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Livestock mobility and the territorial state: South-Western Niger (1890–1920)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2017

Abstract

Colonial rule in West Africa initiated the incorporation of mobile people, particularly pastoralists, into Western territorial states. This article reports on the early period of French colonial rule of the area that is now South-Western Niger – a strategically important area with respect to territorial competition among the French colonies of Dahomey and Soudan (later the colonies of Senegambia and Niger) as well as the British colony of Nigeria. Building from the study of contemporary patterns of livestock mobility and their logics, archival and secondary literatures are used to develop an understanding of dominant herd mobility patterns at the time (transhumance for grazing and trekking to distant markets); the importance of livestock as a source of tax revenue; colonial anxieties about the loss of livestock from within their borders; and efforts of colonial administrators to reduce the potential loss of livestock from their territories. This case illustrates the limitations of the territorial state model where the state lacks sufficient power over mobile subjects utilizing a sparse and fluctuating resource base. The actions of French administrators and Fulɓe pastoralists worked as a form of ‘hands-off’ negotiation, with each group monitoring and reacting to the actions of the other. Due to the limitations of colonial state control, the existence of boundaries elicited greater monitoring of livestock movements by colonial administrators but also increased the leverage held by mobile pastoralists as the French sought to increase the attractiveness of their territory to the principal managers of its wealth (livestock). The proximity of borders to the study area complicated the task of French colonial administrators, who necessarily became increasingly focused on monitoring the movements of their subjects (labour and capital) to avoid their possible escape as they moved within the borderlands of what is now South-Western Niger. The limits of colonial power to monitor and control these movements led administrators to initiate policies favouring pastoralists.

Résumé

C'est sous le régime colonial en Afrique de l'Ouest que les populations nomades, pastorales notamment, ont commencé à être incorporées dans des États territoriaux occidentaux. Cet article traite du début de la période coloniale française dans la région de l'actuel Sud-Ouest du Niger, une région d'importance stratégique en ce qui concerne la concurrence territoriale dans les colonies françaises du Dahomey et du Soudan (plus tard les colonies de Sénégambie et du Niger), et la colonie britannique du Nigeria. S'appuyant sur l’étude des schémas contemporains de mobilité du bétail et de leur logique, l'auteur utilise la littérature secondaire et archivistique pour chercher à comprendre les schémas dominants de mobilité du bétail à cette époque (la transhumance vers des pâturages et des marchés éloignés), l'importance du bétail en tant que source de revenu fiscal, les anxiétés coloniales autour de la perte de bétail à l'intérieur de leurs frontières et les efforts de l'administration coloniale pour réduire les pertes potentielles de bétail de leurs territoires. Ce cas illustre les limitations du modèle d’État territorial dans lequel l’État manque de pouvoir sur les sujets itinérants qui utilisent une base de ressources peu abondantes et variables. Les actions de l'administration française et des pasteurs peuls ont fonctionné comme une forme de négociation « non interventionniste », chaque groupe surveillant et réagissant aux actions de l'autre. En raison des limitations du contrôle de l’État colonial, l'existence de frontières a suscité une plus grande surveillance des mouvements de bétail par l'administration coloniale, mais elle a aussi accru le poids des pasteurs nomades au moment où les Français cherchaient à renforcer l'attractivité de leur territoire vis-à-vis des principaux gérants de sa richesse (le bétail). La proximité des frontières de la zone d’étude a compliqué la tâche de l'administration coloniale française qui se concentrait nécessairement de plus en plus sur la surveillance des mouvements de ses sujets (main-d’œuvre et capital) pour éviter qu'ils ne s’échappent lors de leurs déplacements dans les régions frontalières qui forment aujourd'hui le Sud-Ouest du Niger. Les limites du pouvoir colonial à surveiller et à contrôler ces mouvements ont conduit l'administration à lancer des politiques favorables aux pasteurs.

Type
Livestock: mobility, raiding and the state
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2017 

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