd, C & Ryan, F J. (2015). GH and IGF-1 physiology in childhood. www.endotext.orgGoogle Scholar
Sherlock, M, Woods, C & Sheppard, M C. (2011). Medical therapy in acromegaly. Nat Rev Endocr 7, 291–300.Google Scholar
Steyn, FJ, Tolle, V, Chen, C & Epelbaum, J. (2016). Neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone secretion. Compr Physiol 6, 687–735.Google Scholar
van der Lely, A J, Tschop, M, Heiman, M L & Ghigo, E. (2004). Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr Rev 25, 426–57.Google Scholar
Vilar, L, Vilar, C F, Lyra, R, Lyra, R & Naves, L A. (2017). Acromegaly: clinical features at diagnosis. Pituitary 20, 22–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walters, T D & Griffiths, A M. (2009). Mechanisms of growth impairment in pediatric Crohn’s disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6, 513–523.Google Scholar

References

Ahmid, M, Perry, C G, Ahmed, S F & Shaikh, M G. (2016). Growth hormone deficiency during young adulthood and the benefits of growth hormone replacement. Endocr Connect 5, R1–R11.Google Scholar
Barkan, A L, DeMott-Friberg, R & Samuels, M H. (2000). Growth hormone (GH) secretion in primary adrenal insufficiency: effects of cortisol withdrawal and patterned replacement on GH pulsatility and circadian rhythmicity. Pituitary 3, 175–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartke, A, List, E O & Kopchick, J J. (2016). The somatotropic axis and aging: benefits of endocrine defects. Growth hormone IGF Res 27, 41–45.Google Scholar
Baumann, G P. (2012). Growth hormone doping in sports: a critical review of use and detection strategies. Endocr Revs 33, 155–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Shlomo, A & Melmed, S. (2010). Pituitary somatostatin receptor signaling. Trends Endocr Metab 21, 123–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berardelli, R, Margarito, E, Ghiggia, F et al. (2010). Neuroendocrine effects of citalopram, a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, during lifespan in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 33, 657–662.Google Scholar
Bhansali, A, Velayutham, P, Sialy, R & Sethi, B. (2005). Effect of opiates on growth hormone secretion in acromegaly. Horm Metab Res 37, 425–427Google Scholar
Bivens, C H, Lebovitz, H E & Feldman, J M. (1973). Inhibition of hypoglycemia-induced growth hormone secretion by the serotonin antagonists cyproheptadine and methysergide. New Engl J Med 289, 236–239.Google Scholar
Blackman, M R. (2000). Age-related alterations in sleep quality and neuroendocrine function; interrelationships and implications. JAMA 284, 879–881.Google Scholar
Brandenberger, G & Weibel, L. (2004). The 24-h growth hormone rhythm in men: sleep and circadian influences questioned. J Sleep Res 13, 251–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casanueva, F F, Villanueva, L, Cabranes, J A, Cabezas-Cerrato, J & Fernandez-Cruz, A. (1984). Cholinergic mediation of growth hormone secretion elicited by arginine, clonidine, and physical exercise in man. J Clin Endocr Metab 59, 526–530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caufriez, A, Leproult, R, L’Hermite-Baleriaux, M, Moreno-Reyes, R & Copinschi, G. (2009). A potential role of endogenous progesterone in modulation of GH, prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion during normal menstrual cycle. Clin Endocr, 71, 535–542.Google Scholar
Chertman, L S, Merriam, G R & Kargi, A Y. (2015). Growth hormone in aging. www.endotext.orgGoogle Scholar
Christoforidis, A, Maniadaki, I & Stanhope, R. (2005). Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis during puberty. Ped Endocr Rev 1, 5–10.Google Scholar
Deltondo, J, Por, I, Hu, W et al. (2008). Associations between the human growth hormone-releasing hormone- and neuropeptide-y-immunoreactive systems in the human diencephalon: a possible morphological substrate of the impact of stress on growth Neurosci 153, 1146–1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donjacour, C E H M, Aziz, N A, Roelfsema, F et al. (2011). Effect of sodium oxybate on growth hormone secretion in narcolepsy patients and healthy controls. Am J Physiol Endocr Metab 300, E1069–E1075.Google Scholar
Eigler, T & Ben-Shlomo, A. (2014). Somatostatin system: molecular mechanisms regulating anterior pituitary hormones. J Mol Endocr 53, R1–R19.Google Scholar
Fanciulli, G, Delitala, A & Delitala, G. (2009). Growth hormone, menopause and ageing: no definite evidence for ‘rejuvenation’ with growth hormone. Hum Reprod Update 15, 341–358.Google Scholar
Fedi, M, Bach, L A, Berkovic, S F, Willoughby, J O, Scheffer, I E & Reutens, D C. (2008). Association of a nicotinic receptor mutation with reduced height and blunted physostigmine-stimulated growth hormone release. J Clin Endocr Metab 93, 634–637.Google Scholar
Franck, S E, Muhammad, A, van der Lely, A J & Neggers, S J. (2016).Combined treatment of somatostatin analogues with pegvisomant in acromegaly. Endocr 52, 206–213.Google Scholar
Giusti, M, Delitala, G, Marini, G et al. (1992). The effect of a met-enkephalin analogue on growth hormone, prolactin, gonadotropins, cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone in healthy elderly men. Acta Endocrinol 127, 205–209.Google Scholar
Giustina, A & Veldhuis, J D. (1998). Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocr Revs 19, 717–797.Google Scholar
Giustina, A, Romanelli, G, Candrina, R & Giustina, G. (1989). Growth hormone deficiency in patients with idiopathic adrenocorticotropin deficiency resolves during glucocorticoid replacement. J Clin Endocr Metab 68, 120–124.Google Scholar
Giustina, A, Scalvini, T, Tassi, C et al. (1997). Maturation of the regulation of growth hormone secretion in young males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism pharmacologically exposed to progressive increments in serum testosterone. J Clin Endocr Metab 82, 1210–1219.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldenberg, N & Barkan, A. (2007). Factors regulating growth hormone secretion in humans. Endocr Metab Clin N Amer 36, 37–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guevara-Aguirre, J, Balasubramanian, P, Guevara-Aguirre, M et al. (2011). Growth hormone receptor deficiency is associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans. Sci Transl Med 3, 70ra13.Google Scholar
Guevara-Aguirre, J & Rosenbloom, A L. (2015). Obesity, diabetes and cancer: insight into the relationship from a cohort with growth hormone receptor deficiency. Diabetologia 58, 37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaney, A P & Melmed, S. (2004). Molecular targets in pituitary tumours. Nature Revs Cancer 4, 285–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imran, S A, Aldahmani, K A, Penney, L et al. (2018). Unusual AIP mutation and phenocopy in the family of a young patient with acromegalic gigantism. Endocr Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2018, 17–0092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Junnila, R K, List, E O, Berryman, D E, Murrey, J W & Kopchick, J J. (2013). The GH/IGF-1 axis in ageing and longevity. Nat Rev Endocr 9, 366–376.Google Scholar
Kalleinen, N, Polo-Kantola, P, Irjala, K et al. (2008). 24-hour serum levels of growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol in pre- and postmenopausal women: the effect of combined estrogen and progestin treatment. J Clin Endocr Metab 93, 1655–1661.Google Scholar
Kaplan, S L, Grumbach, M M & Aubert, M L. (1976). The ontogenesis of pituitary hormones and hypothalamic factors in the human fetus: maturation of central nervous system regulation of anterior pituitary function. Rec Prog Horm Res 32, 161–243.Google Scholar
Kargi, A Y & Merriam, G R. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Nat Rev Endocr 9, 335–345.Google Scholar
Latta, F, Leproult, R, Tasali, E et al. (2005). Sex differences in nocturnal growth hormone and prolactin secretion in healthy older adults: relationships with sleep EEG variables. Sleep 28, 1519–1524.Google Scholar
Lim, C T, Grossman, A & Khoo, B. (2014). Normal physiology of ACTH and GH release in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in man. www.endotext.orgGoogle Scholar
Mann, K, Rossbach, W, Müller, M J et al. (2006). Nocturnal hormone profiles in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine. Psychoneuroendocrinol 31, 256–264.Google Scholar
Mazziotti, G & Giustina, A. (2013). Glucocorticoids and the regulation of growth hormone secretion. Trends Endocr Metab 9, 265–276.Google ScholarPubMed
Meinhardt, U J & Ho, K K Y. (2006). Modulation of growth hormone action by sex steroids. Clin Endocr 65, 413–422.Google Scholar
Melmed, S. (2016). New therapeutic agents for acromegaly. Nat Revs Endocr 12, 90–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J D, Esparza, A, Wright, N M et al. (1993). Spontaneous growth hormone release in term infants: changes during the first four days of life. J Clin Endocr Metab 76, 1058–1062.Google Scholar
Milman, S, Huffman, D M & Barzilai, N. (2016). The somatotropic axis in human aging: framework for the current state of knowledge and future research. Cell Metab 23, 980–989.Google Scholar
Nass, R, Gaylinn, B D & Thorner, M O. (2011). The role of ghrelin in GH secretion and GH disorders. Mol Cell Endocr 340, 10–14.Google Scholar
Norman, C, Rollene, N, Weist, S M et al. (2014a). Short-term estradiol supplementation potentiates low-dose ghrelin action in the presence of GHRH or somatostatin in older women. J Clin Endocr Metab 99, E73–E80.Google Scholar
Norman, C, Rollene, N L, Erickson, D, Miles, J M, Bowers, C Y & Veldhuis, J D. (2014b). Estradiol regulates GH releasing-peptide’s interactions with GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin in postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocr 170, 121–129.Google Scholar
Obermayr, R P, Mayerhofer, L, Knechtelsdorfer, M et al. (2005). The age-related down-regulation of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in the elderly male is reversed considerably by donepezil, a drug for Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol 40, 157–163.Google Scholar
Ocampo-Lim, B, Guo, W, DeMott-Friberg, R, Barkan, A L & Jaffe, C A. (1996). Nocturnal growth hormone (GH) secretion is eliminated by infusion of GH-releasing hormone antagonist. J Clin Endocr Metab 81, 4396–4399.Google Scholar
Olsen, J, Peroski, M, Kiczek, M, Grignol, G, Merchenthaler, I & Dudas, B. (2014). Intimate associations between the endogenous opiate systems and the growth hormone-releasing hormone system in the human hypothalamus. Neurosci 258, 238–245.Google Scholar
Orio, F Jr., Palombab, S, Colao, A et al. (2001). Growth hormone secretion after baclofen administration in different phases of the menstrual cycle in healthy women. Horm Res 55, 131–136.Google Scholar
Peroski, M, Proudan, N, Grignol, G, Merchenthaler, I & Dudas, B. (2016). Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-immunoreactive (IR) axon varicosities target a subset of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-IR neurons in the human hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 78, 119–124.Google Scholar
Proudan, N, Peroski, M, Grignol, G, Merchenthaler, I & Dudas, B. (2015). Juxtapositions between the somatostatinergic and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons in the human hypothalamus. Neurosci 297, 205–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiter, E O & Rosenfeld, R G. (2008). Normal and aberrant growth. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 11th Edition (New York: Saunders Elsevier), 849–968.Google Scholar
Ren, S-G, Taylor, J, Dong, J, Yu, R, Culler, M D & Melmed, S. (2003). Functional association of somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5 in inhibiting human growth hormone secretion. J Clin Endocr Metab 88, 4239–4245.Google Scholar
Roelfsema, F & Veldhuis, J D. (2016). Growth hormone dynamics in healthy adults are related to age and sex and strongly dependent on body mass index. Neuroendocr 103, 335–344.Google Scholar
Rotoli, G, Grignol, G, Hu, W, Merchenthaler, I & Dudas, B. (2011). Catecholaminergic axonal varicosities appear to innervate growth hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: the possible morphological substrate of the stress-suppressed growth. J Clin Endocr Metab 96, E1606–E1611.Google Scholar
Rozario, K, Lloyd, C & Ryan, F J. (2015). GH and IGF-1 physiology in childhood. www.endotext.orgGoogle Scholar
Sattler, F R. (2013). Growth hormone in the aging male. Best Pract Res Clin Endocr Metab 27, 541–555.Google Scholar
Schmid, H A, Brue, T, Colao, A et al. (2016). Effect of pasireotide on glucose- and growth hormone-related biomarkers in patients with inadequately controlled acromegaly. Endocr 53, 210–219.Google Scholar
Schüle, C, Baghai, T, Schmidbauer, S, Bidlingmaier, M, Strasburger, C J & Laakmann, G. (2004). Reboxetine acutely stimulates cortisol, ACTH, growth hormone and prolactin secretion in healthy male subjects. Psychoneuroendocr 29, 185–200.Google Scholar
Schüssler, P, Uhr, M, Ising, M et al. (2006). Nocturnal ghrelin, ACTH, GH and cortisol secretion after sleep deprivation in humans. Psychoneuroendocr 31, 915–923.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M W, Woods, S C, Porte, D, Jr., Seeley, R J & Baskin, D G. (2000). Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404, 661–671.Google Scholar
Scratch, S E, Anderson, P J, Doyle, L W et al. (2015). High postnatal growth hormone levels are related to cognitive deficits in a group of children born very preterm. J Clin Endocr Metab 100, 2709–2717.Google Scholar
Shimon, I & Barkan, A. (2012). Estrogen treatment for acromegaly. Pituitary 15, 601–607.Google Scholar
Steyn, F J, Tolle, V, Chen, C & Epelbaum, J. (2016). Neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone secretion. Compr Physiol 6, 687–735.Google Scholar
Theodoropoulou, M & Stalla, G K. (2013). Somatostatin receptors: from signaling to clinical practice. Front Neuroendocr 34, 228–252.Google Scholar
Thomas, G B, Cummins, J T, Francis, H, Sudbury, A W, McCloud, P I & Clarke, I J. (1991). Effect of restricted feeding on the relationship between hypophysial portal concentrations of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin, and jugular concentrations of GH in ovariectomized ewes. Endocr 128, 1151–1158.Google Scholar
Van Cauter, E, Plat, L, Scharf, M B et al. (1997). Simultaneous stimulation of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in normal young men. J Clin Invest 100, 745–753.Google Scholar
Van Cauter, E, Plat, L & Copinschi, G. (1998). Interrelations between sleep and the somatotropic axis. Sleep 21, 553–566.Google Scholar
Van Cauter, E, Leproult, R & Plat, L. (2000). Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men. JAMA 284, 861–868.Google Scholar
Van Cauter, E, Latta, F, Nedeltcheva, A et al. (2004). Reciprocal interactions between the GH axis and sleep. Growth Hormone & IGF Res 14, S10–S17.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, J D, Metzger, D L, Martha, P M Jr. et al. (1997). Estrogen and testosterone, but not a nonaromatizable androgen, direct network integration of the hypothalamo-somatotrope (growth hormone)– insulin-like growth factor I axis in the human: evidence from pubertal pathophysiology and sex-steroid hormone replacement. J Clin Endocr Metab 82, 3414–3420.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, J D, Keenan, D M, Mielke, K, Miles, J M & Bowers, C Y. (2005). Testosterone supplementation in healthy older men drives GH and IGF-I secretion without potentiating peptidyl secretagogue efficacy. Europ J Endocr 153, 577–586.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, J D, Roemmich, J N, Richmond, E J & Bowers, C Y. (2006). Somatotropic and gonadotropic axes linkages in infancy, childhood, and the puberty-adult transition. Endocr Revs 27, 101–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veldhuis, J D, Reynolds, G A, Iranmanesh, A & Bowers, C Y. (2008). Twenty-four hour continuous ghrelin infusion augments physiologically pulsatile, nycthemeral, and entropic (feedback-regulated) modes of growth hormone secretion. J Clin Endocr Metab 93, 3597–3603.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, J D, Roelfsema, F, Keenan, D M & Pincus, S. (2011). Gender, age, body mass index, and igf-i individually and jointly determine distinct GH dynamics: analyses in one hundred healthy adults. J Clin Endocr Metab 96, 115–121.Google Scholar
Villa, P, Valle, D, De Marinis, L et al. (1997). Influence of chronic naltrexone treatment on growth hormone secretion in normal subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 137, 631–634.Google Scholar
Vuong, C, Van Uum, S H M, O’Dell, L E, Lutfy, K & Friedman, T C. (2010). The Effects of opioids and opioid analogs on animal and human endocrine systems. Endocr Rev 31, 98–132.Google Scholar
Weikel, J C, Wichniak, A, Ising, M et al. (2003). Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans. Am J Physiol Endocr Metab 284, E407–E415.Google Scholar
Weissberger, A J & Ho, K K. (1993). Activation of the somatotropic axis by testosterone in adult males: evidence for the role of aromatization. J Clin Endocr Metab 76, 1407–1412.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×