Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T20:57:50.675Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Monkey Business at Northern River Lagoon: A coastal–Inland Interaction Sphere in Northern Belize

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2008

Shirley Boteler Mock
Affiliation:
Institute of Texan Cultures, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78205-3926, USA

Abstract

Ongoing fieldwork at the coastal site of Northern River Lagoon (NRL) in northern Belize, a specialized saltmaking community, has revealed a consumer relationship with the large, inland, stone-tool-producing center of Colha during the Late to Terminal Classic. Artifact distribution suggests that this economic partnership involved the movement of salt, salted products, and trade goods to Colha in exchange for stone tools. This inland–coastal partnership was enhanced by a shared ideology reflected in the iconography of identical Palmar Orange-polychrome plates. The presence of the ideologically imbued plates in both elite and nonelite contexts suggests they were intended to strengthen group allegiance and reinforce territorial boundaries during this troubled time. This study stimulates new insights into the structure of ancient Maya coastal–inland interaction spheres in northern Belize, thereby facilitating comparisons between local areas within a regional context.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Richard E.W. 1971 The Ceramics of Altar de Sacrificios. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 63, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1980a Salt-Making, Merchants and Markets: The Role of a Critical Resource in the Development of Maya Civilization. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1980b The Salt Trade of the Ancient Maya. Archaeology 33(4):2433.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1983 Maya Salt Production and Trade. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1990 The Role of Trading Ports in Maya Civilization. In Vision and Revision in Maya Studies, edited by Clancy, Flora S. and Harrison, Peter D., pp. 159167. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1991 America's Ancient Mariners. Natural History 10: 7275.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P., and Corletta, Robert 1995 A Brief History of Underwater Archaeology in the Maya Area. Ancient Mesoamerica 6: 101118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P., Negrón, Tomás Gallareta, Castellanos, Fernando Robles, Palma, Rafael Cobos, and Rivero, Pura Cervera 1988 Isla Cerritos: An Itzá Trading Port on the North Coast of Yucatan, Mexico. National Geographic Research 4: 196207.Google Scholar
Baker, Mary 1992 Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus capucinus) and the Ancient Maya. Ancient Mesoamerica 3: 219228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1977 The Archaeological Ceramics of Becan, Campeche, Mexico. Publication No. 43. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Beaudry, Marilyn P. 1988 The Function of Nonfunctional Ceramics. In A Pot for All Reasons: Ceramic Ecology Revisited, edited by Kolb, Charles C. and Lackey, Louana M., pp. 4555. Ceramica de Cultura Maya, Temple University, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Bennyhoff, James A., and Meighan, Clement W. 1952 Excavations in British Honduras. Manuscript on file, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M., and Earle, Timothy K. 1987 Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies: An Introduction. In Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, edited by Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and Earle, Timothy K., pp. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Carneiro, Robert L. 1992 Point Counterpoint: Ecology and Ideology in the Development of New World Civilizations. In Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Conrad, Geoffrey W., pp. 160175. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1992 Elites and the Changing Organization of Classic Maya Society. In Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, edited by Chase, D.Z. and Chase, A.F., pp. 3049. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1977 Supernatural Patrons of Maya Scribes and Artists. In Social Process in Maya History, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 327346. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1978 Lords of the Underworld: Masterpieces of Classic Maya Ceramics. The Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1982 Old Gods and Young Heroes. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1989 The Hero Twins: Myth and Image. In The Maya Vase Book, vol. 1, compiled by Kerr, Justin, pp. 161182. Kerr Associates, New York.Google Scholar
Conger, Burl 1986 Colha Operation 2012: Goals for Thesis and Continuing Research. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Craig, Alan K. 1966 Geography of Fishing in British Honduras and Adjacent Coastal Areas. Report No. 28(66) Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1992 Archaeology, Ideology, and Pre-columbian Cultural Evolution: The Search for an Approach. In Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Conrad, Geoffrey W., pp. 113. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Dreiss, Meredith L. 1988 Obsidian at Colha, Belize: A Technological Analysis and Distributional Study Based on Trace Element Data. Papers of the Colha Project, vol. 4. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, and the Center for Archaeological Research, Univerrsity of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Dreiss, Meredith L. 1989 An Obsidian Distribution Model for the Belize Periphery. In Coastal Maya Trade, edited by McKillop, Heather I., pp. 7990. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 8. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Dreiss, Meredith L., and Brown, David O. 1989 Obsidian Exchange Patterns in Belize. In Prehistoric Maya Economies of Belize, edited by McAnany, Patricia A. and Isaac, Barry L., pp. 5790. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement No. 4. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.Google Scholar
Dreiss, Meredith L., Brown, David O., Hester, Thomas R., Glascock, Michael D., Neff, Hector, and Stryker, Katharine S. 1993 Expanding the Role of Trace-Element Studies: Obsidian Use in the Late and Terminal Classic Periods at the Lowland Maya Site of Colha, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 4: 271284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, Richard K., and Mazzullo, S.J. 1993 Holocene Paleocoastal Reconstruction and Its Relationship to Marco Gonzalez, Ambergris Caye, Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 20: 121130.Google Scholar
Eaton, Jack D. 1994 Archeological Investigations at the Main Datum Mound, Colha, Belize. In Continuing Archaeology at Colha, Belize, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Eaton, Jack D., pp. 99108. Studies in Archeology No. 16. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Edmonson, Munro S. 1971 The Book of Counsel: The Popol Vuh of the Quiche Maya of Guatemala. Publication No. 35. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Stuart, David S. 1991 Dynastic History and Cultural Evolution at Copan. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick, pp. 147179. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Freidel, David 1992 The Trees of Life: Ahau as Idea and Artifact in Classic Lowland Maya Civilization. In Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Conrad, Geoffrey W., pp. 115134. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., Schele, Linda, and Parker, Joy 1995 Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years On the Shaman's Path. William Morrow and Co., New York.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford 1973 The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books, Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Gibson, Eric C., and Shafer, Harry J. 1982 Maya Lithic Craft Specialization in Northern Belize. Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Gifford, James C. 1976 Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize Valley. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology No. 18. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth A. 1975 Archaeology of the Stann Creek District, Belize. Centre of Latin American Studies. University of Cambridge, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth A. 1978 Archaeological Investigations in the Stann Creek District. Belizian Studies 4: 1626.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth A. 1987 Resource Diversity in Belize and Its Implications for Models of Lowland Trade. American Antiquity 52: 753767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth A. 1989 Brief Synthesis of Coastal Site Data from Colson Point, Placencia, and Marco Gonzales, Belize. In Coastal Maya Trade, edited by McKillop, Heather I. and Healy, Paul F., pp. 135154. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 8. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth A. 1994 The Highlands of the Lowlands: Environment and Archaeology in the Stann Creek District, Belize, Central America. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 1. Prehistory Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth A., and Pendergast, David M. 1987 Cays to the Kingdom. Archaeological Newsletter. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth A., and Pendergast, David M. 1989 Excavations at the Marco Gonzalez Site, Ambergris Cay, Belize, 1986. Journal of Field Archaeology 16: 116.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H. 1975 Maya Settlement and Trade in Ambergris Caye, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 6: 147160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H. 1988 Maya Maritime Trade at San Juan, Ambergris Cay, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H. 1995 Maya Settlement and Trade on Ambergris Caye, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 6: 147159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., and Garber, James F. 1995 Maya Maritime Trade, Settlement, and Populations on Ambergris Caye, Belize. Maya Research Program and Labyrinthos, San Antonio, TX.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., Garber, James F., and Smith, Herman 1988 San Juan: A Maya Trading Transshipment Point on Northern Ambergris Cay, Belize. Mexicon X(2):3537.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., Garber, James F., and Smith, Herman 1989 Maritime Trade on Ambergris Cay, Belize. In Coastal Maya Trade, edited by McKillop, Heather I. and Healy, Paul F., pp. 124133. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 8. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, Mary E. 1994 An Examination of Iconographic Patterns on Palmar Orange-polychrome From Colha, Belize. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman D. 1975 Lubaantun: A Classic Maya Realm. Monographs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman D. 1976 Maya Obsidian Trade in Southern Belize. In Maya Lithic Studies: Papers from the 1976 Belize Field Symposium, edited by Hester, Thomas R. and Hammond, Norman, pp. 7182. Special Report 4. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman D. 1982 Ancient Maya Civilization. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman D. 1991 Inside the Black Box: Defining Maya Polity. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick, pp. 253284. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Healy, Paul F. 1989 Coastal Maya Trade: Some Observations. In Coastal Maya Trade, edited by McKillop, Heather I. and Healy, Paul F., pp. 155164. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 8. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1993 Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, and Power. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R. 1983 A Preliminary Report on the 1983 Investigations at Colha. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R. 1985 The Maya Lithic Sequence in Northern Belize. In Stone Tool Analysis: Essays in Honor of Don E. Crabtree, edited by Plew, Mark G., Woods, James C., and Pavesic, Max G., pp. 187210. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R. (editor) 1979 The Colha Project, 1979: A Collection of Interim Papers. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., and Shafer, Harry J. 1984 Exploitation of Chert Resources by the Ancient Maya of Northern Belize. World Archaeology 16: 157173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., and Shafer, Harry J. 1994 Ancient Maya Craft Communities at Colha, Belize, and Its External Relationships. In An Archaeological View from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, edited by Schwartz, Glenn M. and Falconer, Steven E., pp. 4863. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., and Shafer, Harry J. (editors) 1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Papers from the Second Maya Lithic Conference. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 1. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Eaton, Jack D., and Shafer, Harry J. (editors) 1980 The Colha Project: Second Season, 1980 Interim Report. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio, and Centro Studi e Ricerche Ligabue, Venice.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Berry, Thena 1991 Technological and Comparative Analyses of the Chipped Stone Artifacts from El Pozito, Belize. In Maya Stone Tools: Selected Papers from the Second Maya Lithic Conference, edited by Hester, Thomas R. and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 6784. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Eaton, Jack D. (editors) 1982 Archaeology at Colha, Belize: The 1981 Interim Report. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio, and Centro Studie Ricerche Ligabue, Venice.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian 1979 Economic and Social Stress and Material Culture Patterning. American Antiquity 44: 446454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, Eva 1977 The Transformation of the Hummingbird: Cultural Roots of a Zinacantecan Mythical Poem. Cornell University Press, London.Google Scholar
Iceland, Harry 1993 Late Classic Maya Pottery in Northern Belize: A Petrographic Analysis. Unpublished manuscript on file, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Jackson, Laurence J., and McKillop, Heather I. 1989 Defining Coastal Maya Trading Ports and Transportation Routes. In Coastal Maya Trade, edited by McKillop, Heather I. and Healy, Paul, pp. 91110. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 8. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Kelly, Thomas C. 1980 The Colha Regional Survey. In The Colha Project: Second Season, 1980 Interim Report, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Eaton, Jack D., pp. 8597. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio, and Centro Studi e Ricerche Ligabue, Venice.Google Scholar
Kelly, Thomas C. 1982 The Colha Regional Survey, 1981. In Archaeology at Colha, Belize: The 1981 Interim Report, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Eaton, Jack D., pp. 8597. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio, and Centro Studie Ricerche Ligabue, Venice.Google Scholar
Kelly, Thomas C. 1987 The Colha Regional Survey, 1987. Manuscript on file, Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Kelly, Thomas C., and Valdez, Fred Jr., 1979 Site Survey in the Northern River Lagoon Area. In The Colha Project 1979: A Collection of Interim Papers, edited by Hester, Thomas R., pp. 169172. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Kerr, Justin 1992 The Maya Vase Book, vol. 3. Kerr Associates, New York.Google Scholar
King, Eleanor M. 1990 Maya Household Organization and the Problem of Isolated Mounds: A Perspective from Colha, Belize. Paper presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Las Vegas.Google Scholar
Krochock, Ruth 1995 Cross-Correlation of Epigraphic and Archaeological Data at Chichen Itza. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, J. Jefferson 1985 The Point Placencia Archaeological Project: 1984–85 Fieldwork. Mexicon VII: 8083.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, J. Jefferson 1986 In Search of the Ancient Maritime Maya. Wisconsin Academy Review 2226. University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, J. Jefferson 1989 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Prehistoric Maya Settlement: Settlement, Procurement, and Exchange Along the Coast and Cays of Southern Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, J. Jefferson., and Kepecs, Susan M. 1989 Prehispanic Saltmaking in Belize: New Evidence. American Antiquity 54: 522533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1989 Stone Tool Production and Exchange in the Eastern Maya Lowlands: The Consumer Perspective from Pulltrouser Swamp, Belize. American Antiquity 54: 332346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1991 Structure and Dynamics of Intercommunity Exchange. In Maya Stone Tools: Selected Papers from the Second Maya Lithic Conference, edited by Hester, Thomas R. and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 271293. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
McKillop, Heather I. 1980 Moho Cay, Belize: Preliminary Investigations of Trade, Settlement, and Marine Resource Exploitation. Master's thesis, Trent University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
McKillop, Heather I. 1987 Wild Cane Cay: An Insular Classic Period to Postclassic Period Maya Trading Station. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-Santa Barbara. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
McKillop, Heather I. 1989 Development of Coastal Trade: Data, Models, and Issues. In Coastal Maya Trade, edited by McKillop, Heather and Healy, Paul, pp. 118. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 8. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
McKillop, Heather I. 1994a Ancient Maya Tree Cropping: A Viable Subsistence Adaptation for the Island Maya. Ancient Mesoamerica 5: 129140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKillop, Heather I. 1994b Production and Distribution of Ancient Maya Salt: Underwater Archaeology South Coastal Belize. Paper presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Anaheim.Google Scholar
McKillop, Heather I. 1995 Underwater Archaeology, Salt Production, and Coastal Maya Trade at Stingray Lagoon, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 6: 214228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKillop, Heather I. 1996 Ancient Maya Trading Ports and the Integration of Long-Distance and Regional Economies: Wild Cane Cay in South-Coastal Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 7: 4962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massey, Virginia 1989 The Human Skeletal Remains from a Terminal Classic Skull Pit at Colha, Belize. Papers of the Colha Project No. 3. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, and Texas A&M University, College Station.Google Scholar
Meskill, Frances 1989 Investigations at a Late-Terminal Classic House Mound Workshop: A Preliminary Investigation at Operation 4045. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Miller, Mary, and Taube, Karl 1993 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley Boteler 1994a The Northern River Lagoon Site: Subsistence, Saltmaking, and Survival on the Belize Coast during the Late to Terminal Classic Period. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, Austin. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley Boteler 1994b Destruction and Denouement During the Late-Terminal Classic: The Colha Skull Pit. In Continuing Archeology at Colha, Belize, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Eaton, J.D., pp. 221231. Studies in Archeology No. 16. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley Boteler 1995 Monkey Business at NRL: Core-Periphery Exchange and Ideological Spheres in Northern Belize. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archaeology, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley Boteler 1997 The Sowing and the Dawning: Dedication and Termination Processes in the Ethnographic and Archaeological Record of Mesoamerica. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, in press.Google Scholar
Rands, Robert L. 1967 Ceramic Technology and Trade in the Palenque Region, Mexico. In American Historical Anthropology: Essays in Honor of Leslie Spier, edited by Riley, Carroll L. and Taylor, Walter W., pp. 131151. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Rands, Robert L., and Bishop, Ronald L. 1980 Procurement Zones and Patterns of Ceramic Exchange in the Palenque Region, Mexico. In Models and Methods in Regional Exchange, edited by Fry, Robert E., pp. 1946. SAA Papers No. 1. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, Doris 1994 Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period. Duke University Press, Durham.Google Scholar
Reese, Kathryn V and Valdez, Fred Jr., 1987 The Ceramic Sequence of Kichpanha, 1979–1985. BAR International Series 345(i). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1981 Pottery Production-Distribution Systems in the Southern Maya Lowlands. In Production and Distribution: A Ceramic Viewpoint, edited by Hilary Howard and Morris, Elaine L., pp. 145167. BAR International Series 120. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1989 Reptiles and Rulership: A Stylistic Analysis of Peten Postclassic Pottery. In Word and Image in Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, and Representation, edited by Hanks, William F. and Rice, Don S., pp. 306318. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Robertson, Robin A., and Freidel, David A. 1986 Archaeology at Cerros, Belize, Central America: Volume I, An Interim Report. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.Google Scholar
Roemer, Erwin 1991 A Late Classic Workshop at Colha, Belize. In Maya Stone Tools: Selected Papers from the Second Maya Lithic Conference, pp. 5566. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 1. Prehistory Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Saunders, Nicholas J. 1988 Anthropological Reflections on Archaeological Mirrors. In Recent Studies in Pre-Columbian Archaeology, edited by Saunders, Nicholas J. and de Montmollin, Olivier, pp. 131. BAR International Series 421. British Archaeological Reports, Oxfordshire.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1991 Archaeology at Cerros, Belize, Central America, vol 3. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda 1989 A Brief Note on the Name of a Vision Serpent. In The Maya Vase Book, vol. 1, compiled by Kerr, Justin, pp. 146148. Kerr Associates, New York.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Freidel, David 1990 A Forest of Kings. William Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Miller, Mary E. 1986 The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth.Google Scholar
Shafer, Harry J. 1983 The Lithic Artifacts of the Pulltrouser Area: Settlements and Fields. In Pulltrouser Swamp: Ancient Maya Habitat, Agriculture, and Settlement in Northern Belize, pp. 212245. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafer, Harry J., and Hester, Thomas R. 1983 Ancient Maya Chert Workshops in Northern Belize, Central America. American Antiquity 48: 519543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1977 The Maya Collapse Revisited. In Social Process in Maya Prehistory: Studies in Honour of Sir Eric Thompson, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 532552. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Shaw, Leslie C. 1992 The Kichpanha Project: Summary of the 1990 Field Season. Andover Foundation for Archaeological Research, Andover, MA.Google Scholar
Shaw, Leslie C. 1995 Boom or Bust: The Growth and Decline of Kichpanha, Belize. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Maya Archaeology, San Ignacio, Belize.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E. 1955 Ceramic Sequence at Uaxactun, Guatemala. Publication No. 20. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Steele, D. Gentry, Eaton, Jack D., and Taylor, Anna J. 1980 The Skulls from Operation 2011 at Colha: A Preliminary Investigation. In The Colha Project, Second Season, 1980 Interim Report, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Eaton, Jack D., and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 163172. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio, and Centro Studie Ricerche Ligabue, Venice.Google Scholar
Tedlock, Dennis 1985 Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa's Relación de las Casas de Yucatan: A Translation. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 19. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred Jr., 1987 The Prehistoric Ceramics of Colha, Northern Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred Jr., 1994 The Colha Ceramic Complexes. In Continuing Archeology at Colha Belize, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Eaton, Jack D., pp. 916. Studies in Archeology No. 16. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred Jr, and Mock, Shirley B. 1991 Additional Considerations for Prehispanic Saltmaking in Belize. American Antiquity 6: 520525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilk, Rick 1978 The Moho Cay Collection. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1974 The Classic Maya Hiatus: A Rehearsal for the Collapse? In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 417431. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., Bullard, William R. Jr, Glass, J.B., and Gifford, James C. 1965 Prehistoric Maya Settlements in the Belize Valley. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 54. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. Martin 1977 Stylistic Behavior and Information Exchange. In For the Director: Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin, edited by Cleland, Charles L., pp. 317342. Anthropological Papers No. 61. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar