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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 May 2017
Although the development of international law has tended more and more to confine the operations of war to such as are directed against the armed forces of the belligerents and to relieve the peaceful population from their immediate effects, nevertheless a number of practices employed principally for the purpose of bringing economic pressure to bear upon the general mass of enemy non-combatants, still survive in full vigor and are well recognized as legitimate. One of the most important of this class of operations is blockade. The end of blockade is to cut off trade and intercourse with specified ports or with a specified coast line in possession of the enemy.
1 Monroe to de Onis, March 20, 1816, Moore’s Dig., VII, 789-790.
2 Clayton to Flennicken, May 12, 1849, Moore’s Dig., VII, 791–792.
3 Woolsey, 342; Calvo, V, §§ 2865-2867; Ortolan, , Règies Internationales et diplomatic de la mer, II, 332 Google Scholar; Hautefeuille, , Des droits et des devoirs des nations neutres en temps de Guerre Maritime, II, 195 Google Scholar; Heffter, 341.
4 Hautefeuille, II, 195. See Hall (6th ed.), 704–706.
5 Du Blocus Maritime, 130–131.
6 Moore’s Dig., VII, 789–790.
7 Nys, III, 181; Ortolan, 332.
8 Westlake, II, 264–5; Hall (6th ed.), 704-6; Oppenheim (2d ed.), II, 462; The Olinde Rodrigues (1898), 174 U. S. 510.
9 The Olinde Rodrigues, supra.
10 Proclamations and Decrees during the War with Spain, 85.
11 Page 343.
12 II, 162.
13 Parliamentary Papers: Papers relating to the Blockade of the Ports of the Confederate States, p. 119.
14 Page 702.
15 Nys, III, 192; Ortolan, 357; Hautefeuille, II, 221; F. de Martens, III, 290; Calvo, V, § 2887; Heffter, 347.
16 The Columbia (1779), 1 C. Rob. 154; The Vrow Johanna (1799), 2 C. Rob. 109; Westlake, II, 269; Hall, 710; Oppenheim (2d ed.), II, 469; Halleck (4th ed.), II, 228–9; Phillimore (3d ed.), III, 488.
17 (1864), 2 Wall. 135, 151.
18 Proclamations and Decrees during the War with Spain, pp. 85 et seq.
19 International Law Discussions, 1903, p. 113. This code was withdrawn in February, 1904.
20 (1799), 1 C. Rob. 332; see, also, Oppenheim, II, 469.
21 Proclamations and Decrees during the War with Spain, pp. 86 et seq.
22 International Law Discussions, 1903, p. 113.
23 (1864), 2 Wall. 135.
24 (1865), 3 Wall. 514.
25 (1867), 6 Wall. 266.
26 (1866), 5 Wall. 1.
27 Fauchille, Du Blocus Maritime, 337; F. de Martens, III, 290; Phillimore (3d ed.), III, 490; Hall, 711; Oppenheim, II, 470.
28 Oppenheim, II, 470; Woolsey, 356.
29 (1801), 4 C. Rob. 65.
30 (1801), 4 C. Rob. 79.
31 (1866), 5 Wall. 28.
32 Halleck (4th ed.), II, 221; Phillimore (3d ed.), III, 488, 505; Calvo, V, § 2903; Wheaton (4th ed.), 703.
