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ARTICULATIONS OF BELONGING: THE POLITICS OF ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS PLURALISM IN BAUCHI AND GOMBE STATES, NORTH-EAST NIGERIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Abstract

North-east Nigeria is an area of great ethno-linguistic diversity and religious pluralism, with Islam and Christianity both having a strong presence. The majority of the population is Muslim but there is also a substantial indigenous Christian minority, who form a majority in some local government areas. This paper draws on fieldwork by the authors in two north-eastern states, Bauchi and Gombe, to explore why, despite comparable religious demographics, there are marked differences in the levels of collective violence experienced in the two states. Although ethno-religious violence has increased across northern Nigeria since the 1980s, some areas have been more affected than others. To understand why this is, it is necessary to place ethnic and religious differences in their local historical and political contexts. This paper compares Gombe and Bauchi and argues that, although there are complaints of marginalization among different groups in both cases, Gombe State has developed a more inclusive system of government and local conflict management than Bauchi State. We explore what accounts for this difference in the articulation and management of belonging and whether the contrast is significant enough to explain differential levels of violence. In doing so, we consider how inter-ethnic and inter-religious relations have been shaped historically in the two cases and compare current forms of collective mobilization, considering different social and political spaces within each state. The paper also briefly outlines the impacts of the radical insurgent group Jama'at ahl al-sunna li'l-da'wa wa'l-jihad, nicknamed Boko Haram, in Bauchi and Gombe states.

Résumé

Le nord-est du Nigeria est une région de grande diversité ethnolinguistique et de pluralisme religieux, marquée par une forte présence de l'islam et du christianisme. En majorité musulmane, la population compte également une minorité chrétienne indigene qui forme une majorité dans certaines régions administratives. Cet article s'appuie sur des travaux menés par ses auteurs dans deux États du nord-est, Bauchi et Gombe, pour examiner pourquoi, en dépit d'une démographie religieuse comparable, les niveaux de violence collective observés dans ces deux États affichent des différences marquées. Bien que la violence ethnoreligieuse ait augmenté dans tout le nord du Nigeria depuis les années 1980, certaines régions ont été plus affectées que d'autres. Pour en comprendre la raison, il faut placer les différences ethniques et religieuses dans leur contexte historique et politique local. Cet article compare Gombe et Bauchi et affirme que si différents groupes se plaignent certes d’être marginalisés dans les deux cas, l’État de Gombe a élaboré un système de gouvernement et de gestion des conflits plus inclusif que l’État de Bauchi. Il cherche à expliquer cette différence dans l'articulation et la gestion de l'appartenance, et à déterminer si le contraste est suffisamment important pour expliquer l’écart de niveau de violence. Ce faisant, il étudie la manière dont les relations interethniques et interreligieuses se sont façonnées dans ces deux États d'un point de vue historique et compare les formes actuelles de mobilisation collective, en considérant différents espaces sociaux et politiques dans chacun des États. L'article décrit aussi brièvement l'impact du groupe radical d'insurgés Jama'at ahl al-sunna li'l-da'wa wa'l-jihad, surnommé Boko Haram, dans les États de Bauchi et de Gombe.

Type
The politics of exclusion and inclusion in Africa
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2015 

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