¹ See for example the Editorial of the Oil and Gas Journal, 17 05 1982.Google Scholar Also, the comments by J. Tanner, Editor of Petroleum Information International in Time Magazine, 22 02 1982, p. 45.Google Scholar

² These approaches were selected on the basis of a systematic examination of the numerous programmes and proposals that were put forward by the various groups and individuals that participated in the energy debate in the United States during the 1970s. The six approaches do not necessarily represent the exact positions of the specific proponents. Rather, they are the result of an effort to identify major energy perspectives. Moreover, the choice of approaches was not based mainly on the relative economic and political power held by their advocates. Instead, the typology is devised to clarify the different positions across the whole spectrum of ideological responses to the energy crisis.

³ The most articulate advocates of this approach were oil and gas companies' executives who participated in a number of forums and research projects dealing with the energy crisis such as the Energy Policy Project of the Ford Foundation, the Research Committee of the Committee for Economic Development and the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the International Oil Crisis. The best academic defence of this approach can be found in Institute for Contemporary Studies, ed., No Time to Confuse (San Francisco, Calif.: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1975).Google Scholar

⁴ Alexander, S., ‘Background Paper’, in Paying for Energy, Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the International Oil Crisis (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1975), P. 35.Google Scholar

⁵ Brozen, Y., New York Times, 6 07 1979.Google Scholar

⁶ Brozen, , New York Times.Google Scholar

⁷ Alchian, A. A., ‘An Introduction to Confusion’, No Time to Confuse, p. 3.Google Scholar

⁸ Harper, J. D., in Ford Foundation Energy Policy Project, A Time to Choose (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974), p. 373.Google Scholar

⁹ See Mead, W. J., ‘Private Enterprise and Energy’ in No Time to Confuse, p. 59.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Riker, W. H., ‘The Ideology of a Time to Choose’, in No Time to Confuse, p. 151.Google Scholar

¹¹ Jamison, M. S. Jr., in A Time to Choose, p. 378.Google Scholar

¹² Alchian, , ‘An Introduction’, p. 22.Google Scholar

¹³ See Johnson, M. B., ‘On Energy, Poverty and the Environment’ in No Time to Confuse, p. 48Google Scholar: ‘there is no evidence to suggest that the poverty problem can be solved by the appro priate energy policy. Nor is there anything to suggest that the poverty problem is exacerbated by the price of energy… Anymore than by the price of refrigerators, television sets, whiskey or tobacco’.

¹⁴ For a detailed treatment of the Americans for Energy Independence see McFarland, A. S., Public Interest Lobbies: Decision Making on Energy (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1976), pp. 100–5.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Americans for Energy Independence, Advertisement BookletGoogle Scholar (reprinted from Advertisement in Reader's Digest magazine), undated.

¹⁶ AFEI, Advertisement.Google Scholar

¹⁷ See AFEI, Statement of PolicyGoogle Scholar, undated document.

¹⁸ AFEI, Statement.Google Scholar

¹⁹ AFEI, Statement.Google Scholar

²⁰ AFEI, Statement.Google Scholar

²¹ AFL-CIO News, 19 01 1974.Google Scholar

²² Mondale, W., Is the Energy Crisis Contrived? (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Research, 1974), p. 1.Google Scholar

²³ See Engler, R., The Brotherhood of Oil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), p. 8.Google Scholar

²⁴ Mondale, , Is the Energy Crisis Contrived?, p. 13.Google Scholar

²⁵ AFL–CIO News, 22 11, 1975.Google Scholar

²⁶ AFL–CIO News, 19 11 1975.Google Scholar

²⁷ See Energy Policy Project of the Ford Foundation, A Time to Choose: America's Energy Future (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974).Google Scholar

²⁸ Ford Foundation, A Time to Choose, p. 4.Google Scholar

²⁹ Ford Foundation, A Time to Choose, p. 8.Google Scholar

³⁰ Ford Foundation, A Time to Choose, p. 11.Google Scholar

³¹ Ford Foundation, A Time to Choose, p. 339.Google Scholar

³² Ford Foundation, A Time to Choose, p. 339.Google Scholar

³³ See Hall, G., The Energy Rip-Off: Cause and Cure (New York: International Publishers, 1974).Google Scholar

³⁴ Hall, , The Energy Rip-Off, p. 29.Google Scholar

³⁵ Hall, , The Energy Rip-Off, p. 38.Google Scholar

³⁶ Hall, , The Energy Rip-Off, p. 14.Google Scholar

³⁷ Hall, , The Energy Rip-Off, p. 40.Google Scholar

³⁸ Hall, , The Energy Rip-Off, p. 39.Google Scholar

³⁹ Hall, , The Energy Rip-Off, p. 40.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Hall, , The Energy Rip-Off, p. 37.Google Scholar

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⁴³ Hall, , The Energy Rip-Off, p. 176.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Barry Commoner is the most sophisticated advocate of this approach. See his Address Presented to the Conference of Jobs and the Environment, sponsored by the Canadian Labor Congress, Ottawa, 20 February 1978.

⁴⁵ commoner, , Address, p. 4.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ commoner, , Address, p. 6.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ commoner, , Address, p. 13.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ See Commoner, B., The Politics of Energy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 81.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Commoner, , The Politics of Energy, p. 82.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ See Offe, C., ‘The Theory of the Capitalist State and the Problem of Policy Formation’, in Lindberg, Leon, ed., Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1975)Google Scholar; O'Connor, J., The Fiscal Crisis of the State (New York: St Martin's Press, 1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Poulantzas, N., Political Power and Social Classes (London: New Left Books, 1973)Google Scholar; Wright, E. O., Class, Crisis and the State (London: New Left Books, 1973).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Offe, , ‘The Theory of the Capitalist State’, p. 126.Google Scholar

⁵² Caldwell, M. A. and Wooley, D. T., ‘Energy Policy and the Capitalist State’, in Hammarlund, J. F. and Lindberg, L., eds, The Political Economy of Energy Policy: A Projection for Capitalist Society (Madison, Wisc.: Institute for Environmental Studies, 1976), p. 117.Google Scholar

⁵³ Offe, , ‘The Theory of the Capitalist State’, p. 127.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Wolfe, A., ‘New Directions in the Marxist Theory of Polities’, Politics and Society, IV (1974), p. 135.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ In the last few years, the oil companies have moved massively into other energy resources. This may of course change the way they define their interests regarding national energy policy.

⁵⁶ Lindberg, L., The Energy Syndrome: Comparing National Responses to the Energy Crisis (Lexington. Mass.: Lexington Books, 1977), p. 5.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Bupp, I. C., ‘Energy Planning in the U.S.’Google Scholar Paper submitted to the International Symposium on Energy, Environment, and Society: Breau Sans Nappe, France, November 1975. Quoted in Caldwell, and Wooley, , ‘Energy Policy and the Capitalist State’, p. 113.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Ehrlich, P. R., Human Ecology (San Francisco, Calif.: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1973), P. 3.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Barbour, I. C., Western Man and Environmental Ethics (Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1973), p. 8.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Habermas, J., Towards a Rational Society (London: Heinemann, 1971), p. 59.Google Scholar