^{page 391 note a} Codex Dipl. Æi Saxon, vol. iii. p. 360. See also the Will of Wynflæd, about 995, in the same collection, vol. vi. p. 30, where mention is made of “twâ treôwanan gesplottude cuppan.”

^{page 392 note a} Rotuli Hundr. vol. ii. p. 701.

^{page 392 note b} The word Tun is so often improperly rendered Town, that a few words on its real signification may not be out of place here. Mr. Thorpe, in the valuable glossary appended to his justly esteemed collection of the “Ancient Laws and Institutes of England,” thus defines the meaning of the word as it is found in Anglo-Saxon writings:—

“Tūn, Villa: Originally a plot of ground inclosed with a hedge. German, ‘zaun.’ It came afterwards to signify a dwelling with the land inclosed about it; then many dwellings within the inclosure, till it became what we now denominate a town.”

Mr. Kemble, however, (see the Glossary prefixed to the third vol. of the Codex Dipl. Ævi Sax.) observes that the German “zaun,” a hedge, is not to be interpreted in the same sense with us, tun signifying “not so much that which surrounds as that which is surrounded; not the hedge, but that which is inclosed by the hedge.” Tun is the termination of numerous places in England which have never risen to the dignity of towns. It was in fact the designation of an inclosed space, as Bere-tun, i. e. the Barton or Barley-yard; Sceap-tun, a Sheep-fold, &c. Whenever the word occurs in our earliest authorities, it is desirable to ascertain what description of tun or inclosure is intended, for it has obviously a more limited meaning in some cases than in others. When compounded, as in garstun (A. S. zænu;γ - τūn), we know it signifies a small inclosure of grass-land, a paddock. The word still exists in a corrupted form in the south and west of England, as garson and gasson. Garsden, with which it is often confounded, I take to mean a portion of meadow-land in a valley. Coney Garston is a rabbit-warren.

That tun in its primitive meaning was not so comprehensive, and did not signify Town, we may infer from many passages in Anglo-Saxon authorities. If we turn to the Holy Gospels in that language we rarely find the Greek κώμη rendered by tun, but instead of it castel, ceastre, burg, or wic. I give the examples :—

The exceptions occur in Mark vi. 36 and 56, and Luke ix. 12. In the first, τúnas is used in a generic form ; in the second, in a general sense; and in the third, in the sense in which it occurs in Mark xv. 21 where we find ἐρχόμενον άπ᾿ άϒροῦ, “coming out of the country,” rendered cumenbe of pam tune.

“It is very remarkable,” observes Mr. Kemble, “that the largest proportion of the names of places among the Anglo-Saxons should have been formed with this word, while upon the continent of Europe it is never used for such a purpose.”

^{page 394 note a} Archæologia, vol. XXXV. pl. xix, fig. 7.

^{page 394 note b} Fairford Graves, p. 14. Eemains of Pagan Saxondom, pl. xix. fig. 3.

^{page 394 note c} I have described these objects as steels for striking a light, an error -which subsequent discoveries enable me to correct.

^{page 395 note a} Fairford Graves, pl. xix, fig. 2.

^{page 395 note b} Archæologia, vol. XXXVII. p. 146, fig. 4.

^{page 395 note c} See my remarks on the significance: of the hair-pin in Saxon interments. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, vol. iv. p. 74.

^{page 396 note a} Arehæologia, vol. XXXV. pl. xii. fig. 3. Pagan Saxondom, pl. xxiv. fig. 3.

^{page 396 note b} Nenia Britannica, pl. ii. fig. 7.

^{page 397 note a} Eald æsc-wiga. Beowulf, 4090.

^{page 397 note b} The skull of the man, and the lower jaw of the woman, have been submitted to Dr. Thurnam, who has favoured me with the following remarks :—

“The skull is that of a man from sixty to seventy years of age. The form is a tolerably regular oval, inclining to the long rather than the short type. The face and jaws are large, the lower jaw in particular unusually long and with a very prominent chin. The lower incisor teeth project considerably in advance of the upper. The crowns of all the teeth are very much worn ; the upper incisors down to the very fangs. Two of the upper molars are affected by caries.

“The jaw is that of a person of about sixty-five years of age. Notwithstanding the deep base of the jaw, and the large size of the teeth, it is probably that of a female. Compared with the lower jaw of the other skeleton, the chin is seen to be much more rounded, and the ascending processes much smaller, shorter, and more oblique.

“The eroded state of the teeth, especially the molars, is very marked. They are much encrusted with tartar.”

^{page 398 note a} The Saxons in England, vol. i. p. 404.

^{page 398 note b} Cf. Beowulf, ed. Thorpe, 2151,3950, 4085.