Intellectual styles are individuals' preferred ways of using their abilities. This book provides the first comprehensive and systematic review of existing research on the value and desirability of different intellectual styles. By critically analyzing findings from hundreds of international studies undertaken over eight decades, Li-fang Zhang demonstrates that the creativity-generating Type I styles are generally superior to the norm-conforming Type II styles in relation to a wide range of learning processes and developmental outcomes, work performance, physical and mental health, and many other domains of people's lives. She further demonstrates that people explicitly and implicitly express their preference for Type I styles over Type II styles. Professor Zhang elucidates the practical value of cultivating diverse intellectual styles, especially Type I styles, in both academic and nonacademic settings, and lays the groundwork for future research to advance the field of intellectual styles and to inform scholarly work in other academic disciplines.

'Given her contributions to the field of intellectual styles, today Professor Zhang is a true leader of this field. This book is the most recent overview of the field; it presents its current status and sets the standards and parameters for its development.'

Elena L. Grigorenko - Yale University, Connecticut

'Standardized tests predict school and life success, but only to a modest or at best moderate degree. What are they missing? In her book, Li-fang Zhang suggests that a 'missing link' is intellectual styles - people's preferred ways of using the abilities they have. Although some have questioned the value of the style concept, Zhang makes a powerful and compelling case for their value, drawing on a range of empirical evidence that should leave no doubt in the mind of any serious reader regarding the value of the construct. This book will be important reading for anyone interested in understanding and improving prediction of life outcomes above and beyond what ca be gleaned from conventional standardized tests. The field is truly fortunate to have such a valuable and timely resource.'

Robert J. Sternberg - Cornell University

'If there is ever a book to advance the styles/strategies debate, this is it! Zhang mounts a spirited attack and defense of this literature and points us in an exciting direction.'

John Hattie - University of Melbourne