Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-04T13:08:40.629Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An Element of Risk: the Corrupt Contractor in Indian Fiction and Film, 1886–1983

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2017

Abstract

From the 1960s to the 1990s, the corrupt building contractor was a stock-villain of Bombay cinema. He was, this article argues, emblematic of crony capitalism prior to the liberalization of the Indian economy. This filmic role was, however, foreshadowed by his depiction as cynical accomplice and profiteer of British rule in fiction of the early and mid-twentieth century. Furthermore, the figure’s ultimate origins lie in colonial literature, in which he is often identified as a threat to the British civilian community that nourished itself with the ideal of its disinterested civilizing mission. This article traces the genealogy of the contractor-as-villain in fiction and film, demonstrating a continuity of themes, and persistence of concerns, across the work of Rudyard Kipling, Flora Annie Steel, Premchand, R. K. Narayan, and Mahasweta Devi. Using historical sources to contextualize these texts, it will also suggest possible explanations for the ubiquity of contractors in the Indian economy.

Type
General Articles
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 These villainous types are cited by Fareeduddin Kazmi, who omits contractors altogether from his list, in “How Angry is the Angry Young Man?: ‘Rebellion’ in Conventional Hindi Films,” in The Secret Politics of Our Desires: Innocence, Culpability and Indian Popular Cinema, ed. Ashis Nandy (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), 141.

2 Tabish, S.Z.S. and Jha, Kumar Neeraj, “Analyses and Evaluation of Irregularities in Public Procurement in India,” Construction Management and Economics 29.3 (2011): 262 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Roy, Tirthankar, An Economic History of Early Modern India (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), 48 Google Scholar.

4 Thackeray, W. M., The History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1849), 166 Google Scholar.

5 Trollope, Anthony, Doctor Thorne (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1859), 105 Google Scholar.

6 Trollope, Anthony, The Way We Live Now, ed. John Sutherland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 31 Google Scholar.

7 Kipling, Rudyard, The Cambridge Edition of the Poems of Rudyard Kipling, ed. Thomas Pinney. 3 Vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 8 Google Scholar.

8 Pinney, Thomas, ed., Kipling’s India: Uncollected Sketches, 1884–88 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986), 67 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kipling, Rudyard, Stories and Poems, ed. Daniel Karlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 64 Google Scholar.

9 Linnaeus University Library, Huseby Archive, Box EI: 2 [Joseph Stephens to George Stephens, January 12, 1868].

10 Steel, Flora Annie, The Potter’s Thumb (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1894), 313 Google Scholar.

11 Settar, S., ed., Railway Construction in India: Select Documents. 4 Vols. (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 1999–2009), I, 471 Google Scholar.

12 Cunningham, Alexander, Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873–74 and 1874–75 (Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1966), 41 Google Scholar.

13 Cunningham, Alexander, Report for the Year 1871–72 (Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1966), 66 Google Scholar.

14 Huseby Archive, Box FIa: 2 [Joseph Stephens to Deputy Commissioner of Akola, September 12, 1866] and EI:2 [Joseph Stephens to George Stephens, December 17, 1868].

15 “The Contract System in India,” Engineer 27.685 (1869): 121.

16 “English Life in Bengal,” Calcutta Review 33.56 (December 1859): 325; George Otto Trevelyan, The Competition Wallah (London: Macmillan, 1864), 447.

17 British Library, IOR/L/R/5/132 [Report on Native Papers, July 28, 1877].

18 Maharashtra State Archives, PWD (Railways), 1867, 11.319; 1867, 17.131.

19 Steel, The Potter’s Thumb, 3.

20 Kipling, Cambridge Edition of the Poems, 1891.

21 Steel, The Potter’s Thumb, 90.

22 Ibid., 313.

23 Rudyard, Kipling. From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches: Letters of Travel. 2 Vols. (London: Macmillan, 1900), I, 294 Google Scholar. I have examined this ambivalence of Kipling’s at greater length in “The Meaning of Things: Kipling’s Formative Journey ‘Home’ in 1889 and the Late Victorian Imperial Tour,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 44.3 (2016).

24 Ibid., 317.

25 Times of India Calendar and Directory, 1868 (Bombay: Times of India, 1868).

26 Karaka, Dosabhai Framji, History of the Parsis. 2 Vols. (London: Macmillan, 1884), II, 253255 Google Scholar.

27 This was a common occurrence in Bombay Presidency following the severe monsoon of 1867. See, for example, The Engineer’s Journal (Kolkata), March 15, 1869, 54.

28 Kipling, Cambridge Edition of the Poems, 161.

29 Munshi Premchand, Shatranj ke Khiladi tatha Anya Kahaaniyaan [The Chess-Players and Other Stories] (Delhi: Sakshi Prakashan, 2011), 196–99. When an English edition has been unavailable, I have quoted Premchand in the original and given my own translation.

30 Premchand, Munshi, Vardaan [The Boon], (Delhi: J. C. Publications, 1993), 25 Google Scholar.

31 Premchand, Munshi, Godaan: The Gift of a Cow, trans. Gordon C. Roadarmel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968), 82 Google Scholar.

32 Narayan, R. K., The Vendor of Sweets (New York: Viking, 1967), 165 Google Scholar; Waiting for the Mahatma (Delhi: Penguin, 2010), 84; Under the Banyan Tree and Other Stories (London: Heinemann, 1985), 45; Malgudi Days (London: Penguin 1982), 114.

33 Narayan, R. K., My Days: a Memoir (London: Penguin, 1989), 161 Google Scholar.

34 Narayan, R. K., The Financial Expert (London: Vintage, 2001), 192193 Google Scholar.

35 Alam, Fakrul, “Narrative Strategies in Two Narayan Novels,” in R. K. Narayan: Critical Perspectives, ed. A. L. McLeod (Delhi: Sterling, 1994), 20 Google Scholar.

36 Ramteke, S.R., R. K. Narayan and His Social Perspective (Delhi: Atlantic, 2008), 122 Google Scholar.

37 First published in the Hindu, April 5, 1953.

38 Narayan, R. K., A Writer’s Nightmare: Selected Essays 1958–1988 (London: Penguin, 1988), 66 Google Scholar.

39 Narayan, R. K., The Painter of Signs (London: Penguin, 1982), 14 Google Scholar.

40 Narayan, R. K., A Horse and Two Goats and Other Stories (London: Bodley Head, 1970), 86 Google Scholar.

41 Singh, R. A., Critical Essays on R. K. Narayan’s Novels (Jaipur: Book Enclave, 2002), 30 Google Scholar.

42 R. Ramachandra, “R. K. Narayan’s Borderline People,” in R. K. Narayan: Critical Perspectives, 113.

43 Narayan, R. K., The English Teacher (London: Methuen, 1952), 53 Google Scholar.

44 Shiva, Vandana, Ecology and the Politics of Survival: Conflicts over Natural Resources in India (London: Sage, 1991), 8387 Google Scholar.

45 Mahasweta Devi, Imaginary Maps, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (New York and London: Routledge, 1995), 65.

46 Virdi, Jyotika, The Cinematic ImagiNation: Indian Popular Films as Social History (New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 2003), 105 Google Scholar.

47 Singh, Jai Arjun, Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro: Seriously Funny Since 1983 (Noida: HarperCollins India, 2010), 48 Google Scholar.

48 Quotations from films have been transcribed and translated by me.

49 Vasudevan, Ravi, The Melodramatic Public: Film Form and Spectatorship in Indian Cinema (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 150 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 310, 312.

50 Singh, Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro, 48.

51 Vasudevan, Melodramatic Public, 304.