Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-05T05:13:43.227Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Modification of Psychological Interventions for Persistent Auditory Hallucinations to an Islamic Culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2009

Saeed Wahass  and
Gerry Kent
Saeed Wahass
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
Gerry Kent
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Auditory hallucinations comprise the most common symptoms of schizophrenia. Although antipsychotic medications are helpful, in that they reduce symptoms and the likelihood of relapse, many patients do not benefit from their use. In recent years, psychological interventions have been developed in the West to help such patients. However, cross-cultural studies have shown that the nature and form of auditory hallucinations are affected by cultural differences, suggesting that a patient's cultural background needs to be considered when applying psychological methods. In this study, three schizophrenic patients from Saudi Arabia whose auditory hallucinations persisted despite the administration of antipsychotic medications were given a modified psychological intervention designed to alter the characteristics and content of their hallucinations. The modifications included an emphasis on Islamic doctrine and religion. Two patients benefited from the interventions. The third patient was reluctant to engage with the therapist, probably because the content of his voices was benign. The importance of such modifications when employing psychological intervention for patients from non-Western backgrounds is discussed.

Type
Clinical Section
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 25 , Issue 4 , October 1997 , pp. 351 - 364
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. Washington: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Azhar, M., Varma, S., & Hakin, H. (1993). Phenomenological differences of hallucinations between schizophrenic patients in Penang and Kelantan. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 48, 146–152.Google ScholarPubMed
Barrowclough, C. & Tarrier, N. (1992). Families of schizophrenic patients, cognitive behavioural intervention. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Bentall, R., Haddock, G., & Slade, P. (1994). Cognitive behaviour therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations: From theory to therapy. Behaviour Therapy, 25, 51–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, D., Mackinnon, A., Howard, S., Zeegers, T., & Copolov, D. (1995). The development and reliability of the Mental Health Research Institute Unusual Perceptions Schedule (MUPS): An instrument to record auditory hallucinatory experience. Schizophrenia Research, 16, 157–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chadwick, P. & Birchwood, M. (1996). Cognitive therapy for voices. In Haddock, G. & Slade, P. (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Collins, M., Cull, C., & Sireling, L. (1989). Pilot study of treatment of persistent auditory hallucinations by modified auditory input. British Medical Journal, 299, 431–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curson, D., Barnes, T., Bamber, R., Platt, S., Hirsch, S., & Duffy, J. (1985). Long-term depot maintenance of chronic schizophrenic out-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 464–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Done, D., Frith, C., & Owens, D. (1986). Reducing persistent auditory hallucinations by wearing an ear-plug. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 151–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falloon, I., & Talbot, R. (1981). Persistent auditory hallucinations: Coping mechanisms and implications for management. Psychological Medicine, 11, 329–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feder, R. (1982). Auditory hallucinations treated by radio headphones. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1188–1190.Google ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, A., Dinan, T., & Baker, L. (1994). The effects of varying auditory input on schizophrenic hallucinations: A replication. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67, 67–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garety, P., Kuipers, L., Fowler, D., Chamberlain, F., & Dunn, G. (1994). Cognitive behavioural therapy for drug-resistant psychosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67, 259–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, D., Alderson, P., & Rosenthal, R. (1971). Clinical significance of hallucinations in psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 76–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddock, G. & Slade, P. (Eds.) (1996). Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haddock, G., Bentall, R., & Slade, P. (1993). Psychological treatment of chronic auditory hallucinations: Two case studies. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21, 335–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddock, G., Bentall, R., & Slade, P. (1996). Psychological treatment of auditory hallucinations: Focusing or distraction? In Haddock, G. & Slade, P. (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haghighat, R. (1994). Cultural sensitivity: ICD-10 versus DSM-III-R. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 40, 189–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrow, M., Carone, B., & Westermeyer, J. (1985). The course of psychosis in early phase of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 702–707.Google ScholarPubMed
Hustig, H. & Hafner, R. (1990). Persistent auditory hallucinations and their relationship to delusions and mood. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 264–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hustig, H., Tran, D., Hafner, R., & Miller, R. (1990). The effect of headphone music on persistent auditory hallucinations. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 18, 273–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jablensky, A. & Sartorius, N. (1988). Is schizophrenia universal? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78, 65–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, E., Owens, D., Gold, A., Crow, T., & Macmillan, F. (1984). Schizophrenic patients discharged from hospital: A follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 586–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Junginger, J. & Frame, C. (1985) Self-report of the frequency and phenomenology of verbal hallucinations. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 149–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, G. & Wahass, S. (1996). The content and characteristics of auditory hallucinations in Saudi Arabia and the UK: A cross-cultural comparison. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 433–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, K., Li, D., Jiang, Z., Cui, X., Lin, L., Kang, J., Park, K., Chung, E., & Kim, C. (1993). Schizophrenic delusions among Korean, Korean-Chinese and Chinese: A transcultural study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 39, 190–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McInnis, M. & Marks, I. (1990). Audiotape therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 913–914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morley, S. (1987). Modification of auditory hallucinations: Experimental studies of headphones and earplugs. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 15, 240–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, S. & Adams, M. (1989). Some simple statistical tests for exploring single-case time-series data. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, A. (1994). Cognitive behaviour therapy for auditory hallucinations without concurrent medication: A single case. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22, 259–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueser, K., Bellack, A., & Brady, E. (1990). Hallucinations in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82, 26–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, H., Thrasher, S., & Barnes, T. (1991). Practical ways of alleviating auditory hallucinations. British Medical Journal, 302, 327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Sullivan, K. (1994). Dimensions of coping with auditory hallucinations. Journal of Mental Health, 3, 351–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romme, M. & Escher, S. (1993). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications.Google Scholar
Tarrier, N., Beckett, R., Harvood, S., Baker, A., Yusupoff, L., & Ugarteburu, I. (1993). A trial of two cognitive-behavioural methods of treating drug-resistant residual symptoms in schizophrenic patients: I. Outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 524–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarrier, N., Harwood, S., Yusopoff, L., Beckett, R., & Baker, A. (1990). Coping strategy enhancement (CSE): A method of treating residual schizophrenic symptoms. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 18, 283–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrier, N., Sharpe, L., Beckett, R., Harvood, S., Baker, A., & Yusopoff, L. (1993). A trial of two cognitive behavioural methods of treating drug-resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients: II. Treatment-specific changes in coping and problem-solving skills. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 5–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wahass, S. & Kent, G. (1997). Coping with auditory hallucinations: A cross-cultural comparison between Western (British) and non-Western (Saudi Arabian) patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Heath Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organisation.Google Scholar
Zarrouk, E. (1975). The frequency of visual hallucinations in schizophrenic patients in Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 553–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.