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The Origin of the Name ‘Hausa’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2012

Extract

In his introductory notes to Bargery's dictionary, Westermann summarizes the early historical records of the Hausa-speaking peoples and, in particular, discusses the name ‘Hausa’ itself, without forming any theory as to its provenance. He points out that, apart from a reference to Ḥauṣiyin by Ibn Sa‘id, an Andalusian Arab writer who died in the last quarter of the thirteenth century, the first reference to the word is four centuries later, in the Tarikh-es-Sudan. Ibn Sa‘id incidentally—if we are to believe Ibn Khallikan—got no nearer to the Western Sudan than Tunis, so it seems that his information was as secondhand as that of most of our other Arab authorities for the area. In the interim four centuries, though Ibn Batuta uses such names of individual Hausa chiefdoms as Kūbar (Gobir), the only generic name used was by Al Maqrizi, an Egyptian, whom Hiskett suggests got the name from some Bornu source, without knowing much about the people it referred to. This was Afnū, which is still the name used for the Hausa by the Kanuri and other related peoples of the Chad area. While making no suggestion himself as to a possible source of origin, at the end of the first section of his notes, Westermann makes reference to the conquest of Hausaland by Muhammadu Askia of Songhai, and to his ultimate repulse by Muhammadu Kanta, chief of Kebbi, in 1513.

Résumé

L'ORIGINE DU NOM ‘HAUSA’

D'après les sources écrites, le nom ‘Hausa’ aurait fait son apparition, d'une manière générale, au XVIe siècle. A cette époque, une large fraction de l'aire linguistique Hausa a obtenu son indépendance de la domination Songhay. Une rapide comparaison entre les langues Hausa et Songhay laisse apparaître plusieurs similitudes intéressantes. En particulier, des mots n'ayant pas un rapport direct, mais ayant la même connotation dans les deux langues. En outre, il y a un assez grand nombre d'emprunts, principalement en ce qui concerne le commerce, la numérique, l'irrigation et la construction. Des exemples sont donnés dans l'article, accompagnés de quelques hypothèses sur la façon dont les emprunts ont pu se faire. On a proposé comme critère de langue de prêt le fait que le sens du mot y est employé dans son sens commun, complet et général, tandis que dans la langue d'emprunt le sens en est plus limité et plus spécifique.

Le sujet principal de cet article est d'attirer l'attention sur ce dernier phénomène. Le mot Songhay pour ‘est’ est hausa et il semble que l'on puisse presque l'appliquer à l'appellation du peuple qui, pour les Songhay, vit dans l'est du pays.

Le fait que le XVIe siècle a été pour les Hausa une période de troubles où ils ont peutêtre développé un sentiment voisin du sentiment national, ne serait-ce qu'en s'opposant à la domination Songhay, semble aussi étayer cette hypothèse.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1968

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References

page 253 note 1 Bargery, G. P.Hausa–English Dictionary. Oxford. 1934.Google Scholar

page 253 note 2 A conclusion reached by Hiskett, M. in African Studies vi, 1965, p. 18 et seq.

page 253 note 3 Op. cit.

page 253 note 4 Such as those of Greenberg, J. H. in Word, August, 1947, p. 85; East, R. M. in Africa, x (1937), 97105CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. in Africa, xxxiii (1963), 2544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 253 note 5 Zima, P.Archiv Orientalni 32 (1964), 522–8.Google Scholar

page 253 note 6 Journal of African History, i, 2 (1960), 205–12.

page 254 note 1 IFAF–Dakar Mémoires, No. 47 (1956). I have used Prost's orthography for the Songhai words quoted.

page 254 note 2 Cf. the Hadhrami ‘Persian fire’—see Serjeant, R. B. in Journal of Semitic Studies, x. 2 (1965), 241–52.

page 255 note 1 I am grateful to Mr. F. W. Parsons for his suggestion that the word lambā (‘number’) itself would be a better example. This means in Hausa (i) ‘mile-post’, (ii) ‘sign-post’, (iii) ‘trade-mark’, (iv) ‘price-tag’, (v) ‘political or other badge or emblem’, (vi) ‘medal, decoration’, (vii) ‘survey beacon’, (viii) ‘vaccination [mark]’, (ix) ‘furlong post on race-course’, (x) ‘furlong’—in fact any significant mark or sign of non-native origin whether it has figures on it or not, but never simply a number.

page 256 note 1 Berlin Institut für Orientforschung Veröffent-lichung Nr. 26 (Festschrift Westermann), p. 594.

page 256 note 2 For a modern account, see Hallam, K.Journal of African History, 1 (1966), 4760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar