Element contents
Hieroglyphs, Pseudo-Scripts and Alphabets
Their Use and Reception in Ancient Egypt and Neighbouring Regions
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 November 2023
Summary
The Egyptian hieroglyphic script was exceptionally versatile, as becomes clear when studying its multiple uses both within Ancient Egypt and beyond its borders. Even the few cases discussed in this Element demonstrate that in the ancient world hieroglyphs appealed to a wide readership, which ranged from highly accomplished scribes, artists and priests, to semi-literate workmen, as well as to speakers of non-Egyptian languages. Creative processes within these different groups resulted in very different adaptations of regular hieroglyphic writing: highly specialized enigmatic compositions, less informed ad hoc orthographies, isolated uses of hieroglyphs as marks and emblems, and the development of new writing systems. Important reasons for the wide appeal and deep impact of hieroglyphic writing are the iconicity and cultural messages of its individual signs on the one hand, and its remarkable semiotic strategies in rendering human language on the other.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009400800Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 21 December 2023
References
Abd El-Sattar, I. (2021). Remarks on the orthography of word rmṯ in the Old Kingdom. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 148, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albright, W. F. (1948). The early alphabetic inscriptions from Sinai and their decipherment. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 110, 6–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J. (2008). The historical inscription of Khnumhotep at Dahshur: preliminary report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 352, 29–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J. (2020). Ancient Egyptian Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrássy, P. (2009a). Die Teammarken der Bauleute des ägyptischen Alten und Mittleren Reiches. In Haring, B. & Kaper, O., eds., Pictograms or Pseudo Script? Non-textual Identity Marks in Practical Use in Ancient Egypt and Elsewhere: Proceedings of a Conference in Leiden, 19–20 December 2006. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten and Peeters, pp. 5–48.Google Scholar
Andrássy, P. (2009b). Symbols in the Reisner papyri. In Andrássy, P., Budka, J. & Kammerzell, F., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems, Writing and Pseudo Script from Prehistory to Modern Times. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 113–22.Google Scholar
Andrássy, P., Budka, J. & Kammerzell, F., eds. (2009). Non-textual Marking Systems, Writing and Pseudo Script from Prehistory to Modern Times. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie.Google Scholar
Andreu-Lanoë, G. & Valbelle, D. (2022). Guide de Deir el-Médina. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Bács, T. A. (2011). ‘… Like heaven in its interior’: late Ramesside painters in Theban Tomb 65. In Hawass, Z. A., Bács, T. A. & Schreiber, G., eds., Proceedings of the Colloquium on Theban Archaeology at the Supreme Council of Antiquities, November 5, 2009. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, pp. 33–41.Google Scholar
Baines, J. (2004). The earliest Egyptian writing: development, context, purpose. In Houston, S., ed., The First Writing: Script Invention As History and Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 150–89.Google Scholar
Baines, J. (2007). Communication and display: the integration of early Egyptian art and writing. In Baines, J., ed., Visual and Written Culture in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 281–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baines, J. & Eyre, C. (2007). Four notes on literacy. In Baines, J., ed., Visual and Written Culture in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 63–94, 172–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Marzouk, N. (2022). Othering the alphabet: rewriting the social context of a new writing system in the Egyptian expedition community. In Candelora, D., Ben-Marzouk, N. & Cooney, K., eds., Ancient Egyptian Society: Challenging Assumptions, Exploring Approaches. London: Routledge, pp. 279–98.Google Scholar
Ben-Tor, D. (2007). Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period. Fribourg: Academic Press and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Ben-Tor, D. (2009). Pseudo hieroglyphs on Middle Bronze Age Canaanite scarabs. In Andrássy, P., Budka, J. & Kammerzell, F., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems, Writing and Pseudo Script from Prehistory to Modern Times. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 83–100.Google Scholar
Bierbrier, M. (1982). The Tomb-Builders of the Pharaohs. London: British Museum Publications.Google Scholar
Boardman, J. (2010). Seals and signs: Anatolian stamp seals of the Persian period revisited. In Pim, J. Evans, Yatsenko, S. A. & Perrin, O. T., eds., Traditional Marking Systems: A Preliminary Survey. Dover: Dunkling Books, pp. 153–80.Google Scholar
Boas, G. (1993). The Hieroglyphics of Horapollo. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Boot, E. (2005). Continuity and Change in Text and Image at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. Leiden: CNWS Publications.Google Scholar
Boud’hors, A., Dixneuf, D., Guermeur, I. et al. (2021). Les dépotoirs à tessons de Hout-Répit/Athribis et leur matériel inscrit. Rapport préliminaire (mission 2019–20). Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 121, 69–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bréand, G. (2015). Pot marks on bread moulds in settlement context during Naqada III period. In Budka, J., Kammerzell, F. & Rzepka, S., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems in Ancient Egypt (and Elsewhere). Hamburg: Widmaier, pp. 187–213.Google Scholar
Bresciani, E. (1996). Il volto di Osiri: tele funerarie dipinte nell’Egitto romano. Lucca: Maria Pacini Fazzi Editore.Google Scholar
Briquel-Chatonnet, F. (1998). Les inscriptions proto-sinaïtiques. In Valbelle, D. & Bonnet, C., eds., Le Sinaï durant l’Antiquité et le Moyen Age. Paris: Errance, pp. 56–60.Google Scholar
Bruyère, B. (1953). Rapport sur les fouilles de Deir el Médineh (années 1948 à 1951). Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Budge, E. A. W. (1923). Facsimiles of Egyptian Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum. Second series. London: Trustees of the British Museum.Google Scholar
Budka, J., Kammerzell, F. & Rzepka, S., eds. (2015). Non-textual Marking Systems in Ancient Egypt (and Elsewhere). Hamburg: Widmaier.Google Scholar
Cabrol, A. (1995). Les criosphinx de Karnak: un nouveau dromos d’Amenhotep III. Cahiers de Karnak, 10, 1–28.Google Scholar
Cannuyer, C. (2018). Aux origines de l’ère copte dite ‘des Martyrs’ ou ‘de Dioclétien’: À propos d’une note de l’érudit protestant Johannes Nicolai. Cahiers d’Égypte Nilotique et Mediterranéenne, 19, 73–100.Google Scholar
Cauville, S. (1990). Les inscriptions dédicatoires du temple d’Hathor à Dendera. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 90, 83–114.Google Scholar
Cauville, S. (2002). Entre exigence décorative et significations multiples: les graphies suggestives du temple d’Hathor à Dendera. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 102, 91–135.Google Scholar
Černý, J. (2001). A Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside Period. 2nd ed. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Cherpion, N. (1999). Deux tombes de la XVIIIe dynastie à Deir el-Medina: nos 340 (Amenemhat) et 354 (anonyme). Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Collombert, P. (2007). Combien y avait-il de hiéroglyphes? Égypte, Afrique & Orient, 46, 15–28.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. (2007). The Cost of Death: The Social and Economic Value of Ancient Egyptian Funerary Art in the Ramesside Period. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. M. (2021). Coffin Commerce: How a Funerary Materiality Formed Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daressy, G. (1902). Fouilles de la Vallée des Rois. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Darnell, J. C. (2017). The early hieroglyphic inscription at El-Khawy. Archéo-Nil 27, 49–64.Google Scholar
Darnell, J. C. (2020). Ancient Egyptian cryptography: graphic hermeneutics. In Klotz, D. & Stauder, A., eds., Enigmatic Writing in the New Kingdom I: Revealing, Transforming, and Display in Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 7–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darnell, J. C., Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W., Lundberg, M. J. et al. (2005). Two early alphabetic inscriptions from the Wadi el-Ḥôl: new evidence for the origin of the alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 59, 63–124.Google Scholar
Daumas, F. (1988–95). Valeurs phonétiques des signes hiéroglyphiques d’époque gréco-romaine. 4 vols. Montpellier: Université de Montpellier.Google Scholar
Davidson, A. (2019). Writing: the re-construction of language. Language Sciences, 72, 134–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, B. G. (1999). Who’s Who at Deir el-Medina: A Prosopographic Study of the Royal Workmen’s Community. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Davies, B. G. (2018). Life within the Five Walls: A Handbook to Deir el-Medina. Wallasey: Abercromby Press.Google Scholar
De Buck, A. (1935). The Egyptian Coffin Texts I: Texts of Spells 1–75. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Depauw, M. (2009). The semiotics of quarry marks applied to Late Period and Graeco-Roman Egypt. In Andrássy, P., Budka, J. & Kammerzell, F., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems, Writing and Pseudo Script from Prehistory to Modern Times. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 205–13.Google Scholar
Der Manuelian, P. (1994). Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism of the Egyptian Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar
Devauchelle, D. (1994). 24 août 394–24 août 1994. 1600 ans. Bulletin de la Société Française d’Égyptologie, 131, 16–18.Google Scholar
Ditze, B. (2007). Gedrückt – Geritzt – Gekratzt. Die Gefäße mit Topfmarken. In Pusch, E. B., ed., Die Keramik des Grabungsplatzes Q I Teil 2. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, pp. 269–507.Google Scholar
Donker van Heel, K. (2022). Le hiératique anormal. In Polis, S., ed., Guide des écritures de l’Égypte ancienne. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 70–1.Google Scholar
Dreyer, G. (1998). Umm el-Qaab I: Das prädynstische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Dunand, M. (1945). Byblia Grammata: documents et recherches sur le développement de l’écriture en Phénicie. Beirut: République libanaise, Ministère de l’éducation nationale et des beaux-arts, Direction des antiquités.Google Scholar
Edel, A. (1955–64). Altägyptische Grammatik. 2 vols. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum.Google Scholar
El-Daly, O. (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings. London: UCL Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans Pim, J., Yatsenko, S. A. & Perrin, O. T., eds. (2010). Traditional Marking Systems: A Preliminary Survey. Dover: Dunkling Books.Google Scholar
Ferrara, S. (2020). A ‘top-down’ re-invention of an old form: cuneiform alphabets in context. In Boyes, Ph and Steele, Ph, eds., Understanding Relations between Scripts II: Early Alphabets. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 15–28.Google Scholar
Ferraris, E. (2022). TT8 Project: an introduction. In Töpfer, S., del Vesco, P. & Poole, F., eds., Deir el-Medina through the Kaleidoscope: Proceedings of the International Workshop Turin 8th–10th October 2018. Medina: Franco Cosimo Panini Editore S.p.A., https://formazioneericerca.museoegizio.it/en/pubblicazioni/deir-el-medina-en, pp. 599–619.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1979). Archaeological aspects of epigraphy and palaeography. In Caminos, R. & Fischer, H. G., eds., Ancient Egyptian Epigraphy and Palaeography. 2nd ed. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 27–50.Google Scholar
Fournet, J.-L. (2021). Horapollon: un hiéroglyphe encore à déchiffrer ou La question horapollinienne. In Fournet, J.-L., ed., Les Hieroglyphica d’Horapollon de l’Égypte antique à l’Europe moderne. Histoire, fiction et réappropriation. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, pp. 87–109.Google Scholar
Fronczak, M. & Rzepka, S. (2009). ‘Funny signs’ in Theban rock graffiti. In Andrássy, P., Budka, J. & Kammerzell, F., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems, Writing and Pseudo Script from Prehistory to Modern Times. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 159–78.Google Scholar
Gabler, K. (2018). Who’s Who around Deir el-Medina: Untersuchungen zur Organisation, Prosopographie und Entwicklung des Versorgungspersonals für die Arbeitersiedlung und das Tal der Könige. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten and Peeters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallorini, C. (2009). Incised marks on pottery and other objects from Kahun. In Haring, B. & Kaper, O., eds., Pictograms or Pseudo Script? Non-textual Identity Marks in Practical Use in Ancient Egypt and Elsewhere: Proceedings of a Conference in Leiden, 19–20 December 2006. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten and Peeters, pp. 107–42.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. (1916). The Egyptian origin of the Semitic alphabet. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 3, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardiner, A. (1931). The Library of A. Chester Beatty: Description of a Hieratic Papyrus with a Mythological Story, Love-Songs, and other Miscellaneous Texts. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. (1947). Ancient Egyptian Onomastica. 3 vols. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. (1957). Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. 3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute.Google Scholar
Gelb, I. (1952). A Study of Writing: The Foundations of Grammatology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Goldwasser, O. (2002). Prophets, Lovers and Giraffes: Wor(l)d Classification in Ancient Egypt. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Goldwasser, O. (2006). Canaanites reading hieroglyphs: Horus is Hathor? The invention of the alphabet in Sinai. Ägypten und Levante, 16, 121–60.Google Scholar
Goldwasser, O. (2012). The miners who invented the alphabet: a response to Christopher Rollston. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 4, 9–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldwasser, O. (2016). From the iconic to the linear: the Egyptian scribes of Lachish and the modification of the early alphabet in the Late Bronze Age. In Finkelstein, I., Robin, I. & Römer, T., eds., Alphabets, Texts and Artifacts in the Ancient Near East: Studies Presented to Benjamin Sass. Paris: Van Dieren, pp. 118–60.Google Scholar
Goldwasser, O. (2022). The early alphabetic inscriptions found by the shrine of Hathor at Serabit el-Khadem: palaeography, materiality, and agency. Israel Exploration Journal, 72, 14–48.Google Scholar
Grandet, P. (2022). Le hiératique. In Polis, S., ed., Guide des écritures de l’Égypte ancienne. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 62–9.Google Scholar
Griffith, F. L. (1889). The Inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh. London: Trübner and Company.Google Scholar
Griffith, F. L. (1935–7). Catalogue of the Demotic Graffiti of the Dodecaschoenus. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grimal, N., Hallof, J. & Van der Plas, D. (2000). Hieroglyphica. Sign list – Liste des signes – Zeichenliste. 2nd ed. Utrecht: Centre for Computer-Aided Egyptological Research.Google Scholar
Guichard, M. (2005). La vaiselle de luxe des rois de Mari. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Hamilton, G. (2006). The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America.Google Scholar
Haring, B. (2000). Towards decoding the necropolis workmen’s funny signs. Göttinger Miszellen, 178, 45–58.Google Scholar
Haring, B. (2003). From oral practice to written record in Ramesside Deir el-Medina. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 46, 249–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haring, B. (2006). Scribes and scribal activity at Deir el-Medina. In Dorn, A. & Hofmann, T., eds., Living and Writing in Deir el-Medina: Socio-historical Embodiment of Deir el-Medine Texts. Basel: Schwabe, pp. 107–12.Google Scholar
Haring, B. (2009). On the nature of the workmen’s marks of the royal necropolis administration in the New Kingdom. In Andrássy, P., Budka, J. & Kammerzell, F., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems, Writing and Pseudo Script from Prehistory to Modern Times. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 123–35.Google Scholar
Haring, B. (2010). Nineteenth Dynasty stelae and the merits of hieroglyphic palaeography. Bibliotheca Orientalis, 67, 22–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haring, B. (2015a). Hieratic drafts for hieroglyphic texts? In Verhoeven, U., ed., Ägyptologische ‘Binsen’-Weisheiten I–II: Neue Forschungen und Methoden der Hieratistik. Akten zweier Tagungen in Mainz im April 2011 und März 2013. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur and Franz Steiner, pp. 67–84.Google Scholar
Haring, B. (2015b). Between administrative writing and work practice: marks ostraca and the roster of day duties of the royal necropolis workmen in the New Kingdom. In Budka, J., Kammerzell, F. & Rzepka, S., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems in Ancient Egypt (and Elsewhere). Hamburg: Widmaier, pp. 133–42.Google Scholar
Haring, B. (2015c). Halaḥam on an ostracon of the Early New Kingdom? Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 74, 189–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haring, B. (2018). From Single Sign to Pseudo-Script: An Ancient Egyptian System of Workmen’s Identity Marks. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haring, B. (2020). Ancient Egypt and the earliest known stages of alphabetic writing. In Boyes, Ph & Steele, Ph, eds., Understanding Relations between Scripts II. Early Alphabets. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 53–67.Google Scholar
Haring, B. & Kaper, O. E., eds. (2009). Pictograms or Pseudo Script? Non-textual Identity Marks in Practical Use in Ancient Egypt and Elsewhere: Proceedings of a Conference in Leiden, 19–20 December 2006. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten and Peeters.Google Scholar
Hendrickx, S. (2008). Rough ware as an element of symbolism and craft specialisation at Hierakonpolis’ elite cemetery HK6. In Midant-Reynes, B. & Tristant, Y., eds., Egypt at Its Origins 2. Proceedings of the International Conference ‘Origin of the State: Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt’, Toulouse (France), 5th–8th September 2005. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters & Departement Oosterse Studies, pp. 61–85.Google Scholar
Hoch, J. E. (1994). Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornung, E., Krauss, R. & Warburton, D. A., eds., Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Houston, S. & Stauder, A. (2020). What is a hieroglyph? L’homme: Revue française d’anthropologie, 233, 9–44.Google Scholar
Iversen, E. (1993). The Myth of Egypt and Its Hieroglyphs in European Tradition. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. (1991). Thus Wrote ‘Onchsheshonqy: An Introductory Grammar of Demotic. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Junge, F. (2008). Neuägyptisch. Einführung in die Grammatik. 3rd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Kahl, J. (1992). Die Defektivschreibungen in den Pyramidentexten. Lingua Aegyptia, 2, 99–116.Google Scholar
Kahl, J. & Shafik, S. (2021). Gottesworte in Assiut: Eine Paläographie der relifierten Monumentalhieroglyphen der Ersten Zwischenzeit und der 12. Dynastie. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Kammerzell, F. (2001). Die Entstehung der Alphabetreihe: Zum ägyptischen Ursprung der semitischen und westlichen Schriften. In Borchers, D., Kammerzell, F. & Weninger, S., eds., Hieroglyphen, Alphabete, Schriftreformen: Studien zu Multiliteralismus, Schriftwechsel und Orthographieneuregelungen. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 117–58.Google Scholar
Kammerzell, F. (2009). Defining non-textual marking systems, writing, and other systems of graphic information processing. In Andrássy, P., Budka, J. & Kammerzell, F., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems, Writing and Pseudo Script from Prehistory to Modern Times. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 277–308.Google Scholar
Kaplony, P. (1963). Die Inschriften der ägyptischen Frühzeit III. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Keel, O. (2004). Some of the earliest groups of locally produced scarabs from Palestine. In Bietak, M. & Czerny, E., eds., Scarabs of the Second Millennium BC from Egypt, Nubia, Crete and the Levant: Chronological and Historical Implications. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 73–101.Google Scholar
Keller, C. A. (2001). A family affair: the decoration of Theban Tomb 359. In Davies, W. V. ed., Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press, pp. 73–93.Google Scholar
Kilani, M. (2019). Vocalisation in Group Writing: A New Proposal. Hamburg: Widmaier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitchen, K. A. (1979). Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. Vol. II. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Klotz, D. (2020). The enigmatic frieze of Ramesses II at Luxor temple. In Klotz, D. & Stauder, A., eds., Enigmatic Writing in the New Kingdom I: Revealing, Transforming, and Display in Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 49–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klotz, D. & Brown, M. W. (2016). The enigmatic statuette of Djehutymose (MFA 24.743): deputy of Wawat and viceroy of Kush. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 52, 269–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopetzky, K. (2018). Tell el-Dab‘a and Byblos: new chronological evidence. Ägypten und Levante 28, 309–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruchten, J.-M. (1999). Traduction et commentaire des inscriptions. In Cherpion, N., Deux tombes de la XVIIIe dynastie à Deir el-Medina: Nos 340 (Amenemhat) et 354 (anonyme). Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 41–55.Google Scholar
Laboury, D. (2013). L’artiste égyptien, ce grand méconnu de l’égyptologie. In Andreu-Lanoë, G., ed., L’art du contour: Le dessin dans l’Égypte ancienne. Paris: Musée du Louvre and Somogy éditions d’art, pp. 28–35.Google Scholar
Laboury, D. (2020). Designers and makers of Ancient Egyptian monumental epigraphy. In Davies, V. & Laboury, D., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Egyptian Epigraphy and Palaeography. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 84–101.Google Scholar
Laboury, D. (2022a). Le signe comme image … ou l’image comme signe. In Polis, S., ed., Guide des écritures de l’Égypte ancienne. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 144–53.Google Scholar
Laboury, D. (2022b). Artistes et écriture hiéroglyphique dans l’Égypte des pharaons. Bulletin de la Société française d égyptologie, 207, 37–67.Google Scholar
Leal, P. G. (2014). Reassessing Horapollo: a contemporary view on Hieroglyphika. Emblematica, 21, 37–75.Google Scholar
Leitz, C. (2001). Die beiden kryptographischen Inschriften aus Esna mit den Widdern und Krokodillen. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 29, 251–76.Google Scholar
Leitz, C. (2003). Der ägyptische Tempel und die ptolemäische Hieroglyphenschrift: ein Medium ganz besonderer Art. In von Hesber, H. & Thiel, W., eds., Medien in der Antike: Kommunikative Qualität und normative Wirkung. Cologne: Lehr- und Forschungszentrum für die antiken Kulturen des Mittelmeerraumes der Universität zu Köln, pp. 69–92.Google Scholar
Leitz, C. (2009). Quellentexte zur ägyptischen Religion I: Die Tempelinschriften der griechisch-römischen Zeit. 3rd ed. Berlin: Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf.Google Scholar
Lincke, E.-S. & Kammerzell, F. (2012). Egyptian classifiers at the interface of lexical semantics and pragmatics. In Grossman, E., Polis, S. & Winand, J., eds., Lexical Semantics in Egyptian. Hamburg: Widmaier, pp. 55–112.Google Scholar
Loprieno, A. (1995). Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, A. (1993). Hieratic Ostraca in the Hunterian Museum Glasgow (The Colin Campbell Ostraca). Oxford: Griffith Institute.Google Scholar
Meeks, D. (2015). Linguistique et égyptologie: Entre théorisation à priori et contribution à l’étude de la culture égyptienne. Chronique d’Égypte 179, 40–67.Google Scholar
Meeks, D. (2021). L’écriture énigmatique égyptienne est-elle énigmatique? Bibliotheca Orientalis 78, 552–68.Google Scholar
Montet, P. (1928). Notes et documents pour servir à l’histoire des relations entre l’ancienne Égypte et la Syrie. Kêmi 1, 83–93.Google Scholar
Morenz, L. (2004). Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen: Die Herausbildung der Schrift in der hohen Kultur Altägyptens. Fribourg: Academic Press and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Morenz, L. (2009). Sakrale Motiviertheit alphabetischer Zeichenwelten: Bildhaft-Kanaanäisch, Meroitisch-Hieroglypisch und eine gräko-ägyptische, hieroglyphische Alphabetschrift. In Haring, B. & Kaper, O., eds., Pictograms or Pseudo Script? Non-textual Identity Marks in Practical Use in Ancient Egypt and Elsewhere. Proceedings of a Conference in Leiden, 19–20 December 2006. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten and Peeters, pp. 199–210.Google Scholar
Morenz, L. (2011). Die Genese der Alphabetschrift: Ein Markstein ägyptisch-kanaanäischer Kulturkontakte. Wurzburg: Ergon.Google Scholar
Morenz, L. (2019). Sinai und Alphabetschrift: Die frühesten alphabetischen Inschriften und ihr kanaanäisch-ägyptischer Entstehungshorizont im Zweiten Jahrtausend v. Chr. Berlin: EB-Verlag Dr. Brandt.Google Scholar
Näser, C. (2001). Zur Interpretation funerärer Praktiken im Neuen Reich: Der Ostfriedhof von Deir el-Medine. In Arnst, C., Hafemann, I. & Lohwasser, A., eds., Begegnungen. Antike Kulturen im Niltal: Festgabe für Erika Endesfelder, Karl-Heinz Priese, Walter Friedrich Reineke, Steffen Wenig, von Schülern und Mitarbeitern. Leipzig: Verlag Helmar Wodtke und Katharina Stegbauer, pp. 373–98.Google Scholar
Nöth, W. (1990). Handbook of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, H. (2022). The proto-Sinaitic inscriptions at Serabit el-Khadim in their archaeological context: date and function. Ägypten und Levante 32, 269–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkinson, R. (1999). Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Perego, E. (2013). The other writing: iconic literacy and situla art in pre-Roman Veneto (Italy). In Piquette, K. E. & Whitehouse, R. D., eds., Writing As Material Practice: Substance, Surface and Medium. London: Ubiquity Press, pp. 253–70.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. (1909). Qurneh. London: School of Archaeology in Egypt and Bernard Quaritch.Google Scholar
Peust, C. (1999). Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language. Gottingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.Google Scholar
Peust, C. (2016). Der Lautwert der Schilfblatt-Hieroglyphe (M 17). Lingua Aegyptia, 24, 89–100.Google Scholar
Pietri, R. (2022). Écrire et lire des statues. In Polis, S., ed., Guide des écritures de l’Égypte ancienne. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 154–7.Google Scholar
Polis, S. & Rosmorduc, S. (2015). The hieroglyphic sign functions: suggestions for a revised taxonomy. In Amstutz, H., Dorn, A., Müller, M., Ronsdorf, M. & Uljas, S., eds., Fuzzy Boundaries: Festschrift für Antonio Loprieno. Hamburg: Widmaier, pp. 149–74.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1969). Sur les inscriptions pseudo-hiéroglyphiques de Byblos. Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph, 45, 223–39.Google Scholar
Quack, J. F. (2010). Difficult hieroglyphs and unreadable Demotic? How the Ancient Egyptians dealt with the complexities of their script. In de Voogt, A. & Finkel, I., eds., The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity. Leiden: Brill, pp. 235–51.Google Scholar
Quack, J. F. (2017). How the Coptic script came about. In Grossmann, E., Dils, P., Richter, T. & Schenkel, W., eds., Greek Influence on Egyptian-Coptic. Hamburg: Widmaier, pp. 27–96.Google Scholar
Rampersad, S. (2020). Commodity branding and textual potmarks: Three bread mould intaglios from Tell Gabbara. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 106, 187–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raven, M. J. (1991). The Tomb of Iurudef: A Memphite Official in the Reign of Ramesses II. Leiden: National Museum of Antiquities Leiden and Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Ray, J. (1994). Literacy and language in Egypt in the Late and Persian Periods. In Bowman, A. K. & Woolf, G., eds., Literacy and Power in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–66.Google Scholar
Regulski, I. (2010). A palaeographic study of early writing in Egypt. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters & Departement Oosterse Studies.Google Scholar
Richards, F. (2001). The Anra Scarab: An Archaeological and Historical Approach. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rilly, C. (2022). Meroitic writing. In Wendrich, W., Stauder, A., Agut-Labordère, D. et al., eds., UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ts0n9p0.Google Scholar
Rilly, C. & De Voogt, A. (2012). The Meroitic Language and Writing System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberson, J. A. (2020). Enigmatic Writing in the New Kingdom II: A Lexikon of Ancient Egyptian Cryptography of the New Kingdom. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Robertson, J. S. (2004). The possibility and actuality of writing. In Houston, S., ed., The First Writing: Script Invention As History and Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–38.Google Scholar
Roth, A. M. (1991). Egyptian Phyles in the Old Kingdom: The Evolution of a System of Social Organization. Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Rzepka, S. (2015). ‘Funny signs’ graffiti vs. textual graffiti: contemporary or not? In Budka, J., Kammerzell, F. & Rzepka, S., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems in Ancient Egypt (and Elsewhere). Hamburg: Widmaier, pp. 159–83.Google Scholar
Sartori, M. (2022). Talking images: a semiotic and visual analysis of three Eighteenth-Dynasty chapels at Deir el-Medina (TT8, TT340, TT354). In Töpfer, S., del Vesco, P. & Poole, F., eds., Deir el-Medina through the Kaleidoscope: Proceedings of the International Workshop Turin 8th–10th October 2018. Medina: Franco Cosimo Panini Editore S.p.A. https://formazioneericerca.museoegizio.it/en/pubblicazioni/deir-el-medina-en, pp. 651–76.Google Scholar
Sass, B. (1988). The Genesis of the Alphabet and Its Development in the Second Millennium B.C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Sass, B. (2005). The Genesis of the Alphabet and Its Development in the Second Millennium B.C. twenty years later. De Kêmi à Birît Nâri, 2, 147–66.Google Scholar
Sass, B. (2019). The pseudo-hieroglyphic inscriptions from Byblos, their elusive dating, and their affinities with the early Phoenician inscriptions. In Abrahami, P. & Battini, L., eds., Ina dmarri u qan ṭuppi. Par la bêche et le stylet! Cultures et sociétés syro-mésopotamiennes. Mélanges offerts à Olivier Rouault. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 157–80.Google Scholar
Schenkel, W. (1994). Zur Formenbildung des Verbs im Neuägyptischen. Orientalia, 63, 10–15.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, S. D. (2003). Zur Herkunft der spätzeitlichen alphabetischen Schreibungen. In Bickel, S. & Loprieno, A., eds., Basel Egyptology Prize 1: Junior Research in Egyptian History, Archaeology, and Philology. Basel: Schwabe & Company, pp. 371–86.Google Scholar
Soliman, D. (2015). Workmen’s marks in pre-Amarna tombs at Deir el-Medina. In Budka, J., Kammerzell, F. & Rzepka, S., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems in Ancient Egypt (and Elsewhere). Hamburg: Widmaier, pp. 109–32.Google Scholar
Soliman, D. (2018a). Ostraca with identity marks and the organisation of the royal necropolis workmen of the 18th Dynasty. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 118, 465–534.Google Scholar
Soliman, D. (2018b). Two groups of Deir el-Medina ostraca recording duty rosters and daily deliveries composed with identity marks. In Ast, R., Choat, M., Cromwell, J., Lougovaya, J. & Yuen-Collingridge, R., eds, Observing the Scribe at Work: Scribal Practice in the Ancient World. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 45–61.Google Scholar
Stauder, A. (2020). The visual otherness of the enigmatic text in some netherworld books of the New Kingdom. In Klotz, D. & Stauder, A., eds., Enigmatic Writing in the New Kingdom I: Revealing, Transforming, and Display in Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 249–65.Google Scholar
Stauder, A. (2022). Paths to early phoneticism: Egyptian writing in the late fourth millennium BCE. In Morenz, L., Stauder, A. & Büma, B., eds., Wege zur frühen Schrift: Niltal und Zweistromenland. Berlin: EB-Verlag Dr. Brandt.Google Scholar
Tallet, P. (2012). La zone minière du Sud-Sinaï I: Catalogue complémentaire des inscriptions du Sinaï. 2 vols. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Teissier, B. (1996). Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. Fribourg: University Press and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Thiers, C. (2022). L’écriture ptolemaïque. In Polis, S., ed., Guide des écritures de l’Égypte ancienne, Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 52–7.Google Scholar
Töpfer, S., del Vesco, P. & Poole, F., eds. (2022). Deir el-Medina through the Kaleidoscope: Proceedings of the International Workshop Turin 8th–10th October 2018. Medina: Franco Cosimo Panini Editore S.p.A. https://formazioneericerca.museoegizio.it/en/pubblicazioni/deir-el-medina-en.Google Scholar
Valbelle, D., (1985). ‘Les ouvriers de la Tombe’: Deir el-Médineh à l’époque ramesside. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Van Soldt, W. (2013). The extent of literacy in Syria and Palestine during the second millennium B.C.E. In Feliu, L., Albà, A. M. & Llop, J. & Martín, J. San, eds., Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 19–31.Google Scholar
Vandier d’Abbadie, J. & Jourdain, G. (1939). Deux tombes de Deir el-Médineh. I. La chapelle de Khâ. II La tombe du scribe royal Amenemopet. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Verner, M. (1982). Altägyptische Särge in den Museen und Sammlungen der Tschechoslowakei, Lieferung 1. Prague: Univerzita Karlova.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. (1991). Sur les graphies de la formule ‘l’offrande que donne le roi’ au Moyen Empire et à la Deuxième Période Intermediaire. In Quirke, S., ed., Middle Kingdom Studies. New Malden: SIA Publishing, pp. 141–52.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. (2015). Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne et écriture proto-sinaïtique: une typologie comparée. Acrophonie ‘forte’ et acrophonie ‘faible’. In Rico, C. & Attucci, C., eds., Origins of the Alphabet: Proceedings of the First Polis Institute Interdisciplinary Conference. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, pp. 142–75.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. (2016). La naissance de l’écriture dans l’Égypte pharaonique: une problématique revisitée. Archéo-Nil, 26, 105–34.Google Scholar
Vita, J.-P. & Zamora, J.-A. (2018). The Byblos script. In Ferrara, S. and Valério, M., eds., Paths into Script Formation in the Ancient Mediterranean. Rome: Edizioni Qasar, pp. 75–102.Google Scholar
Vittmann, G. (2022). Eine pseudohieratische Gefäßinschrift der Spätzeit aus Deir el-Bahari (Kairo JE 56283). In Bryan, B., Smith, M. & Cerbo, C. Di et al., eds., One Who Loves Knowledge: Studies in Honor of Richard Jasnow. Columbus, GA: Lockwood Press, pp. 467–92.Google Scholar
Von Lieven, A. (2009). Script and pseudo scripts in Graeco-Roman Egypt. In Andrássy, P., Budka, J. & Kammerzell, F., eds., Non-textual Marking Systems, Writing and Pseudo Script from Prehistory to Modern Times. Gottingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, pp. 101–11.Google Scholar
Wente, E. F. (2001). Hieratic. In Redford, D. B., ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 206–10.Google Scholar
Werning, D. A. (2022). L’écriture énigmatique: distanciée, cryptique, sportive. In Polis, S., ed., Guide des écritures de l’Égypte ancienne. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, pp. 200–7.Google Scholar
Willems, H. (2018). Cylinder seals for the lower classes. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 145, 187–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson-Wright, A. (2013). Interpreting the Sinaitic inscriptions in context: a new reading of Sinai 345. Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel, 2, 136–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson-Wright, A. (2020). ‘Beloved of the lady are those who … ’: a recurring memorial formula in the Sinaitic inscriptions. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 384, 133–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimmer, S. (2008a). A new hieratic ostracon from Ashkelon. Tel Aviv, 35, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimmer, S. (2008b). Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der althebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Winand, J. (1992). Études de néo-égyptien, 1. La morphologie verbale. Liège: Centre Informatique de Philosophie et Lettres.Google Scholar
Yamada, A. (2017). Some remarks on the evolution of the workers organization of the pyramid construction in the Old Kingdom: through the examination of the so-called mason’s mark. In Bárta, M., Coppens, F. & Krejčí, J., eds., Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2015. Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University, pp. 489–501.Google Scholar
- 2
- Cited by