Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T17:45:37.671Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

AN EFFIGY OF TEZCATLIPOCA FROM THE BILIMEK COLLECTION IN VIENNA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2020

Jeremy D. Coltman Open the ORCID record for Jeremy D. Coltman [Opens in a new window] ,
Guilhem Olivier  and
Gerard van Bussel
Jeremy D. Coltman*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, 1334 Watkins Hall, Riverside, California92521
Guilhem Olivier
Affiliation:
Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva S/n, C.U., Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
Gerard van Bussel
Affiliation:
Weltmuseum Wien, Heldenplatz, 1010 Vienna, Austria
*
E-mail correspondence to: jcolt001@ucr.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Most representations of Tezcatlipoca, the supreme sorcerer of Late Postclassic central Mexico, come from the codices of the Mixteca-Puebla tradition. This important deity was also represented, however, in statues, wall paintings, bas-reliefs, as well as head-shaped ceramic pieces, the latter of which are little-known and poorly studied. In this study, we offer a detailed analysis of one of the best examples of Tezcatlipoca head-shaped ceramic pieces sheltered in the Bilimek Collection at the Weltmuseum in Vienna. We compare the Tezcatlipoca effigy head of Vienna with similar pieces from the Colección Fundación Televisa in Mexico City, the Museo Regional de Cholula, and the Museo del Valle de Tehuacán, all representations being fine examples of the Eastern Nahua artistic tradition. The similarity between the iconography on the Tezcatlipoca pedestal in Vienna and the murals of Ocotelulco and Tizatlan, Tlaxcala, are particularly striking, sharing representations of skulls, hands, and a motif we have identified as a mirror. We also analyze in detail the links between the iconography of Tezcatlipoca with that of the Macuiltonaleque. Finally, we propose the possibility of a ritual use of these ceramic vessels, associated with the ingestion of pulque in the framework of a Tezcatlipoca drinking cult.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , Fall 2020 , pp. 343 - 359
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acuña, René (editor) 1986 Relaciones geográficas del siglo XVI: México, Vol. 2. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Mexico City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, Fernando de 1985 Obras históricas. 2 vols. Edited by O'Gorman, Edmundo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Alvarado Tezozómoc, Hernando 1980 [1878] Crónica mexicana. Edited by Berra, Manuel Orozco y. Editorial Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and García, Luis Reyes (editors) 1991 El libro del Ciuacoatl. Homenaje para el año del Fuego Nuevo. Libro explicativo del llamado Códice Borbónico. Edited by Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and García, Luis Reyes. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, and Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and García, Luis Reyes (editors) 1993 Códice Borgia. Los templos del cielo y de la oscuridad, oráculos y liturgia. Edited by Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and García, Luis Reyes. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, and Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, and Jansen, Maarten 1993 Manual del adivino: Libro explicativo del llamado Códice Vaticanus 3773. Edited by Anders, Ferdinand and Jansen, Maarten. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, and Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario, and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, and Jansen, Maarten 1992 Origen e historia de los reyes mixtecos. Texto explicativo del Códice Vindobonensis. Edited by Anders, Ferdinand and Jansen, Maarten. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, and Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, and Jansen, Maarten 1996a Libro de la vida. Texto explicativo del llamado Códice Magliabechiano. Edited by Anders, Ferdinand and Jansen, Maarten. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, and Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, and Jansen, Maarten 1996b Religión, costumbres e historia de los antiguos mexicanos. Libro explicativo del llamado Códice Vaticano A. Edited by Anders, Ferdinand and Jansen, Maarten. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, and Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora 1992 Crónica mixteca. El rey 8 Venado, Garra de Jaguar y la dinastía de Teozacualco-Zaachila. Libro explicativo del llamado Códice Zouche-Nuttall. Edited by Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, and Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora 1994 El libro de Tezcatlipoca, Señor del tiempo. Libro explicativo del llamado Códice Fejérváry-Mayer. Edited by Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, and Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Baquedano, Elizabeth (editor) 2015 Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Aztec Deity. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Barlow, Robert H., and Graulich, Michel (editors) 1995 Codex Azcatitlan, Códice Azcatitlan. Bibliothèque nationale de France and Société des Américanistes, Paris.Google Scholar
Baudez, Claude-François 2004 Los cautivos mayas y su destino. In Los cautivos de Dzibanché, edited by Nalda, Enrique, pp. 57–77. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Baudez, Claude-François, and Mathews, Peter 1997 Captura y sacrificio en Palenque. In Mesas redondas de Palenque: Antología, edited by Trejo, Silvia, pp. 505–521. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Becker-Donner, Etta 1965 Kopfbecher. Die Mexikanischen Sammlungen des Museums für Völkerkunde, Wien. Brüder Rosenbaum, Vienna.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F., and Anawalt, Patricia R. (editors) 1992 The Codex Mendoza. 4 vols. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berger, Uta 2004 Mictlantecuhtli, the Mexican Deity of Death, and Associated Human Organs. Mexicon 26:106–110.Google Scholar
Bierhorst, John (editor) 1992a Anales de Cuauhtitlan. In Códice Chimalpopoca: The Text in Nahuatl with a Glossary and Grammatical Notes, edited by Bierhorst, John, pp. 3–84. University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London.Google Scholar
Bierhorst, John (editor) 1992b Anales de Cuauhtitlan. In History and Mythology of the Aztecs: The Codex Chimalpopoca, edited and translated by Bierhorst, John, pp. 23–138. University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London.Google Scholar
Bilimek, Dominik 1878 Letter, February 22, 1878. Archiv für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth Hill 1999 The “Coatlicues” at the Templo Mayor. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth Hill 2007 Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth Hill, and Collins, Rochelle 2013 The Petroglyphic Prayers on the Sun Stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina. Ancient Mesoamerica 24:225–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burland, Cottie, and Forman, Werner 1976 Les Aztèques. Atlas, Paris.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1927a Las ruinas de Tizatlan. Revista mexicana de estudios históricos 1:139–172.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1927b El Teocalli de la guerra sagrada. Talleres Gráficos de la Nación, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1964 Codex Selden 3135. Edited by Caso, Alfonso. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cuauhtlehuanitzine, Chimalpahin, Muñón, Domingo Francisco de San Antón 1997 Primer amoxtli libro. 3a relación de las différentes histoires originales. Edited and translated by Víctor M. Castillo F. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cuauhtlehuanitzine, Chimalpahin, Muñón, Domingo Francisco de San Antón 2003 Séptima relación de las différentes histoires originales. Edited and translated by Quintana, Josefina García. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Coltman, Jeremy D. 2020 Nahua Sorcery and the Classic Maya Antecedents of the Macuiltonaleque. In Sorcery in Mesoamerica, edited by Coltman, Jeremy D. and Pohl, John M. D.. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. In press.Google Scholar
Martínez, Contreras, Eduardo, José 1994 Los murales y cerámica policromos de la zona arqueólogica de Ocotelulco, Tlaxcala. In Mixteca-Puebla: Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Nicholson, Henry B. and Keber, Eloise Quiñones, pp. 7–24. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Dehouve, Danièle 2011 L'imaginaire des nombres chez les anciens Mexicains. Presses Universitaires de Rennes, Rennes.Google Scholar
De Mendieta, Geronimo, and Jay, Felix 1997 Historia eclesiástica indiana: A Franciscan's View of the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. Vol. 14. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston.Google Scholar
Drucker, Phillip 1943 Ceramic Stratigraphy at Cerro de las Mesas Veracruz, Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 141. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Durán, Diego 1971 Book of the Gods and Rites and the Ancient Calendar. Edited and translated by Horcasitas, Fernando and Heyden, Doris. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Durán, Diego 1995 Historia de las indias de Nueva España e islas de Tierra Firme. 2 vols. Edited by Romero, José Rubén and Camelo, Rosa. Cien de México, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Eggebrecht, Arne 1986 Glanz und Untergang des Alten Mexikos. Die Azteken und Ihre Vorläufer. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.Google Scholar
Fargher, Lane F., Blanton, Richard E., and Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y. 2010 Egalitarian Ideology and Political Power in Prehispanic Central Mexico: The Case of Tlaxcallan. Latin American Antiquity 21:227–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feest, Christian F., and Kann, Peter 1992 Das altertum der Neuen Welt: Voreuropäischen kulturen Amerikas. Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna and Berlin.Google Scholar
Fields, Virginia M., Pohl, John M. D., and Lyall, Victoria I. 2012 Children of the Plumed Serpent: The Legacy of Quetzalcoatl in Ancient Mexico. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, London.Google Scholar
Graulich, Michel 1988 Quetzalcóatl y el espejismo de Tollan. Instituut voor Amerikanistiek, Amberes.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 2004 Akan: The God of Drinking, Disease and Death. In Continuity and Change: Maya Religious Practices In Temporal Perspective, edited by Behrens, Daniel Graña, Grube, Nikolai, Prager, Christian M., Sachse, Frauke, Teufel, Stefanie, and Wagner, Elizabeth, pp. 59–76. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben.Google Scholar
Haberland, Wolfgang 1984 Zwei Xipe-Köpfe aus stein im Hamburgischen Museum für Völkerkunde. Tribu 33:89–96.Google Scholar
Heger, Franz 1908 Die archäologischen und ethnographischen Sammlungen aus Amerika im k.k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseum in Wien. Festschrift herausgegeben anlässlich der Tagung des XVI. Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses in Wien, 9–14 September 1908 vom Organisations-Komitee, Vienna.Google Scholar
Hernández Sánchez, Gilda 2005 Vasijas para ceremonia. Iconografía de la cerámica tipo códice del estilo Mixteca-Puebla. CNWS Publications, Leiden.Google Scholar
Hernández Sánchez, Gilda 2010 Vessels for Ceremony: The Pictography of Codex-Style Mixteca-Puebla Vessels from Central and South Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 21:252–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, Stephen, and Taube, Karl 2000 An Archaeology of the Senses: Perception and Cultural Expression in Ancient Mesoamerica. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10:261–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, Justin 2019 Maya Vase Database. Electronic document, http://www.mayavase.com, accessed April 2019.Google Scholar
Kirchoff, Paul, Lina Odena Güemes, and Luis Reyes García 1976 Historia tolteca-chichimeca. CIS Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Klein, Cecilia F. 2000 The Devil and the Skirt. An Iconographic Inquiry into the Pre-Hispanic Nature of the Tzitzimime. Ancient Mesoamerica 11:1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lind, Michael D. 1994 Cholula and Mixteca Poychromes: Two Mixteca-Puebla Regional Sub-Styles. In Mixteca-Puebla. Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by Nicholson, Henry B. and Keber, Eloise Quiñones, pp. 79–99. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo 1995 Dioses del México antiguo. Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, and Olguín, Felipe Solís 2002 Aztecs. Royal Academy of Arts, Madrid.Google Scholar
Mikulska, Katarzyna 2015 Tejiendo destinos. Un acercamiento al sistema de comunicación gráfica en los códices adivinatorios. El Colegio Mexiquense, Zinacantepec, and Universidad de Varsovia, Warsaw.Google Scholar
Miller, Mary, and Taube, Karl 1993 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Mönnich, Anneliese 1973 Las deidades mexicanas llamadas Tonaleque, “señores de los signos de los días.” Indiana 1:65–73.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H.B., and Keber, Eloise Quiñones 1983 Art of Aztec Mexico: Treasures of Tenochtitlan. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry B. 1971 Religion in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10: Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, edited by Bernal, Ignacio and Ekholm, Gordon F., pp. 395–446. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry B. 1991 The Octli Cult in Late Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico. In To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, pp. 158–187. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Henry B. 2001 The “Return of Quetzalcoatl”: Did it Play a Role in the Conquest of Mexico? Labyrinthos, Lancaster.Google Scholar
Noguera, Eduardo 1954 La cerámica arqueológica de Cholula. Editorial Guaranía, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Nowotny, Karl A. 1961 Tlacuilolli. De mexikanischen Bilderhandschriften. Stil und Inhalt. Edited by Kutscher, Gerdt. Monumenta Americana, Ibero-Amerikanische Bibliothek, Berlin.Google Scholar
Nowotny, Karl A. 2005 Tlacuilolli. Style and Contents of the Mexican Pictorial Manuscripts with a Catalog of the Borgia Group. Edited and translated by Everett, George A. and Sisson, Edward B.. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Olivier, Guilhem 2000 Entre transgresión y renacimiento, el papel de la ebriedad en los mitos del México antiguo. In El héroe entre el mito y la historia, edited by Navarrete, Federico and Olivier, Guilhem, pp. 101–121. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, and Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, Mexico City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivier, Guilhem 2002 The Hidden King and the Broken Flutes: The Mythical and Royal Dimension of Tezcatlipoca's Feast in Toxcatl. In Representing Ritual: Performance, Text and Image in the Work of Sahagún, edited by Keber, Eloise Quiñones, pp. 107–142. University of Colorado Press, Niwat.Google Scholar
Olivier, Guilhem 2003 Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God, Tezcatlipoca, "Lord of the Smoking Mirror." University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Olivier, Guilhem 2014–2015 Why Give Birth to Enemies? The Warrior Aspects of the Aztec Goddess Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetic 65–66:54–71.Google Scholar
Olivier, Guilhem 2015 Cacería, sacrificio y poder en Mesoamérica. Tras las huellas de Mixcóatl, “Serpiente de Nube.” Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Fondo de Cultura Económica, and Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Olivier, Guilhem 2008 Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror”: Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God. Translated by Besson, Michel. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Paddock, John 1985 Tezcatlipoca in Oaxaca. Ethnohistory 32:309–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peperstraete, Sylvie 2006 Los murales de Ocotelulco y el problema de la procedencia del Códice Borgia. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 37:15–32.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M. D. 2003 Ritual and Iconographic Variability in Mixteca-Puebla Polychrome Pottery. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Frances F., pp. 201–206. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M. D. 2007 Sorcerers of the Fifth Heaven: Nahua Art and Ritual of Ancient Southern Mexico. Program in Latin American Studies, Cuadernos, No. 9. Princeton University, Princeton.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M.D. 1998 Themes of Drunkenness, Violence, and Factionalism in Tlaxcalan Altar Paintings. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 33:184–207.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M.D., Fields, Virginia M., and Lyall, Victoria I. 2012 Children of the Plumed Serpent: The Legacy of Quetzalcoatl in Ancient Mexico. In Children of the Plumed Serpent: The Legacy of Quetzalcoatl in Ancient Mexico, edited by Fields, Virginia M., Pohl, John M.D., and Lyall, Victoria I., pp. 14–49. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, London.Google Scholar
Quiñones Keber, Eloise 1995 Codex Telleriano-Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript. Edited by Queber, Eloise Quiñones. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Achi, Rabinal 1994 Rabinal Achi. Un drame dynastique maya du quinzième siècle. Edited and translated by Breton, Alain. Société des Américanistes, Société d'Ethnologie, Nanterre.Google Scholar
Ramsey, James R. 1982 An Examination of Mixtec Iconography. In Aspects of the Mixteca-Puebla Style and Mixtec and Central Mexican Culture in Southern Mesoamerica: Papers from a Symposium Organized by Doris Stone, edited by Brown, Jennifer S. H. and Wyllys Andrews V, E.., pp. 33–42. Middle American Research Institute, Occasional Paper No. 4. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Relación de Michoacán 1977 Relación de las ceremonias y ritos y población y gobierno de los indios de la provincia de Michoacán (1541). Edited by Tudela, José and Núñez, José Corona. Balsal Editores, Morelia.Google Scholar
Riedl-Dorn, Christa 2001 Dominik Bilimek. In Die entdeckung der welt. Die welt der entdeckungen. Österreicher, forscher, sammler und abenteurer, edited by Seipel, Wilfried, pp. 328–332. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Milan.Google Scholar
Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernando 1982 Aztec Sorcerers in Seventeenth Century Mexico: The Treatise on Superstitions by Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón. Edited and translated by Coe, Michael D. and Whittaker, Gordon. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies Publication No. 7. State University of New York at Albany, Albany.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Bernardino de 1950–1982 Florentine Codex: General History of the things of New Spain. 13 vols. Edited and translated by Dibble, Charles E. and Anderson, Arthur J.O.. School of American Research and the University of Utah, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Saunders, Nicholas J. 2001 A Dark Light: Reflections on Obsidian in Mesoamerica. World Archaeology 33:220–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1904 Gesammelte abhandlungen zur Amerikanischen sprach-und alterthumskunde. Vol. 2. Ascher & Co., Berlin.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1927 Einige kapitel aus dem Geschichtswerk des Fray Bernardino de Sahagun. Strecker und Schröder, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1963 [1904] Comentarios al Códice Borgia. 2 vols. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard1990–1998 [1902–1923] Collected Works in Mesoamerican Linguistics and Archaeology. 6 vols. Edited by Bowditch, Charles P.. Labyrinthos, Culver City.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1901–1902 Codex Fejérváry-Mayer: An Old Mexican Manuscript in the Liverpool Free Public Museums. Edinburgh University Press, Berlin and London.Google Scholar
Serna, Jacinto de la 1987 [1892] Manual de ministros de indios para el conocimiento de sus idolatrías, supersticiones, dioses, ritos, hechicerías y otras costumbres gentílicas de las razas aborígenes de México. In El alma encantada, edited by Benítez, Fernando, pp. 261–475. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Solís, Felipe 1995 Pintura mural en el Altiplano central. Arqueología Mexicana 3:30–35.Google Scholar
Solís, Felipe 2004 The Aztec Empire. Catalogue of the Exhibition. Guggenheim Museum, New York.Google Scholar
Solís, Felipe, Uruñuela, Gabriela, Plunket, Patricia, Cruz, Martín, and Rodríguez, Dionisio 2006 Cholula. The Great Pyramid. Grupo Azabache and Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Spranz, Bodo 1964 Los dioses en los códices mexicanos del grupo Borgia. Translated by María Martínez Peñaloza. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 1992 The Iconography of Mirrors at Teotihuacan. In Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan, edited by Berlo, Janet Catherine, pp. 169–204. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2010 At Dawn’s Edge: Tulum, Santa Rita and Floral Symbolism of Late Postclassic Yucatan. In Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the Late Postclassic Period, edited by Vail, Gabrielle and Hernandez, Christine, pp. 145–191. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2015 The Huastec Sun God: Portrayals of Solar Imagery, Sacrifice, and War in Late Postclassic Huastec Iconography. In The Huasteca. Culture, History, and Interregional Exchange, edited by Faust, Katherine A. and Richter, Kim N., pp. 98–127. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2018 Introduction. In Studies in Ancient Mesoamerican Art and Architecture: Selected Works by Karl Andreas Taube, pp. 13–75. Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Thévet, André 1905 Histoyre du Mechique, manuscrit français inédit du XVIe siècle. Edited by de Jonghe, Edouard. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, nouvelle série 2:1–41.Google Scholar
Tonalamatl, Aubin 1900–1901 [1900] The Tonalamatl of the Aubin Collection. Edited by Seler, Eduard. Edinburgh University Press, Berlin and London.Google Scholar
Torquemada, Fray Juan de 1944 [1723] Monarquia Indiana. 3 vols. Salvador Chávez Hayhoe, Mexico City.Google Scholar
van Bussel, Gerard W. 2001 The Collection of the North and Central American Department of the Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna. In Art and the Native American. Perceptions, Reality, and Influences, edited by Krumrine, Mary Louise and Scott, Susan Clare, pp. 302–323. Papers in Art History from the Pennsylvania State University Department of Art History. Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
van Bussel, Gerard W. 2010 Tezcatlipoca or a Maquiltonal–An Effigy from the Bilimek Collection in Vienna. Archiv. Weltmuseum Wien, Vienna.Google Scholar
Vié-Wohrer, Anne-Marie 1999 Xipe Totec, Notre Seigneur l'Écorché: Étude glyphique d'un Dieu Aztèque. Vol. 1. Centre Français d'Études Mexicaines et Centraméricaines, Mexico City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westheim, Paul 1972 Prehispanic Mexican Art. Putnam, New York.Google Scholar
Zantwijk, Rudolf van 1985 The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Zantwijk, Rudolf van 1994 Zegevierend met de zon. Duizend jaar Azteekse gedichten en gedachten. Prometheus, Amsterdam.Google Scholar