^{page 1 note 1} Interjections of frequent occurrence in the Latin Comic Writers. Cooper, Thesaurus, 1584, gives ‘Eia. Eigh, well goe too! Sodes. In good felowshyp; I pray thee. Amabo. Of felowshippe; of al loues; I pray thee; as euer thou wilt doe me good turne.’ ‘Cor meum. My sweetheart. Plautus.’ Riddle's Lat. Dictionary.

^{page 1 note 2} vbi = see, refer to.

^{page 1 note 3} Habakkuk. See King Solomon's Book of Wisdom, p. 89Google Scholar, 1. 245: ‘A man pere was þat hiþtte Abacuc.’

^{page 1 note 1} Read Cenobita: scenobita is a tight-rope daneer.

^{page 1 note 5} Obadiah. Thus in the Cursor Mundi, p. 528Google Scholar, 1. 9167, we find the names of ‘Ysaias, Joel, Osee, Abdias, Amos, Jonas, and Micheas.’ ‘Abdias, one of the xij. prophetes.’ Cooper.

^{page 1 note 6} Ahab(?).

^{page 1 note 7} 'sAbece, an Abcee, the crosse-rowe, an alphabet, or orderly list of all the letters.’ Cotgrave. ‘Abce for children to learne their crosrow, Abecedarium.’ Baret's Alvearie, 1580. In the account of the 119th Psalm given in The Myrroure of Our Lady, p. 139Google Scholar, we are told that ‘as there is xxii. letters in the Abece of hebrew, so there is xxii. tymes eyghte verses in this psalme.’

^{page 1 note 8} Used in both senses of our word habit (i.e. custom and dress). (See P. 97, ‘Cowle or monkes abyte,’ and 179, ‘Frogge or froke, munkys abyte.’)

'sAnd chanones gode he dede therinne

Unther the abbyt of seynte Austynne.’

St. Patrick's Purgatory, ed. Wright, , p. 66.Google Scholar

^{page 1 note 9} Cooper in his Thesaurus, 1584, under improbus gives the well-known Latin sentence ‘labor omnia vincit improbus,’ which he renders ‘importunate labour overcommeth all thinges.’

^{page 2 note 1} Chaucer, Prologue to Cant. Tales, 167, describes the monk as ‘A manly man, to ben aft abbot able.’ Cotgrave gives ‘Habile. Able, sufficient, fit for, handsome in, apt unto any thing he undertakes, or is put unto.’ In ‘The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke,’ pr. in the Babees Boke, p. 267, 1. 44, we are told not to

'sspitte ouer the tabylle,

Ne therupon, for that is no thing abylle.’

In Lonelich's History of the Holy Grail, xxx. 382, a description is given of Solomon's sword, to which, we are told, his wife insisted on attaching hangings

'sso fowl … and so spytable,

That to so Ryal a thing ne weren not able.’

'sAptus. Habely.’ Medulla. ‘Tille oure soule be somwhat clensid from gret outewarde synnes and abiled to gostely werke.’ Hampole, , Prose Treatises, p. 20.Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 2} MS. eṛupere.

^{page 2 note 3} That is, the o in the oblique cases is long.

^{page 2 note 4} See also Serge-berer. The duties of the Accolite are thus defined in the Pontifical of Christopher Bainbridge, Archbishop of York, (1508–1514), edited for Surtees Society by Dr. Henderson, 1875, p. 11: ‘Acolythum oportet ceroferarium ferre, et luminaria ecclesiae accendere, vinum et aquam ad eucharistiam ministrare.’ See also the ordination of Acolytes, Maskell, Monumenta Ritualia, iii. 171. Thorpe, Ancient Laws, ii. 348, gives the following from the Canons of Ælfric: ‘xiv. Acolitus is gecweden seþe candele oððe tapor bẏrð to Godes þenungum þonne mann godspell rǽt. oððe þonne man halgað husl æt þam weofode.’ Wyclif speaks of ‘Onesimus the acolit.’ Prol. to Colossians.

'sDe accolitis.

The ordre fer the accolyt hys

To bere tapres about wiзt riзtte,

Wanne me schel rede the gospel

Other offry to oure Dryte.’

Poems of William de Shoreham, p. 49.

^{page 3 note 1} The division of life into the two classes of active life or bodily service of God, and contemplative life or spiritual service, is common in mediæval theological writers. It ocours frequently in William of Nassyngton's ‘Mirror of Life,’ and in Hampole's Prose Treatises, see Mr. Perry's Preface, p. xi, and p. 19 of text; at p. 29 we are told that ‘Lya es als mekill at say as trauyliouse, and betakyns actyfe lyfe. Rachelle hyghte of begynnynge, þat es godd, and betakyns lyfe contemplatyfe.’ Langland in P. Plowman, B-Text, Passus vi. 251, says:—‘Contemplatyf lyf or actyf lyf cryst wolde men wrouзte:’ see also B. x. 230, A. xi. 80, C. xvi. 194, and Prof. Skeat's notes. In the ‘Reply of Frier Dan Topias,’ pr. in Political Poems, ed. Wright, ii. 63, we find:—

'sJack, in James pistles

al religioun is groundid,

Ffor there is made mencion

of two perfit lyres.

That actif and contemplatif

comounli ben callid

Ffulli figurid by Marie

and Martha hir sister,

By Peter and bi Joon,

by Rachel and by Lya (Leah).’

The distinction seems to have been founded upon the last verse of the ist chapter of the Epistle of St. James. Wiclif (Works, i. 384) says:—‘This is clepid actif liif, whanne men travailen for worldli goodis, and kepen hem in rightwisnesse.’

^{page 3 note 2} 'sAimant, the Adamant, or Load-stone.’ Cotgrave. Cooper says, ‘Adamas. A diamonde, wherof there be diuers kindes, as in Plin. and other it appereth. It's rertues are, to resiste poison, and witchcrafte: to put away feare; to geue victory in contention: to healpe them that be lunatike or phrantike: I haue proued that a Diamonde layed by a nedell causeth that the loode stone can not draw the needel. No fire can hurte it, no violence breake it, onles it be moisted in the warme bludde of a goote.’

^{page 3 note 3} Tusser in his Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, p. 51Google Scholar, stanza 6, says:—

'sWhere ivy embraseth the tree very sore, Kill ivy, or tree else will addle ho more:’ and in ‘Richard of Dalton Dale’ we read:—‘I addle my ninepence every day.’ The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘to addil, demerere; to addle, lucrari, mereri.’ Icel. ödläsk = to win, gain. Cleasby's Icel. Dict. See note by Prof. Skeat in E. Dialect. Soo.'s edition of Ray's Glossary, p. xxi. ‘Hemm addlenn swa þe maste wa þatt aniз mann maзз addlenn.’ Ormulum, 16102. See also ibid. 6235, and Towneley Myst. p. 218.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 4} We are told in Lyte's Dodoens, , p. 649Google Scholar, amongst other virtues of this plant, that ‘the ashes of the burned roote doo cure and heale scabbes and noughtie sores of the head, and doo restore agayne vnto the pilde head the heare fallen away being layde therevnto.’ ‘Aphrodille. The Affrodill, or Asfrodill flower.’ Cotgrave. Andrew Boorde in his Dyetary, ed. Furnivall, , p. 102Google Scholar, recommends for a Sawce-flewme face ‘Burre rotes and Affodyl rotes, of eyther iij. unces,’ &c.

^{page 4 note 1} Used here apparently in the sense of ‘to bridle, restrain,’ but in Early English to Affrayn was to question; A. S. offreinen, pt. t. offrœgn.

^{page 4 note 2} It is curious that the common meaning of this word (iterum) should not be given.

^{page 4 note 3} MS. octo, octogenti.

^{page 4 note 4} A sore either on the foot or hand. Palsgrave has ‘an agnayle upon one's too,’ and Baret, ‘an agnaile or little corn growing upon the toes, gemursa, pterigium.’ Minsheu describes it as a ‘sore betweene the finger and the nail., Agassin. A corne or agnele In the feet or toes. Frouelle. An agnell, pinne, or warnell in the toe.’ 1611. Cotgrave. ‘Agnayle: pterigium.’ Manip. Vocab. According to Wedgwood ‘the real origin is Ital. anguinaglia (Latin inguem), the groin, also a botch or blain in that place; Fr. angonailles. Botches, (pockie) bumps, or sores, Cotgrave.’ Halliwell, s. v. quotes from the Med. MS. Lincoln, leaf 300, a receipt ‘for agnayls one mans fete or womans.’ Lyte in his edition of Dodoens, 1578, p. 279, speaking of ‘Git, or Nigella,’ says:—‘The same stieped in olde wine, or stale pisse (as Plinie saith) causeth the Cornes and Agnayles to fall of from the feete, if they be first scarified and scotched rounde aboute.’ ‘Gemursa. A corn or lyke griefe vnder the little toe.’ Cooper.

^{page 4 note 5} This word occurs in H. More's Philosoph. Poems, p. 7:

'sThe glory of the court, their fashions

And brave agguize, with all their princely state.’

Spenser uses it as a verb: thus, Faery Queen, II. i. 21, we read, ‘to do her service well aguisd.’ See also stanza 31, and vi. 7. Indula is a contracted form of ‘inducula, a little garment.’ Cooper.

^{page 5 note 1} In the XI Pains of Hell, pr. in An Old Eng. Miscellany, p. 219Google Scholar, 1. 280, our Lord is represented as saying—‘Of aysel and gal зe зeuen me drenkyn;’ and in the Romaunt of the Rose, 1. 217, we read—

'sThat lad her life onely by brede, Kneden with eisell strong and egre.’

In the Forme of Cury, p. 56Google Scholar, is mentioned ‘Aysell other alegar.’ Roquefort gives ‘aisil, vinegar.’ In the Manip. Vocab. the name is spelt ‘Azel,’ and in the Reg. MS. 17, c. xvii, ‘aysyl.’ In Mire's Instructions to Parish Priests, p. 58Google Scholar, l. 1884 we find, ‘Loke þy wyn be not eysel.’ A. S. eisele, aisil.

^{page 5 note 2} Lyte in his edition of Dodoens, 1578, p. 746, says of Oak-Apples:—‘The Oke-Apples or greater galles, being broken in sonder, about the time of withering do forshewe the sequell of the yeare, as the expert husbandmen of Kent haue observed by the liuing thinges that are founde within them: as if they fmde an Ante, they iudge plentie of grayne: if a white worme lyke a gentill, morreyne of beast: if a spider, they presage pestilence, or some other lyke sicknesse to folowe amongst men. Whiche thing also the learned haue noted, for Matthiolus vpon Dioscorides saith, that before they be holed or pearsed they conteyne eyther a Flye, a Spider, or a Worme: if a Flye be founde it is a pronostication of warre to folowe: if a creeping worme, the scarcitie of victual: if a running Spider, the Pestilente sieknesse.’

^{page 5 note 3} 'sDoloir. To grieve, sorrow: to ake, warch, paine, smart.’ Cotgrave. Baret points out the distinction in the spelling of the verb and noun: ‘Ake is the Verbe of this substantive Ache, Ch being turned into K.’ Cooper in his Thesaurus, 1584, preserves the same distinction. Thus he says—‘Dolor capitis, a headache: doletcaput, my head akes.’ The pt. t. appears as oke in Plowman, P., B. xvii. 194Google Scholar; in Lonelich, 's Hist. of the Holy GrailGoogle Scholar, ed. Furnivall, and in Robert of Gloucester, 68, 18. A. S. acan.

^{page 5 note 4} 'sAlablastrites. Alabaster, founde especially aboute Thebes in Egipte.’ Cooper.

^{page 5 note 5} 'sPronephas. Alas ffor velany.’ Medulla.

^{page 5 note 6} The following account of the origin of the name of Albania is given by Holinshed, Chronicles, i. leaf 396, ed. 1577:—‘The third and last part of the Island he [Brutus] allotted vnto Albanacte hys youngest sonne …‥ This latter parcel at the first toke the name of Albanactus, who called it Albania. But now a small portion onely of the Region (beyng vnder the regiment of a Duke) reteyneth the sayd denomination, the reast beyng called Scotlande, of certayne Scottes that came ouer from Ireland to inhabite jn those quarters. It is diuided from Lhoegres also by the Humber, so that Albania, as Brute left it, conteyned all the north part of the Island that is to be found beyond the aforesayd streame, vnto the point of Cathenesse.’ Cooper in his Thesaurus gives, ‘ Scotia, Scotlande: the part of Britannia from the ryuer of Tweede to Catanes.’

^{page 6 note 1} See P. Awbe. Cooper explains Poderis by ‘A longe garmente down to the feete, without plaite or wrinckle, whiche souldiours vsed in warre.’ Aphot is of course the Jewish Ephod, of which the same writer says there were ‘two sortes, one of white linnen, like an albe,’ &c. Lydgate tells us that the typical meaning of

'sThe large awbe, by record of scripture,

Ya rightwisnesse perpetualy to endure.’ MS. Hatton, 73, leaf 3.

See Ducange, s. v. Alba.

^{page 6 note 2} 'sBalista. A crossebowe; a brake or greate engine, wherewith a stone or arrow is shotte. It may be vsed for a gunne.’ Cooper. See the Destruction of Troy, ll. 4743, 5707. In Barbour's Bruce, xvii. 236Google Scholar, Bruce is said to have had with him ‘Bot burgess and awblasteris.’ In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras we read how the Saracens

'sHure engyns þanne þay arayde,

& stones þar-wiþ þay caste.

And made a ful sterne brayde,

wiþ bowes & arbelaste’.

'sBalestro. To shotyn with alblast. Balista. An alblast; quoddam tormentum.’ Medulla.

^{page 6 note 3} 'sAlburn-tree, the wild vine, viburnum.’ Wright's Prov. Dict. In the Harl. MS. 1002 we find ‘Awberne, viburnum.’ See note in P. s. v. Awbel, p. 17. Cotgrave gives ‘Aubourt, a kind of tree tearmed in Latine Alburnus, (it beares long yellow blossomes, which no Bee will touch),’ evidently the Laburnum.

^{page 6 note 4} Gower, , C. A., ii. 88Google Scholar has—

'sThilke elixir which men calle

Alconomy as is befalle

To hem that whilom were wise;’

and Langland, P. Plowman, B. x. 212, warns all who desire to Do-wel to beware of practising ‘Experimentз of alkenamye, þe poeple to deceyue.’ With the meaning of latten or white-metal the term is found in Andrew Boorde's ‘Introduction of Knowledge,’ ed. Furnivall, p. 163, where we are told that‘ in Denmark their mony is gold and alkemy and bras In alkemy and bras they haue Dansk whyten.’ Jamieson gives ‘Alcomye s. Latten, a kind of mixed metal, still used for spoons.’ ‘Ellixir. Matere off alcamyne.’ Medulla.

^{page 6 note 5} Cooper in his Thesaurus, 1584, gives ‘Silicernium. A certayne puddynge eaten onely at funeralles. Some take it for a feast made at a funerall. In Terence, an olde creeple at the pittes brincke, that is ready to have such a dinner made for him.’ Baret too has ‘an old creple at the pittes brincke, silicernium.’ and again, ‘verie old, at the pits brinke, at death's doore, decrepitus, silicernium.’

^{page 6 note 6} 'sZyme. Leauen.’ Cooper. The reference evidently is to 1 Corinthians, v. 7, 8.

^{page 6 note 7} Properly only the first seven Books of the Old Testament.

^{page 7 note 1} 'sAlgorisme, m. The Art, or Use of Cyphers, or of nnmbring by Cyphers: Arithmetick, or a curious kinde thereof.’ Cotgrave. In Richard the Redeles, iv. 53Google Scholar, we read—

'sThan satte summe as siphre doth in awgrym,

That noteth a place, and no thing availith.’

Chaucer, describing the chamber of the clerk ‘hende Nicholas,’ mentions amongst its contents— ‘His Almageste, and bookes grete and small,

His Astrelabie longynge for his art,

His Augrym stones layen faire a-part

On shelues couched at his beddes head.’ Millers Tale, 3208.

Gower, , C. A., iii. 89Google Scholar says—

'sWhan that the wise man acompteth

Aftir the formal proprete

Of algorismes a be ce.’

In the Ancren Riwle, p. 214, the covetous man is described as the Devil's ash-gatherer, who rakes and pokes about in the ashes and ‘makeð þerinne figures of augrim ase þeos rikenares doð þat habbeð mochel uorto rikenen.’

^{page 7 note 2} 'sAmbulatio. A walkinge place; a galery; an alley.’ Cooper. ‘Allée, f. An alley, gallery, walke, walking place, path or passage.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 7 note 3} 'sWith ostes of alynes fulle horrebille to schewe.’

Morte Arthure, 461.Google Scholar

'sAn alyane, alienus, extraneus.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Alieno. To alienate: to put away: to sliene or alter possession.’ Cooper.

^{page 7 note 4} In the Paston Letters, i. 144, are mentioned ‘Lord Moleyns, and Alianore, his wyff.’

^{page 7 note 5} MS. missam; corrected from A.

^{page 7 note 6} Compare ‘Broder by the moder syde onely (alonly by moder P.)’ in P. p. 54. In the Gesta Romanorum, p. 49Google Scholar, Agape, the King of France, having asked Cordelia, Lear's youngest daughter, in marriage, her father replies that, having divided his kingdom between his other two daughters, he has nothing to give her. ‘When Agape herde this answere, he sente agayne to Leyre, and seide, he asked no thinge with here, but alonly here bodie and here clothing.’ See also the Lay-Folks Mass-Book, B. 210.

^{page 8 note 1} See Wedgwood, Etymol. Dict. s. v. Aumbry, and Parker's Glossary of Gothic Architecture. Dame Eliz. Browne in her Will, Paston Letters, iii. 465, bequeaths ‘vij grete cofers, v chestis, ij almaryes like a chayer, and a blak cofer bounden with iron.’ ‘An Ambry, or like place where any thing is kept. It seemeth to be deriued of this Frenche word Aumosniere, which is a little purse, wherein was put single money for the poore, and at length was vsed for any hutch or close place to keepe meate left after meales, what at the beginning of Christianize was euer distributed among the poore people, and we for shortnesse of speache doe call it an Ambry; repositorium, serinium.’ Baret. Cooper renders Scrinium by ‘A coffer or other lyke place wherein iewels or secreate thynges are kept, as euidences, &c. Scriniolum, a basket or forcet: a gardiuiance.’

^{page 8 note 2} MS. alnetam; corrected by A. Alnus is properly an elder-tree, and there is no such word as ulnus. Danish olm, an elm.

^{page 8 note 3} Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 3609, amongst the four kinds of help which will assist souls in purgatory, mentions ‘Almus þat men to the pure gyves.’ And again, I. 3660, he speaks of the benefit of ‘help of prayer and almusdede.’ See also the Lay-Folks Mass-Book, p. 157Google Scholar. A. S. œlmesse, œlmes.

^{page 8 note 4} Harrison, in his Description of England, ii. 67Google Scholar, mentions amongst the minerals of England, ‘the finest alume …. of no lesse force against fire, if it were used in our parietings than that of Lipara, which onlie was in use somtime amongst the Asians & Romans, & wherof Sylla had such triall that when he meant to haue burned a tower of wood erected by Archelaus the lieutenant of Mithridates he could by no means set it on fire in a long time, bicause it was washed ouer with alume, as were also the gates of the temple of Jerusalem with like effect, and perceiued when Titus commanded fire to be put vnto the same.’

^{page 8 note 5} 'sEousque. In alsmekyl.’ Medulla.

^{page 8 note 6} 'sAn ambling horse, hacquenée.’ Palsgrave. Baret says, ‘Amble, a word derived of ambulo: an ambling horse, tolutarius, gradarius equus: to amble, tolutim incedere.’ In Pecock's Repressor, Rolls Series, p. 525, we have the form ‘Ambuler.’ ‘An ambling horse, gelding, or mare; Haquenée, Cheval qui va les ambles, ou l'amble; hobin.’ Sherwood. ‘Gradarii equi. Aumblyng horses.’ Cooper. In the following quotation we have amblere meaning a trot: ‘Duc Oliver him rideþ out of þat plas;

in a softe amblere,

Compare also,

’His steede was al dappel, gray,

It gooth an ambel in the way

Ne made he non oþer pas;

til þey wern met y-fere.‘

Sir Ferumbras, l. 344.Google Scholar

Ful softely and rounde

In londe.’

Rime of Sir Thopas, 2074.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 1} In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, Charlemagne orders Alorys to go down on his knees to Duke Rayner, ‘and his amendes make,’ i. e. make an apology to him. Alorys accordingly, we are told,

'sþe amendes a profrede him for to make

At heз and low what he wold take,

And so thay acorded ther.’ l. 2112.

See also P. Plowman, B. iv. 88.

^{page 9 note 2} MS. correptor.

^{page 9 note 3} 'sUpon his heed the amyte first he leith,

Which is a thing, a token and figure

Outwardly shewing and grounded in the feith.’

Lydgate, MS. Hatton 73, leaf 3.

Ducange gives ‘Amictus. Primum ex sex indumentis episcopo et presbyteris communibus (sunt autem ilia amictus, alba, cingulum, stola, manipulus, et planeta, ut est apud Innocent III. P. P. De Myster. Missœ); amict.’ Cotgrave has ‘Amict. An Amict, or Amice; part of a massing priest's habit.’ In Old Eng. Homilies, ii. 163, it is called heued-line, i.e. head-linen.

^{page 9 note 4} See P. Onde. In Sir Ferumbras, p. 74Google Scholar, 1. 2237, we find ‘So harde leid he far on is onde;’ that is, he blew so hard on the brand; and in Barbour's Bruce, xi. 615Google Scholar, we are told that ‘Sic ane stew rais owth thame then

Of aynding, bath of hors and men.’

See also ll. iv. 199, x. 610. Ayndless, out of breath, breathless, occurs in x. 609. In the Cursor Mundi, p. 38Google Scholar, the author, after telling us that Adam was made of the four elements, says, l. 539:—

'sþe ouer fir gis man his sight,

þat ouer air of hering might;

þis vnder wynd him gis his aand,

þe erth, þe tast, to fele and faand.’

See also p. 212, where, amongst the signs of approaching death, we are told that the teeth begin to rot, ‘þe aand at stinc’ l. 3574. ‘Myn and is short, I want wynde.’ Townley Myst. p. 154Google Scholar. See also R. C. de Lion, 4843, Ywaine & Gawain, 3554. ‘To Aynd, Ainde, Eand. To draw in and throw out the air by the lungs.’ Jamieson. Icel. önd, ondi, breath; cf. Lat. anima. ‘Aspiro: To ondyn.’ Medulla.

^{page 9 note 5} In Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse from the Thornton MS., p. 13, l. 22, we are told that fornication is ‘a fleschle synne betwene an anelepy man and an anelepy woman;’ and in the Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. V. 48, leaf 86, we read—

'sWele more synne it is

Then with an analepe, i-wis.’

To synne with a weddid wife,

In Havelok, l. 2106, we have—

'sHe stod, and totede in at a bord, Ner he spak anilepi word,’

where the word has its original meaning of one, a single; and also in the following:—

'sA, quod the vox, ich wille the telle, On alpi word ich lie nelle.’ Reliq. Antiq. ii. 275Google Scholar. A. S. anelepiз, single, sole. ‘Hi true in God, fader halmichttende …‥ and in Thesu Krist, is ane lepi sone hure laverd.’ Creed, MS. Cott. Cleop. B. vi. Y 201^b. ab. 1250. Reliq. Antiq. i. 22Google Scholar. Wyclif has ‘an oonlypi sone of his modir.’ Luke vii. 12. ‘þer beo an alpi holh þat an mon mei crepan in.’ O. B. Homilies, i. 23Google Scholar. See also Laзamon, ii.92, iii. 264, Ayenbite, p. 21Google Scholar, Ancren Riwle, pp. 116, 296Google Scholar, &c.

^{page 10 note 1} See note to Antiphonare.

^{page 10 note 2} The following is from Ducange:—‘Dindimum vel potius Dindymum, Mysterium. Templum. Vita S. Friderici Episc. Tom. 4, Julij, pag. 461: Ineptas, fabulas devitans, seniores non increpans, minores non contemnens, habens fidei Dindimum in conscientia bona. Allusio est ad haeo Apostoli verba 1 Timoth. 3.8: “Habentes mysterium fidei in conscientia bona. Angelomus Praefat. in Genesim apud Bern. Pez. tom. i. anecdot. col. 46:

“Hic Patriarcharum clarissima gesta leguntur,

Mystica quae nimium gravidis typicisque figuris

Signantur Christi nostraeque et dona salutis.

Hic sacra nam sacrae cernuntur Dyndima legis

Atque evangelica salpinx typica intonat orbi.

Papias: “Dindyma, mons est Phrygiae, sacra mysteria, pluraliter declinatur. Notus est mons Phrygiae Cibelae sacer Dindyma nuncupatus; unde Virgilius. “O vere Phrygiae, neque enim Phryges, ite per alta Dindyma. ’ See also Sete of Angellis.

^{page 10 note 3} The word anger or angre in Early English did not bear the meaning of our anger, but rather meant care, pain, or trouble. Thus in P. Plowman, B. xii. 11, we find the warning:

'sAmende þe while þow hast ben warned ofte,

With poustees of pestilences, with pouerte and with angres,’

and in the Pricke of Conscience, 6039, we are told of the apostles, that for the love of Christ, ‘þay þoled angre and wa,’ O. Icel. angr.

^{page 10 note 4} MS. vilose.

^{page 10 note 5} MS. vilosus.

^{page 10 note 6} In Sir Degrevant (Thornton Romances, ed. Halliwell), p. 179Google Scholar, l. 63, we read,

'sAs an anker in a stone He lyved evere trewe.’

The same expression occurs in the Metrical Life of St. Alexius, p. 39, l. 420. ‘As aneres and heremites þat holden hem in here selles.’ P. Plowman, B. Prol. 38. The term is applied to a nun in Reliq. Antiq. ii. I. Palsgrave has ‘Ancre, a religious man: anchres, a religious woman.’ A.S. ancor. ‘Hec anacorita, a ankrys.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 216.

^{page 10 note 7} 'sHis cote …. ennurned vpon veluet vertuus stoneз.’ Sir Gawaine, 2026. Wyclif has the subst. enournyng in Esther ii. 9 to render the V. mundum; and again he speaks of ‘Onychen stoonus and gemmes to anourn ephoth.’ Exodus xxv. 7. ‘Thanne alle the virgynis rysen vp, and anourneden her laumpis.’ Matth. xxv. 7. ‘Whan a woman is qnourned with rich apparayle it setteth out her beauty double as much as it is.’ Palsgrave. ‘I am tormentide with this blew fyre on my hede, for my lecherouse anourement of myne heere.’ Gesta Roman, p. 384Google Scholar. ‘With gude ryghte thay anourene the for thaire fairenes.’

Lincoln MS. p. 199. In Lonelich's History of the Holy Grail, xxxi. 151Google Scholar, we read

'sзit was that schipe in other degre

Anoured with divers Jowellis certeinle;’

and Rauf Coilзear, when he enters the Hall of Charlemagne, exclaims

'sHeir is Ryaltie …. aneuch for the nanis,

With all nobilnes anournit, and that is na nay.’ I. 690.

See also the Lay-Folks Mass-Book, ed. Canon Simmons, Bidding Prayers, p. 65, I. 4, p. 71, I. 20, &c, Allit. Poems, B. 1290, and Cursor Mundi, l. 3922. ‘Anorne, to adorn.’ Jamieson. O. Fr. aorner, aourner; Latin adornare. The form anorme is used by Qustrles, Shepherd's Eclogues, 3, and enourmyd in the Babees Book, p. 1.

^{page 11 note 1} Antiphoner, an anthem-book, so called from the alternate repetitions and responses.

'sHe Alma Redemptoris herde singe,

As children lerned hir antiphoner.’

Chaucer, Prioresses Tale, 1708.

In the contents of the Chapel of Sir J. Fastolf at Caistor, 1459, are entered ‘ij antyfeners.’ Paston Letters, i. 489. See also Antym, below, and Anfenere.

^{page 11 note 2} In the Myrroure of Our Lady, p. 94Google Scholar, Anthem is stated to be equivalent to both antehymnus and ἀντίφωνα. ‘Antem ys as moche to say as a wownynge before, for yt ys begonne before the Psalmes. yt is as moche to saye as a sownynge ayenste …… Antempnes betoken chante, The Antempne ys begonne before the Psalme, and the psalme ys tuned after the antempne: tokenynge that there may no dede be good, but yf yt be begone of charite. and rewled by chnrite in the doynge, &c.

^{page 11 note 3} An Apostata was one who quitted his order after he had completed his year of noviciate. This is very clearly shown by the following statement of a novice:—

'sOut of the ordre thof I be gone.

Apostata ne am I none,

Of twelve monethes me wanted one,

And odde dayes nyen or ten.’

Monumenta Franciscana, p. 606.

'sApostata, a rebell or renegate; he that forsaketh his religion.’ Cooper. The plural form Apostataas is used by Wyclif (Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 368). See Prof. Skeat's note to Piers Plowman, C-Text, Passus ii. 99. ‘Julian the Apostata’ is mentioned in Harrison's Description of England, 1587, p. 25. ‘Apostat, an Apostata.’ Cotgrave. In the Paston Letters, iii. 243, in a letter or memorandum from Will. Paston, we read: ‘In this case the prest that troubleth my moder is but a simple felowe, and he is apostata, for he was sometyme a White Frere.’ See also i. 19, i. 26. From the latter passage it would appear that an apostata could not sue in an English Court of Law.

^{page 11 note 4} 'sApostume, rumentum.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Aposthume, or brasting out, rumentum.’ Huloet. ‘A medicine or salve that maketh an aposteme, or draweth a swelling to matter.’ Nomenclator, 1585.

^{page 11 note 5} 'sPrunelle, the balle or apple of the eye.’ Cotgrave. ‘Als appel of eghe зheme þou me.’ E. E. Psalter, Ps. xvi. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 6} Applegarthe, appleyard, pomarium.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. зeard, O. H. Ger. gart, Lat. hortum.

^{page 11 note 7} Chaucer, Miller's Tale, says of the Carpenter's wife that—

'sHir mouth was sweete as bragat is or meth,

Or hoord of apples, layd in hay or heth.’

l.3261.

^{page 12 note 1} Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 9346, says, that in addition to the general joys of heaven each man will have

'sHis awen ioyes, les and mare,

Þat til hym-self sal be appropried þare.’

'sÞes ypocritis þat han rentes & worldly lordischipes & parische chirchis approprid to hem.’ Wyclif, English Works, ed. Matthew, p. 190; see also pp. 42, 125, &c. See also to make Awne, below.

^{page 12 note 2} See Are-lumes in Glossarium Northymbricum, and Ray's Gloss, of North Country Words. ‘Primigenia. The title of the ealdest childe in inheritance.’ Cooper.

^{page 12 note 3} O. Fr. areisnier, aragnier, to interrogate, whence our word arraign. See Kyng Alysaundre, 6751; Ywaine and Gawayne, 1094; Rom. of the Rose, 6220. ‘Arraissoner. To reason, confer, talke, discourse, &c.’ Cotgrave. Hampole tells us how at the Day of Judgment ‘Of alle þir thynges men sal aresoned be.’ P. of Conscience, 5997. And again, l. 2460, that each man shall

'sbe aresoned, als right es

Of alle his mysdedys mare and les.’

^{page 12 note 4} This word occurs in the Destruction of Troy, 1. 2540, and the verb arghe = to wax timid, to be afraid (from A. S. eargian) at ll. 1976, 3121, and (with the active meaning) 5148; and Allit. Poems, B. 572:

'sþe anger of his ire þat arзed monye.’

See also Plowman, P., C. iv. 237Google Scholar; Ayenbite, p. 31Google Scholar; O. E. Miscell., p. 117Google Scholar, &c.

'sþienne arзed Abraham, & alle his mod chaunged.’ Allit. Poems, B. 713.Google Scholar

'sHe ealde boþe arwe men and kene,

Knithes and serganз swiþe sleie.’ Havelok, l. 2115.

See also Sir Perceval, l. 69Google Scholar, where we are told that the death of one knight ‘Arghede alle that ware thare.’ ‘Arghness, reluctance. To Argh. To hesitate.’ Jamieson. A. S. eargh, earh; O. Icel. argr.

^{page 13 note 1} 'sIn Chaucer, Knightes Tale, 1871, we have—

'sIt nas aretted him no vyleinye,

Ther may no man olepe it no cowardye.’

According to Cowell a person is aretted, ‘that is covenanted before a judge, and charged with a crime.’ In an Antiphon given for the ‘Twesday Seruyce,’ in The Myrroure of Our Lady, p. 203Google Scholar, we read:—‘Omnem potestatem. O mekest of maydens, we arecte to thy hye sonne, al power, and all vertew, whiche settyth vp kynges, &c.’ Low Lat. arrationare. See Sir Ferumbras, 5174; Hampole, , Prose Treatises, p. 31Google Scholar, &c.

^{page 13 note 2} 'sArrierages is a french woorde, and signifieth money behinde yet vnpayde, reliqua.’ Baret. Arrirages occurs in Liber Albus, p. 427, and frequently in the Paston Letters.

'sI drede many in arerages mon falle

And til perpetuele prison gang.’ Hampole, P. of Conscience, 5913.

'sArrierage. An arrerage: the rest, or the remainder of a paiment: that which was unpaid or behind.’ Cotgrave. ‘God …‥ that wolle the arerages for-зeve.’ Shoreham, , p. 96.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 3} Compare P. Assenel.

^{page 13 note 4} In John Russell's ‘Boke of Nurture,’ pr. in the Babees Booke, ed. Furnivall, p. 65, we find amongst the duties of the Chamberlain—

'sSe þe privehouse for esement be fayre, soote and clene ….

Looke þer be blanket, cotyn, or lynyn, to wipe þe nefur ende;’

on which Mr. Furnivall remarks,—‘From a passage in William of Malmesbury's Autograph, De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum, it would seem that water was the earlier cleanser.’ ‘An Arse-wispe, penicillum, anitergium.’ Withals.

^{page 13 note 5} In the story of the Enchanted Garden, Gesta Romanorum, p. 118Google Scholar, the hero having passed safely through all the dangers, the Emperor, we are told, ‘when he sawe him, he yaf to him his dowter to wyfe, be-cause that he had so wysely ascapid the peril of the gardin.’ See also Plowman, P., C. iv. 61.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 6} Amongst the kinds of help which may be rendered to souls in purgatory, Hampole mentions ‘assethe makyng.’ P. of Conscience, 3610, and again, 1.3747, he says—

'sA man may here with his hande

Make asethe for another lyfannde.’

In the Romaunt of the Rose we find asethe, the original French being asses: other forms found are assyth, syth, sithe. Jamieson has ‘to assyth, syith, or sithe, to compensate; assyth, syth, assythment, compensation.’ ‘Icel. seðja, to satiate; Gothic saths, full; which accounts for the th. And this th, by Grimm's law, answers to the t in Latin satis, and shews that aseth is not derived from satis, but cognate with it. From the Low German root sath- we get the Mid. Eng. aseth, and from the cognate Latin root sat- we have the French assez.’ Prof. Skeat, note on P. Plowman, xx. 303. In Dan John Gaytryge's Sermon, pr. in Belig. Pieces in Prose and Verse, from the Thornton MS. p. 6, 1. 22, we are told that if we break the tenth commandment, ‘we may noghte be assoylede of þe trespase bot if we make assethe in þat þat we may to þam þat we harmede;’ and again, leaf 179, ‘It was likyng to зow, Fadire, for to sende me into this werlde that I sulde make asethe for mans trespas that he did to us.’ See also Gesta Romanorum, p. 84.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 1} In Havelok, l. 2840, we read that Godrich—

'sHwan þe dom was demd and sayd

Sket was .… on þe asse leyd,

And led vn-til þat ilke grene.

And bread til asken al bidene;’

and in An Old Eng. Miscell., p. 78Google Scholar, I. 203, we are told that when the body is laid in the earth, worms shall find it and ‘to axe heo hyne gryndeþ.’

'sThynk man, he says, askes ertow now,

And into askes agayn turn saltow.’

MS. Cotton; Galba, E. ix. leaf 75.

'sMoyses askes vp-nam And warp es vt til heuene-ward.’

Genesis & Exodus, 3824.

See also Laзamon, 25989; Ormulum, 1001; Sir Gawayne, 2, &c. Lyte in his edition of Dodoens, 1577, p. 271, tells us that Dill ‘made into axsen doth restrayne, close vp and heale moyste vlcers.’ See also P. Plowman, C. iv. 125, ‘blewe askes.’ A. S. asce, œsce, axe. O. Icel. aska.

^{page 14 note 2} 'sAn asseherd, asinarius.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Hic asinarius, a nas-herd.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 213.

^{page 14 note 3} MS. kynge. ‘Onocentanrus, a beaste halfe a man and halfe an asse.’ Cooper.

^{page 14 note 4} See Glossary to Liber Custumarum, ed. Riley, s. v. Assise. ‘Assises or sessions, conuentus iuridici; dayes of assise, or pleadable dayes, in which iudges did sit, as in the terme, fasti dies.’ Baret.

^{page 15 note 1} 'sThis sodeyn cas this man astonied so,

That reed he wex, abayst, and al quaking

He stood.’ Chaucer, Clerkes Tale, 316.Google Scholar

'sEstonner. To astonish, amaze, daunt, appall; make agast; also to stonnie, benumme, or dull the sences of.’ Cotgrave. ‘Attono. To make astonied, amased, or abashed. Attonitus. He that is benummed, or hath loste the sense, and mouyng of his members or limmes.’ Cooper. Probably connected with the root which is seen in A. 8. stunian, to stun.

^{page 15 note 2} 'sHis almagest, and bookes gret and smale,

His astrylabe longyng for his arte,

His augrym stoones, leyen faire apart

On schelues couched at his beddes heed.’ Cant. Tales, 3208.

See a woodcut of one in Prof. Skeat's ed. of Chaucer's Astrolabe.

^{page 15 note 3} MS. avande; corrected from A.

^{page 15 note 4} A word which occurs very frequently in the Gesta Romanorum: thus p. 48Google Scholar, in the version of the tale of Lear and his daughters we read that when his eldest daughter declared that she loved him, ‘more þan I do my selfe,’ “Þerfore, quod he, þou shalt be hily avaunsed; and he mariede her to a riche and myghti kyng.’ So also p. 122, the Emperor makes a proclamation that whoever can outstrip his daughter in running ‘shulde wedde hir, and be hiliche avauncyd.’ See also Barbour's Bruce, xv. 522Google Scholar. ‘Avancer, to advance, prefer, promote.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 15 note 5} A word of frequent occurrence in the old Romances In the sense of ‘consider, reflect, inform, teach.’ Thus in the ‘Pilgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode,’ Roxburgh Club, ed. Wright, p. 4, we find ‘I avisede me,’ i. e. I reflected, considered. So in Chaucer, Clerkes Tale, 238Google Scholar: ‘Vpon hir chere he wolde him ofte auyse.’ See Barbour, 's Bruce, ii. 297, vi. 271Google Scholar, &c. ‘Aviser. To marke.heed, see, looke to. attend unto, regard with circumspeotion, to consider, advise of, take advice on; to thinke, imagine, judge; also to advise, counsell, warne, tell, informe, doe to wit, give to understand.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 15 note 6} 'sAmbra. Amber gryse: hotte in the second degree, and drie in the firste.’ Cooper. ‘Ambre, m. Amber.’ Cotgrave. See Destruction of Troy, ll. 1666 and 6203. Harrison, Descript. of England, ed. 1580, p. 43Google Scholar, says that in the Islands off the west of Scotland ‘is greate plentie of Amber,’ which he concludes to be a kind of ‘geat’ (jet), and ‘producted by the working of the sea upon those coasts.’

^{page 15 note 7} 'sAdulter. That hath committed auoutrye with one. Adultero. To committe auoutery. Adulterium. Aduouterie.’ Cooper. See Gesta Romanorum, pp. 12, 14Google Scholar. &c.

^{page 16 note 1} In the Will of Margaret Paston, dated 1504, we find, ‘Item to the said William Lumner, my son, ij grete rosting awndernes, iij shetes, ij brass pots with all the brewing vessels.’ Paston Letters, iii. 470. O. Fr. andier.

^{page 16 note 2} 'sFlaxen wheate hath a yelow eare, and bare without anys, Polard whete hath no anis. White whete hath anys. Red wheate hath a flat eare ful of anis. English wheate hath few anys or none.’ Fitzherbert's Husbandry, leaf 20. ‘Arista. The beard of corne; sometimes eare; sometime wheate.’ Cooper. ‘Awns, sb. pl. aristæ, the beards of wheat; or barley. In Essex they pronounce it ails. See ails in South-Country Words, E. Dial. Soc. Gloss. B. 16.’ Prof. Skeat in his ed. of Ray's Gloss, of N. Country Words, 1691. Turner tells us that ‘y^e barley eare and the darnele eare are not like, for the one is without aunes and the other hath longe aunes.’ Herbal, pt. ii. If. 17. Best tells us that we ‘may knowe when barley is ripe, for then the eares will crooke eaven downe, and the awnes stand, out stiff and wide asunder.’ Farming, &c. Book, p. 53.

^{page 16 note 3} MS. doxtghter.

^{page 16 note 4} See the Lay-Folks Mass-Book, pp. 165, 168Google Scholar, and B. P. p. 71, l. 20.

^{page 16 note 5} Ray in his Gloss, of North Country Words, gives ‘Axeltooth, dens molaris; Icel. jaxl:’ and in Capt. Harland's Gloss, of Swaledale, E. D.S. is given ‘Assle-tuth, a double tooth.’ Still in use in the North; see Jamieson, s. v. Asil-tooth. Compare also Wang tothe.

^{page 16 note 6} 'sAxis. An extree. Axis. An axyltre.’ Cooper. A. S. eaxe.

^{page 16 note 7} In the Paston Letters, iii. 426, we read—‘I was falle seek with an axez.’ It also occurs in The King's Quhair, ed. Chalmers, p. 54:

'sBut tho begun mine axis and torment.’

with the note—‘ Axis is still used by the country people, in Scotland, for the ague.’ Skelton, Works, i. 25, speaks of

'sAllectuary arrectyd to redres

These feverous axys.’

See Calde of the axes, below. ‘Axis, Acksys, aches, pains.’ Jamieson. ‘I shake of the axes. Je tremble des fieures.’ Palsgrave. ‘The dwellers of hit [Ireland] be not vexede with the axes excepte the scharpe axes [incolæ nulla febris specie vexantur, excepta acuta, et hoc perraro]. Trevisa, i. 333. See Allit. Poems, C. 325Google Scholar, ‘þacces of anguych,’ curiously explained in the glossary as blows, from A. S. þaccian.

^{page 17 note 1} Cotgrave s. v. Fol has ‘give the foole his bable, or what's a foole without his bable.’ ‘A bable or trifle, niquet.’ ibid. ‘A bable pegma;’ Manip. Voeab. ‘He schalle neuer y-thryve, þerfore take to hym a babulle.’ John Russell's Boke of Nurture, in the Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, p. 1, 1. 12. In the Ancren Riwle, p. 388, when a certain king made efforts to gain the love of a lady, he ‘sende hir beaubelet boðe ueole and feire,’ where other MSS. read ‘beawbelez’ and ‘beaubelez.’

^{page 17 note 2} A Bacheler signified a novice, either in arms or in the church. Thus in P. Plowman, Prol. 87, we find ‘Bischopes and bachelers,’ and in Chaucer, Squieres Tale, 24, Cambuscan is described as—

'sYong, fresh, strong, and in armes desirous,

As any bacheler of al his hous.’

Brachet, Etymol. Dict., has traced the word from L. Lat. baccalarius, a boy attending a baccalaria or dairy-farm, from L. Lat. baeca, Lat. vacca, a cow. See also Wedgwood, &c. ‘Bachiler, or one vnmaried, or hauyng no wife. Agamus.’ Huloet.

^{page 17 note 3} Probably the same as batten, to beat out, flatten: see Halliwell, s. v.

^{page 17 note 4} In Northamptonshire a batildore means a thatching instrument.

^{page 17 note 5} 'sOf bay colour, bayarde, badius.’ Baret. Compare P. Bayyd, as a horse.

^{page 17 note 6} The stickleback. In the Ortus Vocab. we find ‘Asperagus (quaedam piscis), a banstykyll.’ Huloet has ‘Banstickle, the stickleback;’ and Baret gives ‘a banstickle, trachydra.’ Cotgrave renders ‘espinoche’ (identical with the spinatieus or ripillio of the middle ages) by ‘a sharpling, shaftling, stickling, bankstickle, or stickleback.’ In Neckam De Utensilibus (Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 98) we find ‘stanstikel:’ and in the Suffolk dialect, the fish is still known as the ‘tantickle.’ In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 189, the word ‘stytling’ is given as the equivalent of scorpio, a kind of fish, which the editor identifies with the ‘stickleback’ ot the present day: and at p. 222, the word gamerus is rendered a ‘styklynge,’ and in the Prompt, the ‘stykelynge’ is identified with the silurus. Jamieson gives ‘Bansticke, Bantickle. The three-spined stickle-back, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Linn.’ Cooper renders Gammarus by ‘a creuis of the sea.’

^{page 17 note 7} 'sBacbitares’ we read in the Ancren Eiwle, p. 86, ‘þe biteð oðre men bihinden, beoð of two maneres …‥ þe uorme cumeð al openliche, and seið vuel bi anoðer, and speoweð ut his atter …‥ Ac þe latere eumeð forð al on oðer wise, and is wurse ueond þen þe oðer; auh under vreondes huckel.’ In An Old Eng. Miscellany, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Morris, p. 187, we are told that ‘Alle bacbytares heo wendeþ to helle.’ Chaucer, Persone's Tale (Six Text Edition, p. 628) divides backbiters into five classes.

^{page 18 note 1} Mr. Nodal, in his Lancashire Glossary, B. D. Society, says ‘Bak-brede, a broad thin board, with a handle, used in riddling out the dough of oatcakes before they are put on the spittle, and turned down on the bak-stone.’ See also Wright's Prov. Dict. s. v. Backboard. Jamieson gives ‘Bawbrek, Bawbrick, a kneading-trough, or a board used for the same purpose in baking bread.’ A. S. bacan, to bake, and bred, a board. According to Ducange Rotabulum is a baker's peel.

^{page 18 note 2} From hebes, blunt; the blunt side of the knife. ‘Blunt man. Hebes.’ Huloet.

^{page 18 note 3} 'sBlatta, a litell wourme or flie, of the kynde of mothes, and hurteth bothe cloth and bookes.’ Cooper. ‘Chauvesouris, a batte; a Flittermouse; a Reeremouse.’ Cotgrave. Jamieson gives ‘Bak, Backe, Bakie-bird. s. The bat or rearmouse.’ Compare Dan. aftenbakke, lit. evening-bat. See Wyclif, , Levit. xi. 19Google Scholar. In the Poem on the Truce of 1444, printed in Wright's Political Poems, ii. 216, we read:

'sNo bakke of kynde may looke ageyn the sunne,

Of ffrowardnesse yit wyl he fleen be nyght,

And quenche laumpys, though they brenne bright.’

And again, p. 218:

'sThe owgly bakke wyl gladly fleen be nyght,

Dirk cressetys and laumpys that been lyght.’

In the Alliterative ‘Alexander & Dindimus,’ E. E. Text Society, ed. Skeat, l. 123, we find:

'sMinerua men worschipen, in oþur maner alse

& bringen heere a niht-brid, a bakke or an oule.’

See also Baoke. ‘Vespertilio. A bakke.’ Medulla. See Halliwell, s. v.

^{page 18 note 4} Properly a female baker. A. S. bœcistre. In P. Plowman, Prol. 217, we read:

'sI seiз in this assemble, as зe shul here after,

Baxsteres and bewsteres, and bocheres manye;’

And again, Passus iii. 79,

'sBrewesteres and bakesteres, bocheres and cokes.’

^{page 18 note 5} Pronuba, which in Classical Latin signified a ‘bridesmaid,’ in Low Latin degenerated to the meaning of a ‘procuress,’ in which sense it occurs several times in the Liber Albus (see, for instance, p. 454, ‘De pœna contra meretrices, pronubas, presbyteros adulteros, &c. and, p. 608, a record of a sentence lo the pillory of a woman ‘quia communis Meretrix et Pronuba’). In Wright's Volume of Vocabularies, p. 217, we find it given, as here, as the Latin equivalent of ‘bawdstrott’ (i.e. ‘an old woman who runs about on bawds’ errands’), and again in the French Royal MSS. 521 and 7692 it is translated by ‘bawdestrot’ and ‘bawdetrot.’ In the Pictorial Vocabulary of the 15th Century, printed in the same volume, p. 269, this is corrupted, evidently from the scribe's ignorance of the meaning of the word, into ‘bawstrop’ and in the Medulla into ‘bauds strok.’ A ‘trot’ was a common expression of contempt applied to old women in Early English; thus in De Deguileville's Pilgrymage of the Life of the Manhode, MS. of St. John's College, Cambridge, If. 71, the Pilgrim addresses Idleness as ‘þou aide stynkande tratte …. and than the olde tratt answerde me,’ &c.; and again, If. 73, ‘When this aide tratte hadde thus spoken.’ Cf. ‘This lere I learned of a beldame trote.’ Affectionate Shepherd, 1594. See Jamieson, s. v. Trat. ‘Paranympha: pronuba que viro nympham iungit. Paranymphus: dicitur qui nubentibus preest, vel eis assistit: vel amicus sponsalis qui eos coniungit: vel nuncius intertnedius.’ Ortus Vocab. See Ducange, s. v. Paranymphus.

^{page 19 note 1} Harrison in his Description of England, ed. 1587, p. 79a, says, ‘From hence [Milford] about foure miles is Saluach creeke, otherwise called Saueraeb, whither some fresh water resorteth; the mouth also thereof is a good rescue for balingers as it (I meane the register) Baith.’ ‘Celox. A brigantine, or barke.’ Cooper. Jamieson gives ‘Ballingar, Ballingere. s. A kind of ship.’ In the Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, , i. 84Google Scholar, there is a letter giving an account of the capture of certain French ships, amongst which are enumerated ‘the grete shyp of Brast [Brest], the grete schyp of the Morleys, the grete schyp of Vaung, with other viij. schyppis, bargys, and balyngers, to the number of iij. m^ll men.’ The term also occurs in the Verse Life of Joseph of Arimathea (ed. Skeat), l. 425, where the writer addresses Joseph as ‘Hayle, myghty balynger, charged with plenty.’ ‘Balingaria. Bellicæ Species navis.’ Ducange. ‘Balinger or Balangha. A kind of small sloop or barge; small vessels of war formerly without forecastles.’ Smyth, Sailor's Word-Book, 1867Google Scholar. See also Way's note in Prompt, s. v. Hulke, p. 252. In the version of Vegecius, Reg. MS. 18 A. xii. are mentioned ‘small and light vessels, as galeies, barges, fluynnes and ballyngers:’ lib. iv. cap. 39. Walsingham relates that in the engagement between the Duke of Bedford and the French, in 1416, the former ‘cepit tres caricas, et unam hulkam, et quatuor balingarias.’ Camden, 394. See also Lyndesay, Monarche, Bk. ii. l. 3101.

^{page 19 note 2} 'sBalke, a ridge of land betwene two furrowes, lyra.’ ‘A balke, or banke of earth raysed or standing vp betweene twoo furrowes: a foote stole or step to go vp, scamnum.’ ‘A balke in the cornefielde, grumus: to make balkes imporcare.’ Baret. ‘Porca. A ridge, or a lande liynge betweene two furroes wheron the come groweth: sometime a furrow cast to drayne water from come: also a place in a garden with sundrie beddes.’ Cooper. ‘Assilloner. To baulke, or plow up in baulkes.’ Cotgrave. See also Tusser, ed. Herrtage, p. 141, stanza 2, and P. Plowman, B. vi. 109. ‘The balke, that thai calle unered lande.’ Palladius on Husbandrie, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Lodge, p. 44, l. 15.

^{page 19 note 3} 'sHic testiculus, a balok-ston; hic piga, a balok-kod.’ Nominale MS. 15th cent. ‘Couille, a cod, bollock, or testicle.’ Cotgrave. It appears from Palsgrave's Acolastus, 1540, that balloche-stones was a term of endearment.

^{page 19 note 4} MS. vectebra. The hinge. In Mr. Peacock's Glossary of Manley and Cottingham (E. Dial. Soc.) is given ‘Band; the iron-work on a door to which the hinges or sockets are fastened. Bands; the iron-work of hinges which projects beyond the edge of the door; frequently used for the hinge itself.’ Cooper gives ‘Vertebra, a joynte in the bodie, where the bones so meete that they may turne, as in the backe or chine.’ ‘Bands of a door; its hinges.’ Jamieson. See quotation from Ducange in note s. v. Brandyth to set byggyng on. ‘Vertebra. A dorre barre.’ Medulla. ‘And the зates of the palace ware of evour, wondir whitt, and the bandes of thame, and the legges of ebene.’ Life of Alexander the Great, Thornton MS. If. 25.

^{page 19 note 5} Florio has ‘Bandelle, side corners in a house.’ It seems here to be a joist. Cooper gives ‘laquear, a beame in a house. Compare P. Lace of a Howserofe. Laquearium.

^{page 19 note 6} 'sCrusta. Bullions or ornamentes of plate that may be taken off.’ Cooper. See Copbande and Cartebaud.

^{page 20 note 1} 'sMastive, Bandog, Molossus.’ Baret. ‘The tie-dog or band-dog, so called bicause manie of them are tied up in chaines and strong bonds, in the daie time, for dooing hurt abroad, which is an huge dog, stubborne, ouglie, eager, burthenous of bodie (and therefore but of little swiftnesse), terrible and fearfull to behold, and oftentimes more fierce and fell than anie Archadian orCorsican cur They take also their name of the Word ‘mase’ and ‘ theefe’ (or ‘master theefe’ if you will), bicause they often stound and put such persons to their shifts in townes and villages, and are the principall causes of their apprehension and taking.’—Harrison, Descrip. of England, part i. pp. 44–5. ‘We han great Bandogs will teare their skins.’—Spenser, Shep. Cal. September. See also Tusser's Fire Hundred Points, &c, E. Dial. Soc., ed. Herrtage, ch. 10, st. 19. ‘Latrator molossus. A barkynge bandogge.’ Cooper. Wyclif, Eng. Works, ed. Matthew, , p. 252Google Scholar, speaks of ‘tey dogges.’

^{page 20 note 2} A very literal translation of the English bonfire.

^{page 20 note 3} See the Chester Plays, i. 1, from which it appears that the proclamations of the old mysteries were called Banes. ‘Ban. A proclamation with voice, or by sound of trumpet.’ Cotgrave. ‘Prœludium. A proheme; in Musicke a voluntary before the Songe; a flourish; a preamble or entrance to a mattier, and as ye would say, signes and profers.’ Cooper. Compare the phrase ‘the banns of marriage.’ A. S. ban.

^{page 20 note 4} 'sHim wol i blame and banne, but he my bales amende.’ William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 476; see also 1.1644. In the Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, VII. xi. we read ‘I banne þe birde þat me bar.’ A. S. bannan, O. Icel. banna.

^{page 20 note 5} 'sBannock, an oat-cake kneaded with water only, and baked in the embers.’ Ray's Gloss.; and see Jamieson, s. v. Gaelic bonnack.

^{page 20 note 6} 'sBrysewort, orbonwort, or daysye, consolida minor, good to breke bocches.’ Reg. MS. 18 A, vi. leaf 72b. ‘In battill gyres burgionys the banwart wild.’ Gawin Douglas, Prologue to Book xi. of Æneid, l. 115. A. S. banwyrt. Kennett's Glossary, Lansdowne MS. 1033 explains it as the violet. According to Cooper, bellis is ‘the whyte daysy, called of some the margarite, in the North banwoort.’ Bosworth says ‘perhaps the small knapweed.’ ‘Daysie is an herbe þat sum men called nembrisworte ofer banewort.’ Gl. Douce, 290. Cockayne, Leechdoms &c, vol. ii. 371, and, iii. 313, defines it as the wall-flower.

^{page 20 note 7} Cotgrave has ‘Barbacane f. a casemate; or a hole (in a parrapet, or towne wall) to shoot out at; some hold it also to be a Sentrie, Scout-house, or hole; and thereupon our Chaucer useth the word Barbican for a watch-tower, which in the Saxon tongue was called, a Bourough-kenning.’

^{page 21 note 1} 'sNefrens, a weaned pigge: maialis, barrow hogges: verres, a tame bore.’ Cooper.

^{page 21 note 2} A spear for boar-hunting. Cooper gives ‘Venabulo excipere aprum; to kill a boare with an hunting staffe.’ ‘Excipulum, i.e. venabulum. A spere to slee a bore with.’ Ortus Vocab.

^{page 21 note 3} The Addit. MS. is here undoubtedly correct. The word is the O. Fr. berfroi, from which, through the L. Lat. belfredus, comes our belfry. It was a movable tower, often of several stories high, used by besiegers for purposes of attack and defence. The following quotation from Ducange will sufficiently explain the construction of the machine, as well as the stages by which the name came to be applied in the modern sense. ‘Belfredus. Machina bellica lignea in modum excelsioris turris exstructa, variis tabulatis, coenaculis seu stationibus constans, rotisque quatuor vecta: tantae proceritatis ut fastigium oppidorum et castrorum obsessorum muros aequaret. In coenaculis autem collocabantur milites qui in hostes tela continuo vibrabant, aut sagittas emittabant: infra vero viri robore praestantes inagnis impulsibus muris inachinam admovebant. Gallicè, beffroi. Belfredi nomen a similitudine ejusmodi machinae bellicae postea inditum altioribus turribus quae in urbibus aut castris eriguntur, in quarum fastigio excubant vigiles qui eminus adventantes hostes, pulsata quae in eum finem affensa est campana, cives admonent quo sint ad arma parati. Nec in eum tantum finem statutae in belfredi campanae, ut adventantes nuntient hostes, sed etiam ad convocandos cives et ad alios usus prout reipublicae curatoribus visum fuerit. Unde campana bannalis dicitur, quod, cum pulsatur, quicunque intra bannum seu districtum urbis commorantur ad conventus publicos ire teneantur. Denique helfredum appellant ligneam fabricam in campanariis, in quibus pendent campanae. Fustibalus. Machinae bellicae species: engin de guerre, espece de fronde.’ In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Herrtage, l. 3171, when Balan is besieging the French knights in the Tower of Aigremont, King Sortybran advises him to make use of his ‘Castel of tre þat hiзt brysour …

And pote þer-on vj hundred men, þat kunne boþe launce and caste.’

The tower is accordingly brought up, and is described as follows, ll. 3255–3270.

'sIn þat same tre castel weren maked stages thre:

þe hezeste hiзt mangurel; the middle hiзt launcepre;

þe nyþemest was callid hagefray; a quynte }>yng to se …

pan þe heþest stage of al fulde he with men of armes

To schelde hem by-nyþe wel fram stones and othere harmes, …

And on þat oþer stage amidde ordeynt he gunnes grete,

And oþer engyns y-hidde, wilde fyr to caste and schete.

þyder þanne he putte y-nowe, and tauзte hem hure labour,

Wilde fyr to schete and þrowe aзen þe heзe tour,

In þe nyþemest stage þanne schup he him-selue to hove,

To ordeyne hure fyr þar-inne, and send hit to hem above.’

^{page 21 note 4} Capt. Harland in his Glossary of Swaledale (E. D. Soc.) gives ‘Barfam, or Braffam, a horse-collar,’ as still in use. It is also used in the forms hamberwe and hamborough, and means a protection against the hames. ‘Hec epicia; Anglice, a berhom.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 278. See Wedgwood, s. v. Hames, and Barkhaam in Brookett's Glossary. Jamieson, s. v. Brechame. A. S. beorgan, to protect, and Eng. hames. And see also Hame of an horse.

^{page 22 note 1} The game of prisoners'-base. In the Metrical Life of Pope Gregory (MS. Cott. Cleopatra, D ix. If. 156, bk.), we read—

'sHe wende in a day to plawe

þe children ournen at þe bars.’

In the margin of the Metrical Vocab. printed in Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 176, is written ‘Barri, -orum sine simgulari, sunt ludi, Anglice, bace,’ and in Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, E. E. Text Society, ed. Peacock, p. 11. l. 336, directions are given that games or secular business are not to be permitted in a churchyard:—

'sBal and bares and suche play,

Out of chyrcheзorde put away;

Courte holdynge and suche maner chost,

Out of seyntwary put þou most.’

Cotgrave gives ‘Barres, the martial sport called Barriers; also the play at Bace, or Prison Bars.’ In ‘How the Good Wife Taught her Daughter,’ printed in the 3rd part of Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, p. 528, l. 114, children are cautioned not

'sOppinly in the rew to syng,

Na ryn at bares in the way.’

See ‘Base, or Prison-base, or Prison-bars,' in Nares’ Glossary.

^{page 22 note 2} According to the Medulla, cortex is the outer, liber the middle, and suber the innermost bark of a tree:—‘Pars prior est cortex, liber altera, tercia suber.’

^{page 22 note 3} 'sGremium. A barme, or a lappe.’ Medulla.

^{page 22 note 4} 'sLimus. A garment from the nauell downe to the feet.’ Cooper. In De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, MS. John's Coll. Camb., leaf 121, we read ‘The skynne of whiche I make my barmclothe es schame and confusioun.’ See also Napron. ‘Limas. A naprone or a barme clothe.’ Medulla.

^{page 22 note 5} 'sBarme, or yeaste. Flos vel spuma ceruisiae.’ Baret.

^{page 22 note 6} 'sBarnacles, an instrument set on the nose of vnruly horses, pastomis.’ Baret. ‘Camus; a bitte, a snaffle.’ Cooper. ‘Chamus. A bernag for a hors.’ Medulla. The Medulla further explains Chamus as ‘genus freni, i. capistram, et pars freni Moleyne. ‘Camus. A byt or a snaffle.’ Elyot. See Byrnacle and Molane of a brydelle.

^{page 22 note 7} 'sCiconia. A bernag or a botore’ Medulla. ‘Barnacle byrdes. Chenalopeces.’ Huloet.

^{page 22 note 8} 'sMercy on's, a Barne? A very pretty barne; a boy, or a childe I wonder?’ Shakspere, , Winter's Tale, III, iii. 70–1Google Scholar. ‘I am beggered, and all my barnes.’ Harrison, ed. Furnivall, i. 108.

^{page 22 note 9} 'sVecticulus. A barwe. Vecticularius. A barwe maker.’ Medulla.

^{page 23 note 1} Halliwell quotes from the Romance of Sir Degrevant, If. 131:—

'sAt the baresse he habade,

'sThe folk that assalзeand wer

At mary зet, to-hewyn had

And bawndonly downe lyghte.’

The barras, and a fyre had maid

At the draw-brig, and brynt it doune.’

Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, xvii. 754.

And at þe baress he hym sette.’

Sir Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage, l. 4668.

'sEnfachoun ys to þe зeate y-come,

And haueþ þat mayl an honde y-nome,

'sBarrace, Barras, Barres, Barrowis (1) A barrier, an outwork at the gate of a castle, (2)An enclosure made of felled trees for the defence of armed men.’ Jamieson. O. Fr. barres, pl. of barre, a stake. ‘Vallum. A bulwarke or rampyre.’ Cooper.

^{page 23 note 2} See also Berewarde. For archophilax read arctophylax. The term is generally applied to the constellation Böotes, or Charles' Wain. See Charelwayn.

^{page 23 note 3} A light helmet worn sometimes with a movable front. See Strutt, , ii. 60Google Scholar. It did not originally cover any part of the face, but it was afterwards supplied with visors. See Meyrick, Antient Armour.

^{page 23 note 4} The baselard was of two kinds, straight and curved. By Statute 12 Ric. II, cap. 6, it was provided that ‘null servant de husbandrie ou laborer, ne servant de artificer, ne de vitailler porte desore enavant baslard, dagger, nespee (nor sword) sur forfaiture dicelle.’ In the Ploughman's Tale, printed in Wright's Polit. Poems, i. 331, we read that even priests were in the habit of wearing these arms, though against the law:—

'sBucklers brode and sweardes long,

Baudrike, with baselardes kene,

Soche toles about her necke they honge

With Antichrist soche priestes bene.’

In Fairholt's Satirical Songs on Costume, Percy Society, p. 50, is a song of the 15th century beginning ‘Prenegard, prenegard, thus bere I myn baselard.’ ‘Bazelarde: ensis gladiolus.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Sica. A short swerde.’ Medulla. See also Liber Albus, pp. 335, 554, and 555Google Scholar, and Prof. Skeat's Notes to P. Plowman, iv. 461–7. ‘Sica. A short swoorde or dagger.’ Cooper.

^{page 23 note 5} 'sPhaselus. A little shippe called a galeon.’ Cooper.

^{page 24 note 1} Alexander Neckam in hia work De Naturis Rerum, Rolls Series, ed. Wright, p. 457, thus speaks of Bath:— ‘Balnca Bathoniae ferventia tempore quovis

aegris festina saepe medentur ope.’

^{page 24 note 2} 'sSimilago; fyne meale of corne, floure.’ Cooper. Still in common use as in ‘batter-pudding.’

^{page 24 note 3} This line is repeated in the MS.

^{page 24 note 4} 'sGrisard. m. A Badger, Boason, Brocke or Gray. Taieson. m. A Gray, Brock, Badger, Bauson.’ Cotgrave. See also Brokk.

^{page 24 note 5} I have not been able to identify this bird, but it has been suggested that the name is probably one given in imitation of the noise made by some bird of the curlew kind.

^{page 24 note 6} 'sThou art abowteward, y undurstonde,

To wynne alle Artas of myn honde,

And Wynne my doghtyr shene.’

Sir Eglamour, l. 658.

^{page 24 note 7} In the fable of the Cat and the Mice, Prologue to P. Plowman, l. 161, the old rat tells his hearers that in London he has seen people walking about wearing ‘Bíзes ful brз5te abouten her nekkes.’ In Wyclif's version of Genesis xxxviii. 18, we find ‘Judas seide, What wilt thou that be зouen to thee for a wed? Sche answeride, thi ring and thi bye of the aarm, and the staffe whiche thou holdist in thin hond.’ The word also occurs in Legends of the Holy Rood, pp. 28, 29, l. 134, and in the Story of Genesis and Exodus. (E. E. Text Society, ed. Morris), i. 1390. A.S. beaз, beak, O. Icel. baugr, a bracelet, a collar. Dame Eliz. Browne in her Will, Paston Letters, iii. 464, bequeaths ‘A bee with a grete pearl. A dyainond, an emerawde . … a nother bee with a grete perle, with an emerawde and a saphire, weighing ij unces, iij quarters.’ In Sir Degrevant, Thornton Romances, ed. Halliwell, p. 200, l. 556, we find ‘broche ne bye.’

^{page 24 note 8} In the Anturs of Arthur, Caraden Society, ed. Robson, , xxxii. 7Google Scholar, the knight addressing the king says,

'sQuethir thou be Cayselle or Kyng, here I the be-calle,

For to fynde me a freke to feзte on my fille.’

^{page 24 note 9} It was not an unusual custom for men, even of the highest rank, to sleep together; and the term bed-fellow implied great intimacy. Dr. Forman, in his MS. Autobiography, mentions one Gird as having been his bed-fellow. MS. Ashmol. 208. See also Paston Letters, iii. 235, where, in a letter from Sir John Paston to John Paston, we read ‘Sir Robert Chamberleyn hathe entryd the maner of Scolton uppon your bedffelawe Converse.’ It was considered a matter of courtesy to offer your bedfellow his choice of the side of the bed. Thus in the Boke of Curtasye, printed in the Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, , p. 185Google Scholar, we are told:—

'sIn bedde yf þou falle herberet to be

With felawe, maystur, or her degre,

þou schalt enquere be curtasye

In what part of þe bedde he wylle lye.’

^{page 24 note 10} 'sFultrum, lecti. A bedsteade.’ Cooper. ‘Fultrum est pes lecti: sponda est exterior pars lecti.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 242.

^{page 25 note 1} Bedgate, bed-time, going to bed: see Introduction to Gest Historiale of the Destruct. of Troy (E. E. Text Society, ed. Panton and Donaldson), p. xx, where the mistake in Halliwell's Dict, is corrected. ‘Corticinium. Bedde time, or the first parte of the night, when men prepare to take rest, and all thinges be in silence. After Erasmus it semeth to be the time between the first cockecrowyng after midnight, and the breake of the day. Coneubium. The stille and diepest parte of the night.’ Cooper. See Bedtyme.

^{page 25 note 2} 'sBeddred, one so sicke he cannot rise, clinicus.’ Baret. In the Babees Boke (E E. Text Society, ed. Furnivall), p. 37, l. 19, we are enjoined ‘þe poore & þe beedered loke þou not loþe.’ And in the Complaint of Jack Upland, printed in Wright's Political Poems, ii. 22, in his attack on the friars, he says:—

'sWhy say not зe the gospel

In houses of bedred men,

As ye do in rich mens,

That mowe goe to church and heare the gospel.’

'sClinicus. A bedlawere.’ Medulla. See Stow's Survey, ed. Strype, I. bk. ii. p. 23.

^{page 25 note 3} 'sBedstocks, bedstead.’ Whitby Glossary. Still in common use in the North. Mr. Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c., gives ‘Bedstockes, the wooden frame of a bed.’ ‘Three bedstoks are mentioned in the Inventory of Robert Abraham, of Kirton-in-Lindsey, 1519.’ Gent. Mag. 1864, i. 501. ‘Sponda. Exterior pars lecti.’ Medulla. See Bedfute, above.

^{page 25 note 4} A certain quantity of litter (rushes or straw) was always included in the yearly allowance to the chief officers of an establishment. Thus in the Boke of Curtasye, printed in the Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, amongst the duties of the Grooms of the Chamber we find they are to

'smake litere,

ix fote on lengthe without diswere;

vij fote y-wys hit shalle be brode,

Wele watered, I-wrythen, be craft y-trode,

Wyspes drawen out at fete and syde,

Wele wrethyn and turnyd agayne þat tyde:

On legh onsonken hit shalle be made,

To þo gurdylstode hegh on lengthe and brade, &c.’

In the Household Book of Edward II (Chaucer Society, ed. Furnivall), p. 14, we are told that the King's Confessor is to have ‘litere for his bede al the зere.’ ‘Hoc stramentum; lyttere.’ Wright's Vocab., p. 260. ‘Y schal moiste my bedstre with my teeris.’ Wyclif, Psalms vii. 7. See also Lyter.

^{page 25 note 5} 'sBedde tyme, or the fyrste parte of the nyghte. Contisinium.’ 1552. Huloet.

^{page 25 note 6} 'sCauillor. To iest: to mocke: to cauill: to reason subtilly and ouerthwartly upon woordes. Cauillator. A mocker: a bourder: a cauillar, or subtill wrester.’ Cooper.

^{page 26 note 1} 'sPolliceor. To behestyn.’ Medulla. See P. Hotyn.

^{page 26 note 2} 'sForasmuche as …. the king …. hath he stured by summe from his lernyng, and spoken to of diverse matters not behovefull.’ Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 34. See also Pecock's Repressor, ed. Babington, , p. 47Google Scholar. ‘Behoueable. Oportunus.’ Huloet.

^{page 26 note 3} MS. to Beke wandes. The Ortus Vocab. gives ‘explorare: to spye, or to seke, or open, or trase, or to becke handes.’

^{page 26 note 4} 'sAnnuo. To agree with a becke to will one to doe a thing. Nuto. To becken, or shake the heade.’ Cooper. ‘Becken wyth the finger or heade. Abnuo, Abnuto.’ Huloet.

^{page 26 note 5} 'sA Beacon, specula, specularium, pharus.’ Baret. See The Destruction of Troy, ed. Donaldson and Panton, l. 6037. ‘Bekin, a beacon; a signal.’ Jamieson. A. S. beacn.

^{page 26 note 6} In the Cursor Mundi (E. E. Text Society, ed. Morris, Gottingen MS.), p. 515,1. 8946, we read—

'sþai drow it [a tree] þedir and made a brig,

Ouer a littel becc to lig;’

and in Harrison's Descript. of England, 1587, p. 50a, the river ‘Weie or Waie’ is described as running towards ‘Godalming, and then toward Shawford, but yer it come there it crosseth Craulie becke, which riseth somewhere about the edge of Sussex short of Ridgeweie,’ &c. ‘Hic rivulus, a bek.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 239.

^{page 26 note 7} Harrison, speaking of the fashions of wearing the hair in his time, says:—‘if [a man] be wesel becked, then muche heare left on the cheekes will make the owner looke big like a bowdled hen, and so grim as a goose,’ ed. Furnivall, , i. 169.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 8} 'sGlaber, smooth without heare; pilde.’ Cooper. ‘Beld, adj. bald, without hair on the head. Beldness, Belthness, s. baldness.’ Jamieson.

^{page 27 note 1} See also to Ryfte. ‘To bealke, or breake winde vpward, ructo; a bealking, ructus; to belke, ructo; a belche, ructus.’ Baret. In P. Plowman, B. v. 397, Accidia (Sloth) we are told, ‘bygan benedicite with a bolke, and his brest knokked, And roxed and rored, and rutte atte last;’

and in the Towneley Mysteries, p. 314:—

'sIn slewthe then thai syn, Goddes workes thai not wyrke, To belke thai begyn, and spew that is irke.’

'sRuctor, to rospyn: ructuus, a зyskyng’ Medulla.

^{page 27 note 2} See Burbylle in the water, and P. Burbulle. ‘Bulla, a bubble of water when it reyneth, or a potte seetheth.’ Cooper. ‘A bubble of water, bulla.’ Baret. ‘Bulla. A burbyl, tumor laticis: bullio, Bolnyng of watere. Scaleo. To brekyn vp or burbelyn.’ Medulla. ‘Bulla. A bubble rysing in the water when it rayneth.’ Withals.

^{page 27 note 3} A watchman. Cf. ‘the bellman's drowsy charm.’ Milton, , Il Penseroso, 83.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 4} In the Satirical Poem on Bishop Boothe, printed in Wright's Political Poems, ii. 229, we read ‘Bridelle yow bysshoppe and be not to bolde,

And biddeth youre beawperes se to the same:

Cast away covetyse now be ye bolde,

This is alle ernest that ye call game:

The beelesire ye be the more is youre blame.’

See also P. Plowman, C. xi. 233, and compare Beldam in P.

^{page 27 note 5} Ducange gives ‘Ceston. Zona, Veneris … Latini dixerunt Cestus. Cesta. Vinculum, Ligamen … Graece κεστὸς muliebre cingulum est, praecipue illa zona, qua noya nupta nuptiarum die praecingebatur a sponso solvenda.’ Cooper renders Cestus by ‘a mariage gyrdle ful of studdes, wherwith the husbande gyrded his wyfe at hir fyrst weddynge.’ ‘Cestus. A gyrdyl off lechery.’ Medulla.

^{page 27 note 6} 'sLiciatorium, a weaver's shittell, or a silke woman's tassell, whereon silke or threade wounden is cast through the loome.’ Cooper. ‘Liciatorium. A thrumme or a warpe.’ Medulla. ‘Weauers beame, whereon they turne their webbe at hande. Iugum.’ Huloet.

^{page 27 note 7} A fillet or band for the hair. The Medulla renders Amiculum by ‘A bende or a kerche,’ and Withals by ‘A neckercher or a partlet.’ The Ortus says, ‘Amicilium dicitur fascia capitis: scilicet peplum, a bende or a fyllet; id est mitra virginalis. Amiculum. A bende or a kercher;’ and the same explanation is given by Baret.

^{page 28 note 1} 'sFressa faba, Plin. A beane broken or bruysed.’ Cooper, 1586. ‘Faba fresa. Groundyn benys.’ Medulla. Pegge gives ‘Spelch, to bruise as in a mortar, to split, as spelched peas, beans,’ &c. ‘Beane cake. Fabacia. Beane meale. Lomentum.’ Huloet

^{page 28 note 2} From a passage in the Paston Letters, iii. 239, this term would seem to have been in common use. William Pykenham writing to Margaret Paston, says, ‘Your son Watre ys nott tonsewryd, in modre tunge callyd Benett.’ ‘Exorcista. A benet, coniurator. Exorcismus. A coniuration aзens þe deuyl.’ Medulla.

^{page 28 note 3} A. S. benc, O. Icel. bekkr, a bench. ‘Benohe. Cathedra, Planca, Scamnum.’ Huloet.

^{page 28 note 4} 'sBent, gramen.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 191. Any coarse wiry grass such as grows on a bent, a common or other neglected ground. Under this name are included Arundo arenaria, agrostis vulgaris, triticum junceum, &c. By 15 and 16 George II. c. 33, plucking up or carrying away Starr or Bent within 5 miles of the Lancashire coast ‘sand-hills’ was punishable by fine, imprisonment, and whipping. Ger. bints, bins, a rush. See Moor's Gloss, of Suffolk Words.

^{page 28 note 5} 'sBaiulus. A porter or cariar of bourdens.’ Cooper. ‘Baiulus. A portoure.’ Medulla. See also a Berer. ‘Beare. Baiulo, Fero, Gero.’ Huloet.

^{page 28 note 6} 'sGenorbodum. A berde.’ Medulla. P. reads ‘genobardum’ and Ortus, ‘genobradum.’

^{page 28 note 7} 'sImpubes. A man childe before the age of xiiij, and a woman before the age of xij yeres.’ Cooper. ‘Puber. A chyld lytyl skoryd. Pubero. To gynne to heeryn. Pubes. A chyldys skore, a chyldys age.’ Medulla. The Medulla curiously renders impubes by ‘unзong,’ and impubeo by ‘vnзyagyn. ‘Beardles, or hauing no bearde. Galbris.’ Huloet.

^{page 28 note 8} Baret says ‘Beer or rather Bere; ab Italico Bere, i.e. bibere quod Gallicè, Boire De la biere.’ See Mr. Riley's admirable note in Glossary to Liber Custumarum, s. v. Cerveise, where he points out the fact that hops (hoppys) are frequently mentioned in the Northumberland Household Book, 1512, as being used for brewing, some ten years before the alleged date of their introduction according to Stowe. Cogan, in his Haven of Health, 1612, p. 220, tells us that beer was ‘inuented by that worthie Prince Gambrinius; Anno 1786. yeares before the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, as Languette writeth in his Chronicle.’ On p. 217 he gives a hint how to know where the best ale is to be found—‘If you come as a stranger to any Towne, and would faine know where the best Ale is, you neede do no more but marke where the greatest noise is of good fellowes, as they call them, and the greatest repaire of Beggers.’

^{page 28 note 9} 'sLibitina. Deeth or the beere whereon dead bodies weare caried.’ Cooper. See note in P. s. v. Feertyr. ‘Beare to cary a dead corps to burial. Capulum.’ Huloet.

^{page 29 note 1} See also Berande. ‘Bearer. Lator, Portitor.’ 1592. Huloet. Abcedarium.

^{page 29 note 2} 'sBerry, v. To thresh, i. e. to beat out the berry or grain of the corn. Hence a berrier, a thresher; and the berrying-stead, the threshing-floor.’ Ray's Glossary of North Country Words,’ 1691. See also Jamieson, s. v. lcel. berja.

^{page 29 note 3} 'sBusto. To beryn or gravyn.’ Medulla.

^{page 29 note 4} See also Barrewarde. Harrison, in his Description of England, ed. Furnivall, , i. 220Google Scholar, classes bearewards amongst the rogues of the time, for he says, ‘From among which companie [roges and idle persons] our bearewards are not excepted, and iust cause: for I have read that they haue either voluntarilie, or from want of power to master their sauage beasts, beene occasion of the death and deuoration of manie children in sundrie countries …‥ And for that cause there is and haue beene manie sharpe lawes made for bearwards in Germanie, wherof you may read in other.’ By the Act 39 Eliz. cap. iv, entitled ‘An Act for punishment of Rogues, Vagabonds and Sturdy Beggars,’ § II, ‘All Fencers, Bearwards, Common Players of Enterludes and Minstrels wandering abroad …‥ all Iuglers, Tinkers, Pedlers, &c.…‥ shall be adjudged and deemed Rogues, Vagabonds, and Sturdy Beggars.’ See also Shakspeare, 2 Henry VI, i. 2 and v. 1; Much Ado about Nothing, ii. 1: and 2 Henry IV, i. 2. In the Satirical Poem on the Ministers of Richard II, printed in Wright's Political Poems, i. 364, we read:—

'sA bereward [the Earl of Warwick] fond a rag;

Of the rag he made a bag;

He dude in gode eutent.

Thorwe the bag the berewarde is taken;

Alle his beres han hym forsaken;

Thus is the berewarde schent.’

^{page 29 note 5} 'sA besant was an auncient piece of golden coyne, worth 15 pounds, 13 whereof the French kings were accustomed to offer at the Masse of their coronation in Rheims; to which end Henry II caused the same number of them to be made, and called them Bysantins, but they were not worth a double duck at the peece.’ Cotgrave. See Gloss, to Liber Custumarum, s. v. Besantus. ‘Bruchez and besauntez, and other bryghte stonys.’ Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 3256. In P. Plowman, B. vi. 241, a reference is made to the parable of the Slothful Servant, who

'shad a nam [mina] and for he wolde nouзte chaffare,

He had maugre of his maistre for euermore after,’

where in the Laud MS. nam is glossed by ‘a besaunt,’ and in the Vernon MS. by talentum.’ Wyclif's version of the parable has besaunt; Luke xix. 16. See also Ormulum, ed. White, , ii. 390Google Scholar, and the History of the Holy Grail, E. E. Text Society, ed. Furnivall, , xv. 237. In the Cursor Mundi, p. 246, 1. 4193, we read that Joseph was sold to the Ishmaelites ‘for twenti besands tan & tald.’Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 6} MS. Sillicitus, silicitudinarius.

^{page 29 note 7} MS. Sedudus.

^{page 30 note 1} In the Boke of Curtasye, printed in Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, p. 187,1. 331, we are told ‘Whil any man spekes with grete besenes,

Herken his wordis with-outen distresse,’

and in the Destruction of Troy, ed. Donaldson and Panton, 1. 10336, we read

'sTo pull hym of prese paynit hym fast

With all besenes aboute and his brest naked;’

and Chaucer says of the Parson that

'sTo drawe folk to heven by fairnesse

By good ensample, this was his busynesse.’ C. T., Prologue, 519.

A.S. biseg, bisg; bisegung, bisgung, occupation, employment; Fr. besoigne.

^{page 30 note 2} 'sBurdo; a mulette.’ Cooper, 1584. ‘A mule ingendred betweene a horse and a sheeasse, hinnus, burdo.’ Baret.

^{page 30 note 3} 'sColustrum. The first milke that commeth in teates after the byrth of yonge, be it in woman or beast; Beestynges.’ Cooper. The word is not uncommon. Cotgrave gives ‘Beton. m. Beest; the first milke a female gives after the birth of her young one. Le laict nouveau. Beest or Beestings.’ Originally applied to the milk of women, it is now in common use in the Northern and Eastern counties for the first milk of a cow or other animal. See Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c. ‘Colostrium: primum lac post partum vituli.’ Medulla.

^{page 30 note 4} Of Betony Neckam, in his work De Naturis Rerum (Rolls Series, ed. Wright), p. 472, says,

'sBetonicae vires summatim tangere dignum

Duxi, subsidium dat cephalaea tibi.

Auribus et spleni confert, oculisque medetur,

Et stomachum laxat, hydropicosque juvat.

Limphatici sanat morsum canis, atque trementi

Quem mule vexat, lux tertia praebat opem.’

^{page 30 note 5} A sheaf or bundle of flax as prepared ready for the mill. ‘To beet lint. To tie up flax in sheaves. Beetinband. The strap which binds a bundle of flax.’ Jamieson. At the top of the page, in a later hand, is written ‘A bete as of hempe or lyne; fascis.’

^{page 30 note 6} Occa is properly a harrow. In the Medulla it is explained as ‘A clerybetel’ (? cleybetel). See to Clotte. ‘Betle or malle for calkens. Malleus stuparius.’ Huloet.

^{page 30 note 7} MS. betynge. Corrected from A. ‘Bractea. Gold foyle; thinne leaues or rayes of golde, siluer or other mettall.’ Cooper. ‘Braccea. A plate.’ Medulla.

^{page 30 note 8} 'sProdicio. A trayment. Trado. To trayen.’ Medulla.

^{page 31 note 1} 'sIntersealaris. Betwyn styles.’ Medulla.

^{page 31 note 2} In a later hand, at the top of the page.

^{page 31 note 3} See also to Bye.

^{page 31 note 4} The nightmare. Ephialtes is the Greek ἐφάλτης, the nightmare (Lat. incubus), lit. leaping upon, from ἐφάλλομαι, to leap. Halliwell gives ‘Bitch-daughter. The nightmare. Yorkshire,’ but I have been unable to find the word in any Glossary. ‘Epialtes. The nyth mare.’ Medulla. Noxa is also given hereafter as the Latin rendering of þe Falland euylle, q. v. Cooper renders Ephialtes by ‘the disease called the maare, proceeding of grosse and tough fleume in the mouth of the stomache, through continuall surffetyng and cruditie, which casteth vp cold vapours to the head, stoppyng the hinder celles of the brayne, when the bodie lieth vpright, and so letteth the passage of the spirit and vertue animall to the inferiour partes of the bodie, wherby the party thinketh he hath a great weyght vpon him stopping his breath.’ See Boorde, E. E. T. Soc. ed. Furnivall, pp. 78–9.

^{page 31 note 5} The MS. reads to A-byde, plainly an error. A. reads correctly to Byde.

^{page 31 note 6} To announce by proclamation. ‘Ferias indicere, Livy. To proclaime an holy day to be kept.’ Cooper. The MS. reads to Bydde alle days, and has been corrected as above in accordance with A.

^{page 31 note 7} This word occurs in the A. S. version of Matt. x. 9: ‘Næbbe ge gold, ne seolfer, ne feoh on eowrum bigyrdlum,’ have not gold, nor silver, nor money in your purses. Compare Chaucer, C. T., Prologue, 358, where we read that the ‘gipser (or purse) hung at or by the girdle.’ See also Ancren Riwle, p. 124. The word also occurs in P. Plowman, B. viii. 87: ‘þe bagges and þe bigurdeles, he hath to-broken hem alle.’ See also Breke Belte.

^{page 31 note 8} To bigg — to build, is still in use in the North. A. S. byggan; O.Icel. byggja.

'sThe Fawkonn fleyth, & hath no rest,

Tille he witte where to bigge his nest.’

Wright's Political Poems, ii. 223.

^{page 31 note 9} Our modern pick-axe is a corruption from the O. Fr. form picois. ‘Fossorium. A byl or a pykeys.’ Medulla. ‘Picquois, m. A Pickax.’ Cotgrave. In the Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 106, we find mentioned ‘long cromes to drawe downe howsis, ladders, pikoys.’ Robert of Brunne, in Handlyng Synne, ed. Furnivall, 1. 940, says—

'sMattok is a pykeys

Or a pyke, as sum men says.’

^{page 32 note 1} A Bille generally meant a petition, and to ‘put up a bille’ was the regular phrase for presenting a petition. See P. Plowman, c. v. 45, Paston Letters, i. 151, 153, &c. With the meaning of a letter it occurs in Paston Letters, i. 21, ‘closed [enclosed] in this bille I send yow a copie of un frendly lettre,’ &c. ‘Byll of complaynte. Postulacio.’ Huloet.

^{page 32 note 2} Coles' Dict., 1676, gives ‘Bylaw, Burlaw or Byrlaw, laws determined by persons elected by common consent of neighbours,’ and Burrill says, ‘Birlaw, a law made by husbandmen respecting rural affairs.’ O. Icel. byar-log, Dan. bylove. According to Mr. Robinson (Gloss, of Mid. Yorkshire) the term is still used there for a ‘Parish-meeting.’ Jamieson gives ‘Burlaw, Byrlaw, Byrlaw court, a court of neighbours, residing in the country, which determines as to local concerns.’ ‘Plebiscitum: statutum populi; anglice a byrelawe.’ Ortus. See instances in the Athenœum, Aug. 1879.

^{page 32 note 3} Birk, still in use in Lancashire for a birch-tree. A. S. birce, Icel. björk.

'sThan byrkis on aythir syde the way

That young and thik wes growand her He knyt togidder.’ Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, , xvi. 394.Google Scholar

'sHe fande the rede knyght lyggand, Off byrke and of okke.

Slayne of Percyvelle hande, Ther brent of birke and of ake Besyde a fyre brynnande Gret brandes and blake.’

Sir Perceval, Thornton Romances, ed. Halliwell, , p. 30.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 4} This word is still in use in Lancashire. See Nodal's Glossary (E. Dial. Soc). In the account of the marriage at Cana, given in Eng. Metrical Homilies, ed. Small, p. 120, 1.18, we are told that ‘Seruans wur at this bridale, That birled win in cuppe and schal,’

and in the Avowynge of King Arthur, Camden Soc, ed. Robson, xlvi. 14, at Arthur's feast, ‘In bollus birlutte thay the wine.’ Manip. Vocab. gives ‘to birle, promere, haurire.’ The word also occurs in the Ancren Riwle, pp. 114 and 226, and in Wyclif, Jeremiah xxv. 15, 17, and Amos ii. 12. Icel. byrla, A. S. byrlian, to give to drink.

^{page 32 note 5} 'sCamus. A bitte; a snaffle.’ Cooper. See .also Barnakylle.

^{page 32 note 6} 'sCauterium, a markyng yron; a searyng yren; a peinters instrument.’ Cooper. ‘Burn-airn. An iron instrument used, red-hot, to impress letters, or other marks, on the horns of sheep.’ Jamieson. ‘Cauterium: ferrum quo latro signatur. Quo latro signatur dic cauterium fere ferrum.’ Medulla. ‘Burning yron. Cauteria.’ Huloet.

^{page 33 note 1} See Ducange, s. v. Natalis.

^{page 33 note 2} 'sBirtle. A summer apple. Yorkshire.’ Halliwell. ‘Malomettum. Genus pomi mellifluiet dulcis.’ Ducange. Cooper also gives ‘Melimelum. Akinde of sweete apples; pome paradise.’ ‘Malomellon: est genus dulcis pomi, anglice, a brytyl. Malomellus: a brytyl tre.’ Ortus Vocab. They are mentioned in Pliny. Cotgrave, s. v. Paradis, says, ‘Pomme de Paradis. An excellent sweet apple that conies of a Pearmayn graffed on the stocke of a Quince; some also call so our Honnymeale, or S. John's apple.’ ‘Malomellum: genus dulcis pomi.’ Medulla. Lat. mel, honey, and malus, apple. ‘Malomellus. The Sweetapple or Sweeting-tree.’ Gouldman.

^{page 33 note 3} Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 5260, tells us that our Lord

'shanged on þe rode tre Alle bla and blody;’

and in the Romance of Sir Isumbras, 1. 311, we are told, how the Saracens seized the knight, ‘And bett hym tille his rybbis braste, And made his flesehe fulle blaa.’

The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘Bio, blackblew, lividus,’ and Baret translates ‘lividus’ by ‘he that hath his flesche well beaten and made blacke and blewe.’ ‘Livor. Blohede.’ Medulla. See Jamieson, s. v. Bla. O. H. Ger. blao, blaw, blue, O. Fris. bla, blö, Icel, blár. Palsgrave gives ‘Bio, blewe and grene coloured as ones bodie is after a drie stroke. jaunastre.’ ‘Liuor. The colour appearyng after strokes, commonly called blacke and blue, a leadie colour. Liveo. To be black and blewe.’ Cooper. ‘Beaten blacke and bloo, suggilatus.’ Huloet. See Bloo in P.

^{page 33 note 4} Probably a bilberry. Still called in the North a blaeberry from the colour. But the word here may perhaps be connected with the following verb.

^{page 33 note 5} Cotgrave gives ‘Baboyer. To blabber with the lips; to famble: to falter,’ and the Medulla, ‘blatero. To stotyn, stulte et sine causa loqui.’ ‘Prestis. … blabien out matynys and massis.’ Wyclif, English Works, E. E. Text Soc, ed. Matthew, p. 168, 1. 6. ‘Blatero, to bable in vayne; to clatter out of measure; to make a noyse lyke a cammel. Blatero, m. a babler; a iangler; a pratler.’ Cooper. Jamieson gives ‘To Blether, Blather. To talk indistinctly; to stammer, &c. ‘And so I blaberde on my beodes.’ P. Plowman, A. v. 8. ‘Balhus, qui uult loqui et non potest, wlips uel swetwerda. Balbutus. stomer.’ M.S. Harl. 3376.

^{page 33 note 6} In P. Plowman. B. v. 190, ‘Covetyse’ is described as

'sbitelbrowed and baberlipped also, With two blered eyghen, as a blynde hagge.’

See Florio, s. v. Chilone, and Ducange, s. v. Balbus. Huloet translates blabber-lipped by Achilles, and Baret has ‘blaber-lipped, dimissis labiis homo, labeo.’ No man shulde rebuke and scorne a blereyed man or gogleyed or tongetyed … or fumbler or blaberlypped (chilonem) or bounche backed.’ Horman. See also Plowman, P., B. xvii. 324Google Scholar. ‘Blabberlipped, lippu.’ Sherwood. Cooper renders Brochus by one ‘that hath the nether iawe longer than the other, with teethe blendynge oute; tutte-mouthed.’ ‘Labrosus. Babyrlypped.’ Medulla.

^{page 34 note 1} A. S. blêgen, Dan. blêgn. See Wyclif, Exodus ix. 9, ‘Pustula. A lytyl bleyne. Marisca. A bleyne.’ Medulla. ‘Blayne or whealke. Papula.’ Huloet,

^{page 34 note 2} Lodix, according to Cooper, is a sheete. See Glossary to Liber Custumarum, Holla Series, s. v. Blacket. ‘Blanckettes. Lodioes, Plagæ.’ Huloet.

^{page 34 note 3} 'sBlamanger is a Capon roast or boile, minced small, planched (sic) almonds beaten to paste, cream, eggs, grated bread, sugar and spices boiled to a pap.’ Randle Holme. See ‘Blanmanger to Potage,’ p. 430Google Scholar, of Household Ordinances; ‘Blawmangere,’ p. 455Google Scholar; Manger, Blonc, Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 9Google Scholar, and Blanc Maungere of fysshe, p. 19. See also Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, , p. 49Google Scholar. ‘Peponus, blowmanger.’ Ortus.

^{page 34 note 4} 'sGerso: fucare faciem.’ Medulla.

^{page 34 note 5} 'sAtramentarium. An inke horne.’ Cooper. In the Medulla it is explained as ‘An ynkhorne, or a blekpot.’ ‘Attramentorium. Blacche-pot. Attramenta. Blacche.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 181.

^{page 34 note 6} 'sLippio, to be pore-blind, sande-blind, or dimme of sight. Lippitudo, blerednesse of the eyes. Lippus, bleare eyed: hauing dropping eies.’ Cooper. ‘Lippitudo. Blerynes off the eye. Lippio. To wateryn with the eye.’ Medulla. In the Poem of Richard the Redeles (E. E. Text Soc., ed. Skeat), ii. 164, we have blernyed = blear-eyed. To blere one's eye is a common expression in early English for to deceive one; thus Palsgrave gives’ I bleare, I begyle by dissimulacyon;’ and the Manip. Vocab. has ‘to blirre, fallere.’ For instances of this use of the word see Wright's Sevyn Sages, pp. 48, 77, and: 100; the Romaunt of the Rose, 1. 3912, &c.; Ly Beaus Disconus (in Weber's Met. Rom , vol. ii.) 1. 1432: Wright's Political Poems, ii. 172; Sir Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage, 1. 391, &c.

^{page 34 note 7} 'sArieto. To blesmyn.’ Medulla. Icel. blœsma, to be maris appetens from blœr, a ram. See also Turre, below. ‘To blissom or tup, as a ram doth the ewe. Coeo, ineo.’ Littleton. ‘To blissome as a ram doth the ewe. Comprimo, To go a blissoming, or ta desire the ram. Catulio.’ Gouldman.

^{page 35 note 1} A different version of the second of these two lines is given by Withals in his Dictionary, where it runs ‘Dicitur orbatus cœcatus, vel viduatus.’

^{page 35 note 2} In the Ancren Riwle, p. 100, we read that our Lord ‘þolede al þuldeliche þet me hine blindfellede, hwon his eien weren þus ine sohendlac i-blinfelled, vor to зiuen þe ancre brihte sihðe of heouene.’ ‘Velo. To hyllyn or blyndfellyn.’ Medulla. ‘Of þaim that er blynfelde and er as blynde þou schalle wit þat thay er fulisch folke that leues but in þer kynne …. the folkes makes þam blyndfelde, &c.’ De Deguileville's Pilgrimage, MS. John's Coll. Camb., leaf 117. ‘I blyndefelde one, I cover his syght. Je vende les yeulx.’ Palsgrave.

^{page 35 note 3} Ducange gives ‘Colloquintida. Colocynthis; coloquinthe,’ and Cotgrave renders ‘Coloquinthe’ by ‘the wilde and flegme-purging Citrull Coloquintida.’ Cooper has ‘Colocynthis. A kynde of wylde gourdes purgeyng fleume,called Coloquintida,’ ‘Colloquintida: genus herbe amarissime, i. e. oucurbita. Quintecie, Blosmes.’ Medulla.

^{page 35 note 4} 'sPhlebotomon. The instrument to let bloud; a fleume.’ Cooper. ‘Fleubotomo; sanguinem minuere. Fleubotomium: instrumentum eum quo sanguis minuitur.’ Medulla.

^{page 35 note 5} Omitted in A.: the Latin equivalents being given to Blodeyren. ‘Vnderstondeð, hwuc was his diete þet dei, iðen ilke blodletunge.’ Riwle, Ancren, pp. 112, 114Google Scholar. See also ibid., p. 260.

^{page 35 note 6} The Latin equivalent would lead us to consider this word to be the same as ‘Blander’ in Jamieson, which he explains by ‘to babble, to diffuse any report, such especially as tends to injure the character of another.’ Halliwell says that ‘To blunder water, to stir or puddle, to make it thick and muddy,’ is given as a Yorkshire ward in the Kennett MS. Lansdown, 1033, and the word does appear with that meaning in Mr. C. C. Robinson's Whitby Glossary. On the other hand, the word occurs twice in the Man of Lawe's Tale, 11. 670 and 1414, with apparently much the same meaning as the modern to blunder. In either case, however, the word is evidently connected with A. S. blendan, to mix, confuse, blend; blond, bland, mixture, confusion. ‘I blonder, je perturbe.’ Palsgrave.

^{page 35 note 7} Ducange says ‘Blodeus. Color sanguineus, a Saxonico blod, sanguis; intelligunt alii colorem cœruleum.’

^{page 36 note 1} 'sA bobbe of leaues, frondetum; A bob of flowers, floretum;’ Manip. Vocab. ‘They saw also thare vynea growe with wondere grete bobbis of grapes, for a mane myзt unnetheз bere ane of thame.’ Thornton MS., leaf 42. ‘A bob of cheris.’ Towneley Mysteries, p. 118. See Jamieson, s, v. Bob. ‘Botrus. A cluster of grapes.’ Cooper. ‘Botrus, clystra.’ MS. Harl. 3376.

^{page 36 note 2} Ducange gives ‘Pola; pertica, vel alius modus agri.’ This is of course our perch The word bode is derived by Diez from a radical bod, which is still found in the Eng. bound, Diez rejects a derivation from the Celtic, but Webster, s. v. Bound, refers inter alia to O.Fr. boude, bodue, L. Lat. bodina, and says, ‘cf. Arm. boun, boundary, limit, and bôden, bôd, a tuft or cluster of trees by which a boundary could be well marked.’ Compare also O. Icel. butr, a limit. Cooper renders Limes by ‘a bounde or buttyng in fieldes.’ In Huloet we find ‘Butte of a lande. Jugus, eris;’ and in the Manip, Vocab. ‘Butte of land. Jugerum,’ evidently the same word; cf. to abut. Compare P., But.

^{page 36 note 3} MS. bibliappa, corrected by A.

^{page 36 note 4} 'sBole of a tree, corpus, stemma.’ Manip. Vocab. Hence we have ‘a bolling. A tree From which the branches have been cut, a pollard.’ The compound boleux occurs in the Romance of Octavian, 1039, and bulaxe in Ormulum, 9281.

^{page 36 note 5} Defined by Halliwell as ‘a small boat able to endure a rough sea.’ Evidently connected with the preceding. ‘Scapha. A shippe boate: a boate made of an wholle tree.’ Cooper. ‘Scapha. A bolle.’ Medulla. Cf. the nursery rhyme—

'sThree wise men of Gotham. Went to sea in a bowl,’ &c.

^{page 36 note 6} In P. Plowman, B Text, v, 118, Envy says:—

'sþus I lyue lonelees, lyke a luther dogge,

That al my body bolneth for bitter of my galle.’

Lord Surry in his Translation of the Æneid, ii. 615, speaks of ‘the adder with venimous herbes fed, Whom cold winter all bolne hid under ground.’

'sBoulne, tumere, turgescere.’ Manip. Vocab. Danish bolne, O. Icel. bolgna. ‘Tumeo. To bolnyn.’ Medulla.

^{page 36 note 7} William Paston in his Will, dated August 18, 1479, bequeaths to Master Robert Hollere, ‘unum pulvinar vocatum le bolstar.’ ‘Puluillus. A bolstere.’ Medulla. ‘Bolster of a bedde, Ceruical. Bolsters whyche bearers of burdens, as porters, &c. do weare for freatynge. Thomices.’ Huloet. A. S. bolster.

^{page 36 note 8} A. inserts ‘A betilium’ after Bole of a tre.

^{page 36 note 9} The status of a bondman (Low Lat, bondemannus) was that of serfdom, but the name is not properly rendered by natiuus, which means a serf by birth.

^{page 36 note 10} 'sBonnet (bonnette, Fr.), an additional part made to fasten with latchings to the foot of the sails of small vessels with one mast, in moderate winds. It is exactly similar to the foot of the sail it is intended for. They are commonly one-third of the depth of the sails they belong to.’ Falconer's Marine Dict., ed. Burney. In the Morte Arthure, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Brock, 1. 3656, the sailors in getting ready for sea ‘Bet bonetteз one brede, bettrede hatches.’ ‘Superitas, Superna. A bonet of a seyle or a shete. Supera velox perituras colligit auras.’ Medulla. ‘Bonnette, f. the bonnet of a sail. Bonnette traineresse, a drabler, a piece added unto the bonnet when there is need of more saile.’ Cotgrave, In Richard the Redeles, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Skeat, , iv. 72Google Scholar, we read—

'sAnd somme were so ffers at þe ffirst come,

þat they bente on a bonet, and bare a topte saile.’

See also Lonelich's History of the Holy Grail, ed. Furnivall, , xlii. 119Google Scholar. ‘Bonet of a sayle, bonette dung tref.’ Palsgrave.

^{page 37 note 1} The Prompt, gives the complete couplet, of which only the last line is found here—

'sStultis leprosis, scabidis, tumidis, furiosis,

Dicit borago, gaudia semper ago.’

'sBourage, herbe, borache; Burrage, herbe, boorache.’ Palsgrave. ‘Baurage or buglosse.’ Baret.

^{page 37 note 2} 'sBordel. A brothel.’ Jamieson. ‘Bordell house, bovrdeav.’ Palsgrave. ‘Hec fornix, a bordylhows.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., 235. ‘Bordeau, a brothell, or bawdie house; the Stewes. Bordelage, brothelling wenching, whore-hunting. Bordelier, m. a wencher, whore-monger, whore-hunter, haunter of baudy-houses.’ Cotgrave. It seems most curious that crepido should be inserted as the equivalent of bordylle house; crepido is a brim or border; according to the Medulla, ‘the heyte off an Roff, or off an hyl, or beggares hous:’ whether the compiler of the dictionary fell into the mistake from the similarity of bordylle and border, I do not know, but it seems so. In Wynkyti de Worde's ed, of the Gesta Romanorum (reprinted in my ed. for the E. E. Text Society), Tale No. 37, it is told of one of the sons of an emperor that ‘agaynst his faders wyll, he had wedded hymselfe, to a comune woman of the bordell.’ See also Early English Poems, ed. Furnivall, , p. 104Google Scholar, 1. 92, and Wyclif, Levit. xix. 29.

^{page 37 note 3} 'sCabiare. Cavare, fodere; creuser, fouiller.’ Ducange.

^{page 37 note 4} Cooper explains ‘Opiter’ as ‘one whose father died before his graundefather.’ A. adds ‘Versus:— Postumus est natus post exequias genitoris.’

^{page 37 note 5} 'sUmbo: medius scuti.’ Medulla. ‘Umbo. The bosse of a buckler or shielde.’ Cooper, Chaucer, describing Alison in the Miller's Tale, says—

'sA broch sche bar upon hir loue coleer

As brod as is the bos of a bocleer,’

^{page 38 note 1} Compare Horace, ‘Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba.’ Ars Poet. 97.

^{page 38 note 2} 'sA bottle of hay, manipullus.’ Manip. Vocab. Fr. botte, a bundle, bunch; dimin. botel, boteau, a wisp, small bundle; Gael, boiteal, boiteau, a bundle of straw or hay. Harrison tells us that Cranmer, from haying been a student at a Hall (also called a Hostel) at Oxford, was popularly supposed to have been an ostler, ‘and therefore in despite, diuerse hanged up bottles of haie at his gate.’ Descript. of England, ed. Furnivall, , i. 87Google Scholar. ‘Boteler. To botle or bundle up, to make into botles or bundles.’ Cotgrave. ‘Manipulus. A gavel.’ Medulla.

^{page 38 note 3} 'sBotom of yarne, glomus.’ Manip. Vocab. See also Clewe, below.

^{page 38 note 4} 'sBow, s. (1) An arch, a gateway. (2) The arch of a bridge. Bow-brig, s. An arched bridge; as distinguished from one formed of planks, or of long stones laid across the water.’ Jamieson. A. S. boga. Compare Brace of a bryge, &c., below.

^{page 38 note 5} 'sEuiscero. To bowellyn. Exentero. To bowaylyn.’ Medulla.

^{page 38 note 6} 'sGibbus. A greate bunche or dwelling. Struma. A swellynge in the throte, the king's euill; a bunche on the backe. Strumosus. That hath the impostume in the throte, or the king's euill.’ Cooper. Baret has ‘A great bunch or swelling, gibbus. He that hathe a crooked backe, or a bunch in any place of the bodie; that hath the rounde figure of a thing embossed, gibbus.’ ‘Gibber. That hath a bunch on his brest. Gibbosus. Wennely. Gibbus. A broke bak. In dorso gibbus, in pectore gibber habetur. Struma: genus pectoris, or bolnyng of the brest.’ Medulla.

^{page 38 note 7} In Piers Plowman, B-Text, xiv. 19, we read ‘Dobet shal beten it and bouken it;’ on which see Prof. Skeat's note, in which are cited the following:’ I bucke lynen clothes to scoure off their fylthe and make them whyte, je bue.’ Palsgrave. ‘Buandière, f. a laundresse or buck-washer.’ Cotgrave. In the Unton Inventories, p. 28, is mentioned a Bouckfatt, or washing tub.’ In the St. John's College, Cambridge, MS. of De Deguileville's Pilgrimage of the Life of the Manhode, leaf 21 back, we find, ‘Of thaym I make a bowkynge for to putte in and bowke and wasche alle fylthes.’ See also Reliq. Antiq. i. 108. ‘Lixivium. Lye made of ashes.’ Cooper. See Wedgwood and Jamieson.

^{page 38 note 8} 'sBourd, scomma.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘To bourde, and jest on some bodie, to tell merry jests.’ Baret. ‘Bourde, or sport.’ Huloet. ‘locor. To speake in jest or bourde.’ Cooper. ‘Bourde, a ieast, fib: tale of a tub.’ Cotgrave. See Prof. Skeat'a Etym. Dict. s. v.

^{page 39 note 1} In Rauf Coilзear, E. E. Text Soc., ed. Murray, 1. 905, Magog in warning Rauf of the approach of the Saracens, says—

'sWe sall spuilзe зow dispittously at the next springis,

Mak зou biggingis full bair, bodword haue I brocht.’

In the Cursor Mundi, ed, Morris, , p. 634Google Scholar, 1.11047, Elizabeth, addressing the Virgin Mary, says— ‘Blisced be þou þat mistrud noght þe hali bodword þat þe was broght.’ See also p. 76, 1. 1192, Ormulum 11. 7 and 11495, Destruction of Troy, 11. 6262, 8315, &c. A. S. bod, a message, beoden, to bode, offer; Icel. boðorð, a command, message.

^{page 39 note 2} 'sBoure, conclave.’ Manip.Vocab. ‘Conclauis. A prevy chambyr.’ Medulla. ‘Bowre, salle.’ Palsgrave. ‘Conclave. An inner parlour for chamber; a bankettyng house.’ Cooper. A. S. búr.

^{page 39 note 3} 'sLecythus. A potte of earth that serued only for oyle; an oyle glasse; a viole.’ Cooper. ‘Lecithus: ampulla olei.’ Medulla.

^{page 39 note 4} 'sBra, Brae, Bray, s. The side of a hill, an acclivity. The bank of a river.’ Jamieson.

^{page 39 note 5} 'sBrachialium. Propugnaculum; braie unde fausse-braie.’ Ducange. ‘Bracats, Brasses, or Vambrasses; armour for the arms.’ Cotgrave. See also Brassure.

^{page 39 note 6} See Bowe of a bryge, above.

^{page 39 note 7} 'sOdorincus. A spanyel.’ Medulla. ‘Catellus, a very littell hounde, or brache, a whelpe.’ Blyot. ‘Odorencecus, canus venaticus, qui odore feras sequitur: chien de chasse.’ Ducange. See also ibid., s. v. Bracco. ‘There are in England and Scotland two kinds of hunting dogs, and no where else in the world: the first kind is called ane rache (Scotch), and this is a foot-scenting creature, both of wild beasts, birds, and fishes also, which lie hid among the rocks: the female thereof in England is called a brache. A brach is a mannerly name for all hound-bitches.’ Gentleman's Recreation, p. 27. A. S.rœce, M.H.G. bracke. ‘There be many maner of dogges or houndes to hawke and hunt, as grayhoundes, braches, spanyellis, or suche other, to hunt hert and hynde & other bestes of chace and venery &c. and suche be named gentyll houndes.’ Laurens Andrewes, The Noble Lyfe, chap, xxiiij, ‘of the dogge,’ quoted in Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, p. 109. Brache occurs several times in Shakespeare; see King Lear, i 4. 108 and iii. 6. 72; 1 Henry IV, iii. 1. 240, &c. ‘A brache, canicula. Manip.Vocab. Palsgrave gives ‘Brache, a kynde of hounde, brachet, and Baret has ‘A brache or biche, canicula,’ while Huloet mentions ‘a brache or lytle hounde.’ ‘Bracca, a brache, or a bitch, or a beagle.’ Florio. ‘Brachet, m. a kind of little hound. Brogue, m. a kind of short-tayled setting dog; ordinarily spotted, or partie-coloured.’ Cotgrave. ‘Brachell, s. a dog; properly, one employed to discover or pursue game by the scent.’ Jamieson. See Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, ed. Morris, 1142. On the derivation see Prof. Skeat's Etym. Dict., and cf. Gabriell rache below.

^{page 39 note 8} See Brassure and Brace.

^{page 39 note 9} Judging from the Latin equivalents given for this word the meaning seems to be a Catapult or engine of war for shooting stones or arrows. Cooper renders catapulta by ‘An inginne of warre to shoote dartes and quarels: a kynde of slyng,’ and scorpio by ‘an instrument of warre like a scorpion that shooteth small arrows or quarelles.’ ‘Catapulta. An hokyd harwe. Scorpitis. A venym arwe.’ Medulla. ‘Hec catapulta. A brodarw.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 278.

^{page 40 note 1} In the Miller's Tale, Chaucer describing Alison says—

'sHis mouth was sweete as bragat is or heth,

Or hoord of apples, layd in hay or nette.’ C. T. 3261.

'sIdromellum. Mede.’ Medulla. ‘A Bragget, drink, promulsis.’ Manip. Vocal). The following recipe for making Bragget is given in Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 230: ‘Take three or foure gallons of good ale, or more, as you please, two daies or three after it is cleansed, and put it in a potte by it selfe, then draw forth a pottel thereof, and put to it a quart of good English Hony, and set them ouer the fire in a vessell, and let them boyle fair and softly, and alwaies as any froth ariseth, scumme it away and so clarifie it; and when it is well clarified, take it off the fire, and let it coole, and put thereto of Pepper a penyworth, Cloves, Mace, Ginger, Nutmegs, Cinamon, of each two penny worth beaten to powder, stir them well together, and set them ouer the fire to boyle againe a while, then being Milke-warme, put it to the rest, and stirre all together, & let it stand two or three daies, and put barme upon it, and drinke it at your pleasure.’ In Lancashire Braggat is drunk on Mid-Lent Sunday, whioh is hence called Braggat Sunday.

'sSpised cakes and wafurs worthily Withe bragot and methe.’

John Russell's Boke of Nurture, in the Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, p. 55,1. 816. Another recipe for Bragget is as follows: ‘Take to x galons of ale, iij potell of fine wort, and iij quartis of hony, and putt thereto canell з, iiij, peper schort or longe з, iiij, galingale з, j, and clowys з, j, and gingiver з, ij.’ MS. 14th Century. Taylor, in Drink and Welcome, 1637, A з, back, says of Braggot, ‘This drinke is of a most hot nature, as being compos'd of Spices, and if it once scale the sconce, and enter within the circumclusion of the Perricranion, it doth much accelerate nature, by whose forcible attraction and operation, the drinker (by way of distribution) is easily enabled to afford blowes to his brother.’

^{page 40 note 2} In Trevisas's version of Glanvile, De Propriet. Rerum, lib. xvii, c. 97, Flax, we are told, after being steeped and dried, is ‘bounde in praty nytches and boundels, and afterward knocked, beaten, and brayed, and carfled, rodded and gnodded, ribbed and hekled, and at the laste sponne.’ O. Fr. breier, brehier.

^{page 40 note 3} 'sBrake or Brachen appears to have been used for many purposes, for Tusser says— ‘Get home with the brake, to brue with and bake, To lie vnder cow, to rot vnder mow, To couer the shed drie ouer head, To serue to burne, for many a turne.’

Five Hundred Points, E. Dial. Society, ed. Herrtage, p. 33, st. 33. See also ibid., p. 42, st. 33. ‘Filix. A brak.’ Medulla. A. S. bracce, pl. braccan.

^{page 40 note 4} Palsgrave gives ‘Brake, an instrument, braye,’ and Huloet has ‘Brake, for to worke dowgh or past, mactra.’ The Manip. Vocab. and Baret also give ‘Brake, frangibulum, mactra.’ In Jamieson we find ‘Braik, break. An instrument used in dressing hemp or flax, for loosening it from the core.’ Cf. Dutch braak, a brake; vlasbraak, a flax-dresser's brake, and A.S. brécan. ‘Brioche. A brake for hempe. Braquer de chamere. To brake hempe.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 40 note 5} In the Inventory of Thomas Robynson of Appleby, 1542, quoted in Mr. Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Coningham, we find ‘One brass pott, iij pannes, brandryt, cressyt, iiij^s;’ and in the Linc. Med. MS., leaf 283, is a recipe quoted by Halliwell, in which we are told to ‘Take grene зerdis of esche, and laye thame over a brandrethe, and make a fire under thame &c.’ ‘Brandiron, andena.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘A brandiron or posnet, chytra.’ Baret. In the list of articles taken by the Duke of Suffolk from John Paston in 1465 we find ‘ij rakks of yron, ij brendelettes, a almary to kepe in mete,’ &c. Paston Letters, iii. 435. See Brandelede in P.

^{page 40 note 6} Ducange renders Loramentum by ‘Concatenatio lignorum quæ solet fieri in fundamentis ædificiorum; assemblage de bois en usage pour maintenir les matériaux dans les fondement d'un edifice.’ The description seems to answer to our word piles. Halliwell gives ‘Brandrith. A fence of wattles or boards, &c.’ We have already had loramentum as the Latin equivalent of a Bande of a howse. The Catholicon explains loramentum to mean boarding or frame-work compacted together. ‘Loramentmm (concatenatio lignorum), gruntfestunge, gruntuest von holtz geschlagen.’ Dief. Compare Key, or knyttyng of ij wallys & Pyle in P.

^{page 41 note 1} Apparently an error for Brandych: I know of no instance of the spelling Branych; but the Medulla has ‘vibro. To braunchyn, or shakyn.’ Cf. also P. Brawndeschyn (brawnchyn as man K).

^{page 41 note 2} 'sBrent. High, straight, upright, smooth, not wrinkled.’ It most frequently occurs in one peculiar application, in connection with brow, as denoting a high forehead, as distinguished from one that is flat.’ Jamieson. In this sense it is used by Burns in ‘John Anderson, my Jo,’ where we find ‘Your bonnie brow was brent.’ A. S. brant, O. Icel brattr. See Halliwell, s. v. Brant.

^{page 41 note 3} Armour for the arms. In Ascham's, Toxophllus (Arber's reprint, pp. 107, 108), we find the following passage: ‘PHI. Which be instruments [of shotynge]? Tox. Bracer, shotynge-glove, strynge, bowe and shafte …. A bracer serueth for two causes, one to saue his arm from the strype of the strynge, and his doublet from wearynge, and the other is, that the strynge glydynge sharpelye and quicklye of the bracer may make the sharper shoote.’ Chaucer, Prologue to Cant. Tales, III, describing the Yeoman, says—

'sUpon his arm he bar a gay bracer,

And by his side a swerd and a bokeler.’

In the Morte Arthure (E.E.Text Soc., ed. Brock), 1. 1859, in the fight with the king of Syria, we are told that ‘Brasers burnyste bristeз in sondyre;’ see also 1. 4247. Baret gives ‘a bracer, brachiale,’ and in the Manip. Vocab. we find ‘a bracher, brachiale.’ ‘Brachale. A varbras.’ Medulla. ‘Brasselet, a bracelet, wristband, or bracer.’ Cotgrave. See also Florio, s. v. Bracciale. ‘Brachiale. Torques in brachio, dextrale; bracelet.’ Ducange. ‘Brachiale. A bracellette; also a bracer.’ Cooper. See also Brace, above, and P. Warbrace.

^{page 41 note 4} 'sAlle his clothes brouded up and down.’ Chaucer, Monke's Tale, 3659. In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's goods, amongst the cloths and dress occurs ‘j pece of rede satyne, brauden with the faunt fere.’ Paston Letters, ed. Gardner, , i. 477Google Scholar. ‘Browdyn. Embroidered. Broudster. An embroiderer.’ Jamieson. See also Brothester. In Cotgrave we find ‘Broder. To inibroyder. Brodé. Imbroydered.’ See also Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, , xi. 464Google Scholar. A. S. bregdan, to braid, pp. brogden, broden.

^{page 41 note 5} 'sMusculus. A muscle or fleashie parte of the bodie compacte of fleash, veines, sinewes and arteries, seruyng especially to the motion of some parte of the bodie by means of the sinewes in it. Musculosus. Harde and stiffe with many muscles or brawnes of harde and compacte fleash.’ Cooper. Chaucer, in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, 546, tells us that ‘The Mellere was a stout carl for the nones,

Ful big he was of braun, and eek of boones.’

and in the Legende of Goode Women, Ditio, 1. 145, Eneas is described as of ‘a noble visage for the noones, And formed wel of brawnes and of boones.’

'sCooper gives’ Pulpa. The woodde of all trees that may be seperated or clefte by the grayne of it, and is the same in timber that musculus is in a mans bodie. A muscle or fleashie parte in the bodie of man or beaste. A peece of fleash.’ ‘Pulpa. Brawne.’ Medulla. O. Fr. braon.

^{page 42 note 1} 'sPerizoma. A breeche: a codpeece.’ Cooper. ‘Feminalis, -le. A womanis brech.’ Medulla.

^{page 42 note 2} See Bygirdle, above, and Pawncherde, below. In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage, 1. 2448, Guy of Burgundy cuts down Maubyn the thief, so that ‘þorw is heued, chyn & berd And into þe breggurdel him gerd, þat swerd adounward fledde, þan ful he adoun and bledde;’ and again, 1. 3008, Roland cleaves King Conyfer, and ‘At ys breggurdle þat swerd a-stod.’

Brechgerdel occurs in the Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris, 205, and Sir J. Maundeville tells us in his Voiage and Travaile ‘that balsam (bawme) comethe out on smale trees, that ben non hyere than a mannes breek-girdille.’ ‘Perizonia. A brekegyrdyl. Renale. A breke gyrdyl or a paunce. Bracco. To brekyn. Saraballa: crura, bracce.’ Medulla. See Mr. Way's note, s. v. Brygyrdyll.

^{page 42 note 3} Tusser, Compare, p. 53Google Scholar, st. 36—

'sKeep safe thy fence, Scare breakhedge thence.’

See Garthe, below.

^{page 42 note 4} Chaucer, Prologue to Cant. Tales, 352, tells us of the Frankeleyn, that ‘Ful many a fat patrich had he in mewe, And many a brem and many a luce in stewe.’

Neckham, De Naturis Rerum, Rolls Series, ed. Wright, says, p. 148, ‘Brenna vero hostis declinans insidias, ad loca cenosa fugit aquarum limpiditatem quas a tergo habet perturbans, sicque delusa tyranni spe, ad alias pisces se transfert.’

^{page 42 note 5} In the Ancren Riwle, p. 324, we are told that ‘He þat nappeð upon helle brerde, he topleð ofte al in er he lest wene.’ Compare P. ‘Berde, or brynke of a vesselle. Margo.’ Cotgrave has ‘Aile, a wing; also the brimme or brerewoode of a hat.’ Carr gives Breward as still in use in the same sense. ‘The cornys croppis and the beris new brerd.’ Gawin Douglas, Prol. Æneid xi, 1. 77. ‘Breird. The surface, the uppermost part, the top of anything, as of liquids.’ Jamieson. In Chaucer's description of the Pardoner, Cant. Tales, Prologue, 687, we are told that—

'sHis walet lay byforn him in his lappe, Bret-ful of pardoun come from Rome al hoot;’ And in the Knight's Tale, 1305, ‘Emetreus, the kyng of Ynde,’ is described as having ‘A mantelet upon his sehuldre hangynge,

Brent-ful of rubies reede, as fir sparkiynge.’

So also Hous of Fame, 1032, ‘Bretful of leseyngs,’ and in P. Plowman, C, Passus I, 42, we read, ‘Hure bagge and hure bely were bretful y-crammyd.’ Compare Swed. bräddful, brimfull. See also Ormulum, 14529, Seven Sages, ed. Wright, p. 33, 1. 945, and Wright's Political Poems, i. 69. A.S. brerd, brim, top. ‘Crepido, brerd vel ofer.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 54.

^{page 43 note 1} 'sCarduus. A brymbyl.’ Medulla. A. S. brêr. ‘Now in the croppe, now doun in the breres.’ Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 674.

^{page 43 note 2} The falcastrum was a sickle at the end of a long pole used for cutting brushwood. Soldiers armed with weapons resembling it (see Chaucer, Legende of Good Women, Cleopatra, 1. 68, ‘He rent the sayle with hokes like a sithe’) were called in Old French bidaux (Roquefort). Tusser, in his list of tools, &c. necessary for a farmer, mentions a ‘Brush sithe,’ which is the same instrument.

^{page 43 note 3} 'sA Brizze or Gadbee. Tahon, taon, mouche aux bœufs.’ Sherwood. Cotgrave gives ‘Tahon. m. A brizze, Brimsee, Gadbee, Dunflie, Oxeflie. Tahon marin. The sea brizze; a kind of worm found about some fishes. Tavan de mer. The sea Brizze: resembles a big Cheslop, and hath sixteene feet, each whereof is armed with a hook, or crooked naile: This vermin lodging himselfe under the finnes of the Dolphin, and Tunny &c. afflicts them as much as the land Brizze doth an oxe. Bezer. A cow to runne up and downe holding up her taile when the brizze doth sting her. Bezet. Aller à Sainct Bezet. To trot, gad, runne, or wander up and downe, like one that hath a brizze in his taile. Oestre Iunonique. A gad-bee, horse-flie, dunfly, brimsey, brizze.’ Halliwell (who has the word misspelt Briefe) gives a quotation from Elyot. Cooper has ‘Bruchus. A grasse worme or locuste that hurteth corne, Species est locustœ parvum nota.’ Asilus, which is given in the Prompt, as the Latin equivalent, is rendered by Cooper, ‘A greate flie bitynge beastes; an horse-flie or breese.’ In the Reply of Friar Daw Topias (Wright's Political Poems, ii. 54) we read—

'sWhan the first angel blew, Alle thei weren lich horses Ther was a pit opend, Araied into bataile, Ther rose smotheryng smoke, Thei stongen as scorpioun, And brese therinne, And hadden mannis face Tothed as a lioun.

'sBrucus. A short worm or a brese. Locusta. A brese, or a sukkyl.’ Medulla.

^{page 43 note 4} 'sBretesque. A port, or portall of defence, in the rampire, or wall of a towne.’ Cotgrave. It properly means wooden towers or castles as appears from Ducange, s. v. Bretachiœ. ‘And þe brytasqes on þe tour an beзe Dulfuly a-doun wer caste.’ Sir Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage, 3315.

^{page 43 note 5} Originally a bride-ale or wedding feast. An ale is simply a feast of any kind: thus we find leet-ales, scot-ales, church-ales, &c. See Brand's Popular Antiquities, ed. Hazlitt, , ii. 89s–99.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 6} 'sþai drou it þen and mad a brig þe burn of Syloe, and said, Ouer a litel burn to lig,— Quen þai þis brig þar-ouer laid,’ &c. Cursor Mundi, ed. Morris, p. 514,1. 8945.

A.S. brycg. ‘Pons. A brygge.’ Medulla.

^{page 44 note 1} Still in common use. A sow is said to ‘go to brimme,’ when she is sent to the boar. See Bay's Glossary. Cooper gives ‘Subo. To grunte as the sowe doth, desyring to haue the boare to doo their kynde. Subatio. The appetite or steeryng to generation in swyne.’ ‘Subo. To brymmyn as a boore.’ Medulla. ‘A brymmyng as a bore or a sowe doth, en rouyr.’ Palsgrave.

^{page 44 note 2} See note to Brokylle.

^{page 44 note 3} Jamieson gives ‘To birse, birze, brize. To bruise: to push or drive: to press, to squeeze.’ ‘Briser. To burst, break, bray in pieces; also to plucke, rend, or teare off, or up; also to crush or bruise extreamly.’ Cotgrave. The MS. has quarsare.

^{page 44 note 4} 'sFusus. A spindell.’ Cooper. ‘Broche. A wooden pin on which the yarn is wound.’ Jamieson. ‘Fascellus. A lytyl spyndyl.’ Medulla. See note to Fire yrene below.

'sHir womanly handis nowthir rok of tre, Quhilk in the craft of daith mahyng Ne spyndil vsis, nor brochis of Minerve, dois serve.’ See also ibid., p. 293, Bk. ix. 1. 40. Gawin Douglas, Eneados, vii. 1. 1872.

^{page 44 note 5} 'sBrod, to prick or poke.’ Peacock's Glossary of Manly and Conyngham (E. D. Soc). Compare our prod. Florio, , p. 68Google Scholar, ed. 1611, mentions a kind of nail so called, now known as brads. See also Jamieson, s. v. Icel. broddr, a spike; cf. Swed. brodd, a frost-nail.

^{page 44 note 6} 'sBrod. A goad used to drive oxen forward.’ Jamieson.

^{page 44 note 7} In P. Plowman, B. vi, 31, Piers complains of the ‘Bores and brockes þat breketh adown mynne hegges.’ The name seems to have been also applied to a beaver, as in the Medulla we find it rendered by Castor. Baret gives ‘Broche, a grail, a bauson, or badger; melis,’ and Huloet ‘Broche or badger, or graye beast, taxo.’ In the Reliq. Antiq. i. 7, taxus is translated brokke. In the Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 1. 1095, we find the expression Brokbrestede, having a breast variegated, spotted, or streaked with black and white like a badger. Compare Brock-faced in Brockett. ‘Taxus. A gray; a badger; a broche.’ Cooper. Icel. brokkr, a badger; Welsh brech, brych, brindled, freckled.

^{page 44 note 8} In the English Metrical Homilies, ed. Small, on p. 120, 1. 5, and again on p. 154, 1.12, we have the word brokel, and in each case the Cambridge MS. reads brysell. The Ancren Riwle, p. 164, says, ‘þis bruchele uetles, þet is wummone vleschs. Of þisse bruchele uetles þe apostle seirth;: “Habemus thesaurum in istis vasis fictilibus. …. þis bruchele uetles is bruchelure þene beo eni gles,’ &c. Harrison, in his Description of England (New Shakspere Society, ed.Furnivall), i. 340–1, says that ‘of all oke growing in England, the parke oke is the softest, and far more spalt and brickle than the hedge oke.’ Elyot, s. v. Aloe, gives ‘brokle, brittle,’ and Huloet has ‘Brokell, rubbish. In the Manip. Vocab. we find ‘Brickle, fragilis,’ and this form still survives in the north. Te Medulla gives ‘Fracticeus. Brekyl. Fragilis. Freel, or brekyl.’ See Jamieson, s. v. Brukyl, Brickle.

^{page 45 note 1} 'sLumbrifractus. Brokyn in the [1] endys.’ Medulla. See Lende. For fraccio the MS. has spacio.

^{page 45 note 2} 'sHerniosus. He that is burste or hath his bowetls fallen to his coddes. Hernia. The disease called bursting.’ Lyte, in his edition of Dodoens, 1578, tells us, p. 87, that ‘the Decoction of the leaues and roote [of the Common Mouse eare] dronken, doth cure and heale all woundes both inward and outward, and also Hernies, Ruptures, or burstings;’ and again, p. 707, that ‘the barke [of Pomegranate] is good to be put into the playsters that are made against burstinges, that come by the falling downe of the guttes.’ ‘Herniœ. Bolnyng of the bowaylles. Herniosus. Brostyn.’ Medulla. Cotgrave mentions a plant ‘Boutouner. Rupture-wort, Burst-wort.’ ‘Hernia, broke-ballochyd.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 177.

^{page 45 note 3} Jamieson gives ‘Broudster, an embroiderer; Browdyn, embroidered.’ See also Brawdester.

^{page 45 note 4} Baret has ‘Brewis, bruisse, or soppes; ossulœ adipatœ; soupe.’ See Richard Cœur de Lion, 1. 3077, and Havelok, ed. Skeat, , 924Google Scholar. Bruys occurs in the Liber Cure Cocorum, ed. Morris, , p. 19Google Scholar. See also Jamieson, s. v. Brose.

^{page 45 note 5} The following explanations of the various ornaments here mentioned are from Cooper: ‘Spinter. A tacke; a bouckle; a claspe. Monile. A colar or iewell that women vsed to weare about their neckes; an ouche. Torques. A colar, or chayne, be it of golde or siluer, to weare about one's necke. Inauris. A rynge or other lyke thinge hangyng in the eare. Armilla, A bracelette. Anulus. A ringe.’ The Medulla renders them as follows: ‘Spinter. A pyn or a broche. Torques. A gylt colere. Inauris. þe Aryng in the ere. Perichelis: ornamentum mulieris circa brachia et crura.’

^{page 45 note 6} Suilk as þai brue now ha þai dronken.’ Cursor Mundi, ed. Morris, p. 170 1. 2848. See also to Brewe, above.

^{page 45 note 7} Chaucer, in describing the Cook, says ‘He cowde roste, and sethe, and broille, and frie. Prologue, C. T. 383. O. Fr. bruiller.

^{page 45 note 8} Lyte, Dodoens, p. 666, tells us that the juice of the broom ‘taken in quantitie of a ciat or litle glasse ful fasting is good against the Sqinansie [quinsey] a kind of swelling with heate and payne in the throte, putting the sicke body in danger of choking; also it is good against the sciatica.’ See Wyclif, Jeremiah xvii. 6. A. S. brôm.

^{page 46 note 1} In the Pricke of Conscience we are told that at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah ‘It rayned fire fra heven and brunstane.’ 1. 4853. And in the Cursor Mundi account, ed. Morris, p. 170, 1, 2841—

'sOur lauerd raind o þam o-nan Dun o lift, fire and brinstan.’ Cf, Icel. brenni-stein, sulphur, from brenna, to burn, and steinn, a stone.

^{page 46 note 2} 'sBrichet. The brisket, or breast-peece.’ Cotgrave. ‘Brisket, the breast.’ Jamieson.

^{page 46 note 3} A slaughter-house, shambles. In the Pylgrymage of the Lyf of the Manhode, ed, Wright, Aldis, p. 129Google Scholar, Wrath says, ‘neuere mastyf ne bicche in bocherye so gladliche wolde ete raw flesh and I ete it.’ ‘Macellum. A bochery. Maceria. A bochery off [or] fflesshstall.’ Medulla. ‘Boucherie. A butcher's shamble, stall or shop.’ Cotgrave. Amongst the officers of the Larder in the Household Ordinances of Ed. II. are mentioned ‘two valletcs de mestier, porters for the lardere, who shal receve the flesh in the butchery of the achatour, &c.’ Chaucer Soc. ed Furnivall, , p. 34Google Scholar. ‘Bocherye or bochers shambles, where fleshe is solde. Carnarium, Macellum.’ Huloet. ‘Bochery, boucherie.’ Palsgrave.

^{page 46 note 4} 'sGladiator. One plaiynge with a swoorde. Gladiatores. Swoorde players in Rome set together in matches to fight before the people in common games thereby to accustom them not to be afrayde of killynge in warre.’ Cooper. ‘Gladiatura. A bokeler pleyng.’ Medulla. Fencing with the buckler, or buckler-play, is alluded to in the Liber Custumarum, ed. Riley, pp. 282–3. For an account of this play, see Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1858, p. 560, and Brand's Pop. Antiq. ed. Hazlitt, , ii. 299.Google Scholar

'sOpon the morn after, if I suth say, A mery man, sir Robard out of Morlay, A half eb in the Swin soght he the way; Thare lered men the Normandes at bukler to play.’ Song on King Edward's Wars, printed in Wright's Political Poems, i. 70.

^{page 46 note 5} Compare Nekherynge, below, and P. Bobet.

^{page 46 note 6} 'sBewgle, or bugle, a bull, Hants.’ Grose. ‘The bugill drawer by his hornis great.’ The Kinge's Quhair, ed. Chalmers, p. 87. ‘Buffe, bugle or wylde oxe, bubalis.’ Huloet. ‘A bugle, butalus.’ Manip. Vocab. In Dunbar, The Thissil and the Rois, we read ‘And lat no bowgle with his busteous hornis The meik pluck-ox oppress.’ St. xvi.1. 5.

'sBugles or buffes, Vris.’ Withals. O. Fr. bugle, Lat. buculus. See also Jamieson, s. v. Bowgle. Andrew Boorde, in his account of Bohemia, says ‘In the wods be many wylde beastes; amonges al other beastes there be Bugles, that be as bigge as an oxe: and there is a beast called a Bouy, lyke a Bugle, whyche is a vengeable beast.’ Introduction of Knowledge, ed. Furnivall, pp. 166,167, In his note on this passage Mr. Furnivall quotes a passage from Topesell's History of Four-footed Beasts: ‘Of the Vulgar Bugil. A Bugil is called in Latine, Bubalus, and Buffalus; in French, Beufle; in Spanish, Bufano; in German, Buffel,’ &c. See Maundeville, , p. 259Google Scholar, and Holinshed, Hist. Scotland, p. 17.

^{page 46 note 7} Of this plant Neckham (De Naturis Rerum) says, p. 477—

'sLingua bovis purgat choleram rubeamque nigramque, Et vix cardiaco gratior herba datur. Vim juvat occipitis quotiens sibi tradita differt, Solvere cum fidei desinit esse bonœ.’

See Oxetonge, below.

^{page 47 note 1} 'sBullace, a small black and tartish plum.’ Halliwell. They are mentioned in Tusser's Five Hundred Points, chap. 34. 4. Bullace plums are in Cambridgeshire called cricksies. ‘Bolaces and blacke-beries þat on breres growen.’ William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 1809. See also Romaunt of the Rose, 1377. Irish bulos, a prune; Breton polos, a bullace; Gael, bulaistear, a sloe. ‘Bellocier. A bullace-tree or wilde plum-tree.’ Cotgrave.

'sA bullace, frute. Pruneolum.’ Manip. Vocab.

^{page 47 note 2} 'sBullhead, the fish, Miller's thumb.’ Cotgrave gives ‘Asne, m. an asse; also a little fish with a great head, called a Bull-head, or Miller's thumbe.’ According to Cooper Capito is a ‘coddefishe.’ The term is still in common use in the North for a tad-pole, in, which sense it also occurs in Cotgrave: ‘Cavesot. A Pole-head, or Bull-head; the little vermine, whereof toads and frogs do come.’ See also ibid., s. v. Testard. ‘Hic mullus, Ace, a bulhyd.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 253.Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 3} Apparently this means either the handle or a stud of a door. In Mr. Nodal's Glossary of Lancashire, E. Dialect Society, is given ‘Bule. The handle of a pot, pan, or other utensil. At Lancaster the flat wooden handle of an osier market-basket.’ Halliwell alsa has ‘Bolls. The ornamental knobs on a bedstead. See Howell, sect. 12.’ A. S. bolla. See note to Burdun of a Buke, below. The Medulla explains ‘Grappa’ by ‘foramen,’ but grapa in the present instance appears to be a made-up word, suggested by the knob-like or grape-like form of the thing meant.

^{page 47 note 4} In the Treatise of Walter de Biblesworth (13th century), Wright's Volume of Vocabularies, p. 155, is mentioned ‘a bolenge’ or bulting-clot, the glossary continuing—

'sPer bolenger (bultingge) est ceveré La flur e le furfre (of bren) demoré.’

And in Kennett's Antiquities of Ambrosden, a ‘bulter-cloth.’ The mediæval Latin name for the implement was ‘taratantara’ (see Ælfric's A. S. Glossary), from the peculiar noise made by it when at work; a word borrowed from Ennius, as signifying the sound of a trumpet, in Priseian, bk. viii. A portable boulter was called a ‘tiffany.’ Bultellus occurs in the Liber Custumarum, p. 106. ‘Bolting Cloth, a cloth used for sifting meal in mills. In 1534, the Guild of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Boston possessed ‘a bultynge pipe covered with a yearde of canvesse,’ and also ‘ij bultynge clothes.’ Peacock, English Church Furniture, p. 189, quoted in Peacock's Glossary of Manley &c., E. D. Soc. In the Unton Inventories, p. 29, occurs, ‘in the Boultynge house, one dough trough, ij bolting wittches’ (hutches), i.e. vessels into which meal is sifted. ‘Boltings, the coarse meal separated from the flour.’ Peacock's Glossary. See also Letters, Paston, iii. 419Google Scholar. The word came to be used metaphorically as in the phrase ‘to boult out the truth,’ i. e. to sift the matter thoroughly and ascertain the truth. Thus in Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandrie (E. Dial. Soc., ed. Herrtage, p. 152)—

'sIf truth were truely bolted out, As touching thrift, I stand in doubt If men were best to wiue.’

'sBoultyng clothe or bulter, blvteav. Boultyng tubbe, husche a bluter.’ Palsgrave. ‘Pistores habent servos qui politruduant farinam grossam cum polentrudio delicato … Politrudiant, id est buletent, et dicitur a pollem quod est farina et trudo. Pollitrudium Gallice dicitur buletel (bultel).’ Dictionarius of John de Garlande, in Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 127.

^{page 47 note 5} 'sBulla. A burbyl. Scateo. To brekyn vp, or burbelyn.’ Medulla. See also Belle in the Water.

^{page 47 note 6} In Chaucer's Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, we are told of the Frankelyn that ‘His table dormant in his halle alway Stood redy covered al the longe day.’ l. 355. ‘Kyng Arthour than verament Ordeynd throw hys awne assent, The tabull dormounte, withouten lette.’

The Cokwold's Daunce, 50.

A dormant was the large beam lying across a room, a joist. The dormant table was perhaps the fixed table at the end of a hall. See Tabyl-dormande, below. At the bottom of the page in a later hand is ‘Hic Asser, -ris. Ace, a burde, siche as dores & wyndows be made of.’

^{page 48 note 1} The Medulla gives the following verses on the same word—

'sEst discus ludus [quoits], lecternum [couch], mensa [table], parapsts [dish]; Discus el Aurora; sic est discus guoque mappa [table-cloth].

^{page 48 note 2} Dame Eliz. Browne, in her Will, Letters, Paston, iii. 465Google Scholar, bequeaths ‘a bordecloth of floure de lice werke and crownes of x yerdis and an half long, and iij yardis brode.’ ‘Gausape. A carpet to lay on a table: a daggeswayne.’ Cooper. ‘Gausape. A boord cloth.’ Medulla.

^{page 48 note 3} 'sClaui. Varro. Rounde knappes of purple, lyke studdes or nayle heads, wherwith Senatores garments or robes were pyrled or powdred. Clauata vestimenta. Lampridius. Garments set with studs of golde, of purple, or any other lyke thynge.’ Cooper, 1584. Here the meaning appears to be studs or embossed ornaments. Thus Elyot renders Bulla by ‘a bullion sette on the cover of a booke, or other thynge;’ and Cooper gives ‘Umbilicus. Bullions or bosses, suche as are set on the out sydes of bookes.’ But possibly a clasp may be meant. Compare Cotgrave, ‘Claveau. The Haunse or Lintell of a doore; also a clasp, hook, or buckle.’ ‘Clauillus, a burden of a buke.’ Ortus.

^{page 48 note 4} Baret gives ‘to burgen; to budde, or bringe foorth flowers.’ ‘Burgen, geminare;’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Burgeon, to grow big about or gross, to bud forth.’ Bailey's Dict. ‘Bourgeon, bourjon, the young bud, sprid or putting forth of a vine.’ Cotgrave. Harrison, Description of England, ed. Furnivall, ii. 91, uses the word in the sense of a root, a source: ‘Caser the sixt rote of the East Angle race, and Nascad originall burgeant of the kings of Essex.’ ‘Germen. A bergyng. Gramino. To spryngyn or bergyn.’ Medulla.

^{page 48 note 5} A bureller was a maker of burel or borel, a coarse grey or reddish woollen cloth, formerly extensively manufactured in Normandy, and still known in France as bureau. ‘Borel men,’ or ‘folk,’ as mentioned by Chaucer, Prologue to Monkes Tale, &c., were humble laymen, customarily dressed in this cloth. The Burellers also seem to have prepared yarn for the use of the weavers (see Liber Custumarum, pp. 420, 423). Henry III ordered that ‘the men of London should not be molested on account of their burels or burelled cloths.’ To burl cloth is to clear it of the knots, ends of thread, &c. with little iron nippers, which are called burling-irons. ‘Bureau, m. A thicke and course cloath, of a browne russet, or darke mingled colour. Burail. Silke rash; or any kind of stuffe thats halfe silke and halfe worsted.’ Cotgrave. Elyot has ‘desquamare vestem, to burle clothe.’ See also to do Hardes away, and to Noppe, below.

^{page 48 note 6} 'sA Burre, or the hearbe called cloates, that beareth the great burre, personata. The sticking burre, tenax lappa.’ Baret. ‘Burre, lappa, glis,’ Matiip. Vocab. Frisian borre, burre; Danish borre. ‘Lappa. A burre. Lappetum. A burry place.’ Medulla. See also Clette.

^{page 49 note 1} 'sBur-tree, or Bore-tree, the elder tree. From the great pith in the younger branches which children commonly bore out to make pot-guns (sic) of them.’ Ray's Glossary of North Country Words. In Lancashire elderberry wine is called Bortree-joan: see Nodal's Glossary of Lancashire, E. D. Soc., and Jamieson, s.v. Bourtree. ‘Sambuca, Sambucus. Hyldyr.’ Medulla. Lyte, Dodoens, heads his chapter xliiij, p. 377, ‘Of Elder or Bourtre.’ ‘Sambucus. Burtre or hydul tre.’ Ortus Vocab.

^{page 49 note 2} 'sBoose, an ox or cow-stall. Ab. A.S. bosih, præsepe, a stall.’ Ray's Gloss., ed. Skeat. ‘A boose, stall, bovile.’ Manip. Vocab. See also Booc, and Cribbe, in P.; and Nodal's Glossary of Lancashire, E. D. Soc., s. v. Boose. ‘Hoc boster, a bose.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 235. ‘Buse, Buise, Boose. A cow's stall. To Buse. To enclose cattle in a stall.’ Jamieson. ‘Boia. A boce.’ Medulla.

^{page 49 note 3} 'sPicus. A byrde makyng an hole in trees to breede in: of it be three sortes, the first a Specht, the seconde an Hicwaw, the thyrde which Aristotle maketh as bigge as an henne is not with us. Plinie addeth the fourth, whiche may be our witwall.’ Cooper.

^{page 49 note 4} 'sBuske, dumetum.’ Manip. Vocab. Boscus = woodland, occurs in Liber Custumarum, pp. 44, 670. ‘Abod vnder a busk.’ Will, of Palerne, ed. Skeat, l. 3069.

^{page 49 note 5} In English Metrical Homilies, p. 148, the devil is described as passing a certain hermit's cell, and we are told that ‘Boystes on himsele he bare, And ampolies als leche ware.’

See also Plowman, P., A. xii. 68Google Scholar, and the History of the Holy Grail, ed. Furnivall, xv. 463, 479, xvii. 131, 137, &c. ‘Buist, Buste, Boist. A box or chest. Meal-buist, chest for containing meal.’ Jamieson. ‘Boiste. A box, pix, little casket.’ Cotgrave. ‘A Booste, boxe, pixis.’ Manip. Vocab.

^{page 49 note 6} I know of no instance of boots made of twigs (wandis), which appears to be the meaning here, being spoken of, but the Medulla gives ‘Carabus. A boot made of wekerys,’ and renders ocrea by ‘a boot or a cokyr.’ ‘Ocrea. To botyn.’ ‘Crepido. Calceamenti genus cujus tabellæ ligneæ suppedales pluribus clavis compingebantur; chaussure à semelle de boil (Acta Sanctorum).’ D'Arnis.

^{page 49 note 7} 'sButewe, a kind of large boot, covering the whole leg, and sometimes reaching above the knee. See Wardrobe Accounts of Edward IV, p. 119; Howard Household Books, p. 139.

^{page 49 note 8} See his duties &c. described in the Boke of Curtasye, printed in the Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, , p. 190Google Scholar, and also at p. 152. The Middle English form was boteler, botler, as in Wyclif, Genesis xl. 1, 2. Ducange gives the form buttelarius as occurring in the Laws of Malcolm II of Scotland, c. 6, § 5. The word is derived from the Norm. Fr. butuiller from L. Lat. bota, or butta, a butt, or large vessel of wine, of which the buticularius (bouteiller, or butler) of the early French kings had charge. So the botiler of the English kings took prisage of the wines imported, one cask from before the mast, and one from behind. Butt in later times meant a measure of 126 gallons, but originally it was synonymous with dolium or tun. Boutelle is a diminutive from butta; and the ‘buttery’ is the place where the buttœ were kept.

^{page 50 note 1} Compare Knoppe of a scho.

^{page 50 note 2} This appears to mean a pruning-knife. Cotgrave gives ‘Boter, to prune or cut off the superfluous branches of a tree.’ Scalprum, according to Cooper, is ‘a shauynge knife; a knife to cutte vines,’ and according to the Medulla ‘a penne knyf.’

^{page 50 note 3} 'sMyrdrumnyl, or a buture.’ Ortus. The bittern is still known as a ‘Butter-bump,’ or a ‘mire-drum,’ in the north of England, In the Nominale (Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 220) it is called ‘butturre,’ other forms of which were bitter, bittor, and bittour. In the Liber Custumarum we find, pp. 304–6, the form butor, and on p. 83, butore. Bitter occurs in Middleton's Works, v. 289, and in the Babees Book, p. 37, amongst other birds are mentioned the ‘bustard, betowre and shovelere,’ a form of the name which also occurs on p. 49, l. 696, and p. 27, l. 421, In the Boke of Keruynge, printed in the same volume, p. 162, are given directions for the carving of a ‘bytturre.’ Five herons and bitors are mentioned amongst the poultry consumed at a feast, temp. Richard II, Antiq. Report, i. p. 78. ‘Bernakes and botures in baterde dysches.’ Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 189. ‘Hearon, Byttour, Shouelar, being yong and fat, be lightlier digested than the crane, and þe bittour sooner then the Hearon.’ Sir T. Elyot, Castell of Health, leaf 31. ‘Galerand, the fowle tearmed a bittor. Butor, a bittor.’ Cotgrave. The bittern is said to make its peculiar noise, which is called bumbling, and from which it derives its second name, by thrusting its bill into the mud and blowing. To this Chaucer refers in the Prologue to the Wyf of Bathe, 116—

'sAs a bytoure bumblith in the myre, She layde hir mouthe unto the water doun.’

See also Mire-drombylle. ‘Onocrotulus, byttore.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 176.

^{page 50 note 4} 'sCaupona. A tauerne or victaylyng house.’ Cooper.

^{page 50 note 5} 'sCade lamb, a pet lamb “reared by hand. ’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley &c. ‘Corset lamb or colt &c, a cade lamb, a lamb or colt brought up by the hand.’ Ray's South Country Glossary, E. D. Soc, ed. Skeat. In the Nominale (Wright's Vol. of Vocab., p. 219) the word canaria (probably for senaria = a six-year-old sheep) is explained as ‘Anglice, a cad.’ ‘A cade lamb. Agnus Domesticus, domi eductus.’ Littleton. Still in use, see Miss Jackson's Shropshire Glossary, 1879.

^{page 51 note 1} A. S. ceaf, chaff. Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, 3148, says— ‘als fyre þat caffe son may bryn, gold may melt þat es long þar-in.’

Chaucer, Man of Lawe's Tale, l. 701, has—

'sMe lust not of the caf ne of the stree, Maken so longe a tale as of the corn.’

See Barlycaffe, above.

^{page 51 note 2} 'sTourte. A great loafe of houshold or browne bread (called so in Lionnois and Daupliné). Tourteau. A cake (commonly made in haste, and of lease compasse than the gasteau); also a little loafe of household or browne bread; also a Pancake.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 51 note 3} Palsgrave gives ‘Chyueryng as one dothe for colde. In an axes or otherwise, frilleux. Ague, axes, fyeure.’ See also Aixes. Axis or Axes is from Lat. accessum, through Fr. accez, and is in no way connected with A. S. œce. Originally meaning an approach or coming on of anything, it at an early period came to be specially applied to an approach or sudden fit of illness: thus Chaucer has, ‘upon him he had an hote accesse.’ Black Knight, l. 136, and Caxton, ‘fyl into a sekenes of feures or accesse.’ Paris & Vienne, p. 25.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 4} Very susceptible of cold, or very cold. ‘Coldrycke, or full of cold. Algosus.’ Huloet. Jamieson gives ‘Coldruch adj. used as synonymous with Caldrife. Perhaps of Teut. origin, from koude, cold, and rijck, added to many words, as increasing their signification; btindrijck, rich in blindness, doof-rijck, very deaf, &c.’

^{page 51 note 5} 'sLebes. A caudron to boyle in; a kettle.’ Cooper. Enium is of course for aheneum or aeneum, a vessel of brass.

^{page 51 note 6} 'sChou. The herbe Cole, or Coleworts.’ Cotgrave. See Jamieson, s. v. Kail.

'sQuils he was þis cale gaderand, And stanged Jam in þe hand.’ A nedder stert vte of þe sand Cursor Mundi, p. 718, l. 12526. ‘Olus. A courte.’ Medulla.

^{page 51 note 7} 'sMagutus. A col stook.’ Medulla. ‘Magudaris. A kinde of the hearbe Laserpitium; after other onely the stalke of it; after some the roote.’ Cooper. In Skelton's Why Come ye Nat to Court? 350, we read—

'sNat worth a shyttel-cocke, Nat worth a sowre calstocke.’

^{page 51 note 8} 'sEruca. A coolwynn or a carlok.’ Medulla. ‘Eruca. A coleworm or a carlok.’ Ort. Vocab. ‘Eruca. The worme called a canker, commonly upon the colewourtes.’ Cooper. ‘Canker worm which creapeth most comonly on coleworts, some do call them the deuyls goldrynge & some the colewort worme. Eruca.’ Huloet.

^{page 51 note 9} A. S. cealc.

^{page 52 note 1} 'sOf þat was calculed of þe clymat, the contrarye þey fyndeth.’ Plowman, P., C.xviii. 106Google Scholar. ‘He calcleþ [calculat] and acounteþ þe ages of þe world by þowsendes.’ Trevisa's Higden, vol. ii. p. 237, Rolls Series.

^{page 52 note 2} That is to call back a hawk from his prey by showing him food. The Ortus Vocab. gives ‘Stupo: to call a hawke with meat.’ It appears to be a word coined to represent the English stoop, for the only meaning assigned to stupare in the dictionaries is ‘to shut up in a bath;’ and so Cotgrave, ‘Estouper. To stop, to close; to shut or make up.’ This meaning also appears in the Ortus, for it continues, ‘vel aliquid stupa obturare.’ To stoop or stoup was the regular term in falconry for a hawk swooping down on its prey: thus Ben Jonson, Alchemist, v. 3, has, ‘Here stands my dove; stoop at here, if you dare.’ See also Spenser, Faery Queene, I. xi. 18.

^{page 52 note 3} 'sCaltroppes used in warre, to priclse horses feete; they be made so with fonre pricks of yron, that which way soeuer they be cast, one pike standeth up. Tribuli.’ Baret. See also Florio, s. v. Tribolo, and Prof. Skeat's exhaustive note on the word in Piers Plowman, C. xxi. 296. ‘Hamus. An hook, or an hole of a net, or a mayl of an haburion, or a caltrappe. Pedica. A fettere, or a snare.’ Medulla. ‘A forest uol of þyeues an of calketreppen.’ Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris, p. 131. Caxton, Faytes of Armes, pt. ii. ch. xiv. p. 119, mentions amongst the implements of war ‘sharp hokes and pynnes of yron that men calle caltrappes.’ ‘Caltropes, engines of warre sowen abrode to wynde horse & man by the legges. Spara.’ Huloet. ‘The felde was strowed full of caltroppes. Locus pugnœ mwricibus erat instratus.’ Horman.

^{page 52 note 4} MS. penten; correctly in A.

^{page 52 note 5} Cambuca is defined in the Medulla as ‘a buschoppys cros or a crokid staf,’ which is probably the meaning here. In the Ortus Vocab. we find ‘Cambuca, a crutche,’ and hereafter will be found ‘A Crache. Cambuca, pedum.’ The word is doubtless derived from the Celtic cam, crooked, Gaelic camag. The Rest-harrow (short for arrettharrow), also called Cammoke, or Cammock (onona arvensis) derives its name from the same source from its roots being tough and crooked. See Plowman, P., C. xxii. 314.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 6} 'sCamerula. Parva camera, cellula ad colloquendum, chambrette, cabinet.’ Ducange.

^{page 52 note 7} 'sHypapanti. Barbare ex Græc. ὑπαπαντή, festum Purificationis Beatæ Mariæ; la fête de la Presentation au temple, le 2 février.’ Ducange. ‘Hoc ipopanti. Candylmesse.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 229. The Ortus explains ipapanti by ‘obuiatio vel occursus domini, ab ipa grece, quod latine dicitur vie, et anti, quod est contra: anglice, the feest of candelmas, or metynge of candelles.’

^{page 52 note 8} 'sCandel shears. Snuffers.’ Jamieson. ‘Emunctorium. A snuffynge yron.’ Ortus Vocab. In the ‘Boke of Curtasye’ (Sloane MS. 1986) pr. in the Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, , p. 205Google Scholar, the following description of snuffers is given—

'sþe snof [the Chandeler] dose away þe sesours ben schort & rownde y-close, With close sesours as I зow say; With plate of irne vp-on bose.’

'sEmunctorium: ferrum, cum quo candela emungitur.’ Medulla. Wyclif, Exodus xxv. 38, renders emunctoria by ‘candelquenchers,’ and emuncta by ‘snoffes’ [snottis in Purvey].

^{page 53 note 1} There appears to be some error here, the scribe having apparently copied the same Latin equivalents for Candylsnytynge as for Candylweke, to which lichinus or lichinum properly apply. Candylsnytynge is the act of snuffing a candle, or, if we understand the word instrument, a pair of snuffers. ‘Snite. To snuff, applied to a candle.’ Jamieson. ‘Lichinus. Candell weyke.’ Ortus. ‘Fumale. The weyke or [of] a candyl. Lichinus. A weyke off a candyl. Lichinum. The knast off a candyl.’ Medulla. See to Snyte and Weyke.

^{page 53 note 2} Said of vinegar when containing mould, or turned sour. Similarly in the version of Beza's Sum of the Christian Faith, by R. Fyll, Lond. 1572, 1. 134, we find—‘It is meruaile that they [the Priests] doe not reserue the wine as well as the breade, for the one is as precious as the other. It were out of order to saye they feare the wine will eger, or waxe palled, for they hold that it is no more wine.’ See P. Egyr. ‘Acor: canynge of ale.’ Ortus Vocab.

^{page 53 note 3} 'sCanelle, our moderne Cannell or Cinnamon.’ Cotgrave. ‘And the Lord spak to Moyses, seiynge, Tak to thee swete smellynge thingis …. the half of the canel [cinnamomi].’ Wyclif, Exodus xxx. 23. ‘I ha sprengd my ligging place with myrre, and aloes, and canell;’ ibid. Proverbs vii. 17. See also Romaunt of the Rose, p. 58Google Scholar, ‘canelle, and setewale of prys.’ In Trevisa's Higden, i. 99, we are told that ‘in Arabia is store mir and canel.’ In John Russell's Boke of Nurture (pr. in the Babees Book, ed. Furnivall), p. 11, ‘Synamone, Canelle, red wyne hoot & drye in þeir doynge,’ are mentioned amongst the ingredients of Ypocras. Is the name derived from its tube-like stalk ? Canel also occurs in the Recipe for Chaudon sauз of Swannes, given in Harl. MS. 1735, 1. 18. See note to Chawdeway. ‘Cinomomum. Canel.’ Medulla. See also Cinamome. ‘Canel, spyce, or tre so called. Amomum.’ Huloet. ‘Canele & gingiuere & licoriþ.’ Laþamon, l. 17,744.

^{page 53 note 4} Chaucer, in the Knighte's Tale, 1. 2150, says that—

'sNature hath nat take his bygynnyng Of no partye ne cantel of a thing, But of a thing that parfyt is and stable.’

Shakspeare also uses the word—

'sSee, how this River comes me cranking in, And cuts me from the best of all my land, A huge halfe moone, a monstrous cantle out.’

1st Hen. IV., III. i, 98.

And also in Ant. & Cleop. III. x, 4. According to Kennett MS. 38, Cantelle means ‘any indefinite number or dimension:’ thus in MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, l. 123 (quoted by Halliwell) we read—

'sAnd a cantell of hys schylde Flewe fro hym ynto the fylde.’

Burguy gives ‘Chantel, cantel, coin, quartier, morceau, chanteau.’ ‘Minutal. A cantyl of bred.’ Medulla. Compare P. ‘Partyn, cantyn, or delyn, parcior.’

^{page 53 note 5} 'sCapyl, Capul. s. A horse or mare.’ Jamieson. ‘Caballus. A horse; acaple.’ Cooper. From a passage in Rauf Coilзear, E. E. Text Society, ed. Murray, a ‘Capylle’ appears to be properly applied to a cart-horse, as distinguished from a ‘coursour,’ a charger or saddlehorse. Rauf on his arrival home orders ‘twa knaifis’ ‘The ane of зow my Capill ta,

The vther his [King Charles’] Coursour alswa.’ P. 6, l. 114.

See Carte hors below. ‘Thanne Conscience vpon his Caple kaireth forth faste.’ P. Plowman, B, iv. 23. ‘Caballus. A stot.’ Medulla.

^{page 53 note 6} Altilis is rendered by Cooper, ‘franked or fedde to be made fatte.’

^{page 54 note 1} 'sGalerus. An hatte: a pirwike.’ ‘Pileus. A cappe or bonet.’ Cooper. ‘Galerus. A coyfe of lether.’ Medulla. A. S. cœppe, which appears as the gloss to planeta in Ælfric's glossary. ‘Galerus. vel pileus, fellen hæt.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 22.

^{page 54 note 2} 'sThe band of leather or wood through which the middle-band passes loosely. There is one cap at the end of the hand-staff, generally made of wood, and another at the end of the swingel, made of leather.’ Halliwell in v. See Flayle, below.

^{page 54 note 3} In the Cursor Mundi, p. 438, l. 7600, we are told that after David had slain Goliath ‘Þer caroled wiues bi þe way, Of þair carol suche was þe sange, &c.’

Compare the account of the same event in Wyclif, 1 Kings, xxi. 11. Pecten is used hereafter as the equivalent for a Wrast. ‘Faire is carole of maide gent.’ Alisaunder, 1845.

^{page 54 note 4} 'sCardes or wool combes Hani vel Sami, pectines.’ Baret. ‘Cardes. Cards for wooll, &c., working cards. Cardier. A card-maker.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 54 note 5} 'sCardiaque. A consumption, and continuall sweat, by the indisposition of the heart, and parts about it.’ Cotgrave. ‘Cardiacus. That hath the wringyng at the hearte.’ Cooper. Batman vppon Bartholomé, lib. vii. cap. 32, ‘Of heart-quaking and the disease cardiacle, says, ‘heart-quaking or Cardiacle is an euil that is so called because it commeth often of default of the heart,’ &c. ‘Cordiacus, (1) qui patitur morbum cordis; (2) morbus ipse.’ Ducange. ‘Cardiaca; quidam morbus. A cardyake.’ Medulla. See Plowman, Piers, C. vii. 78 and xxiii. 82Google Scholar. The word also occurs in Chaucer's Pardoner's Prologue, l. 27, and in the Prologue to the Tale of Beryn, ed. Furnivall, , l. 493Google Scholar, where we are told that the Pardonere ‘cauþt a cardiakill, & a cold sot.’

^{page 54 note 6} 'sMusticus. An uplondman.’ Wright's Vol. Vocab. p. 182. ‘Rusticus. A charle.’ Medulla. ‘A carle. Rusticus.’ Manip. Vocab.

^{page 54 note 7} Cooper renders Bilix by ‘A brigantine, or coate of fence double plated, or double mayled.’ Palsgrave gives ‘Carsey cloth, cresy,’ and Cotgrave ‘Curizé, creseau, kersie.’ Harrison in his Description of Eng. ed. Furnivall, , i. 172Google Scholar, says that an Englishman was contented ‘at home with his fine carsie hosen and a meane slop.’ ‘Carsaye. The woollen stuff called Kersey.’ Jamieson. The Medulla explains bílix as ‘a kirtle off cloth off ij thredes woundyn.’ For the origin of the word see Skeat, Etym. Diet. s.v. Kersey.

^{page 54 note 8} A plate of iron. Cotgrave gives ‘Happe. f. A claspe, or the hooke of a claspe; or a hooke to elaspe with; also the clowt, or band of iron thats nailed upon the arme, or end of an axletree, and keeps it from being worne by the often turning of the nave (of a wheele).’ This appears from the definition of crusta given by Cooper, ‘bullions or ornamentes that may be taken off,’ to be the meaning in the present instance, but a cart-band also signifies the tire of a wheel. Cotgrave has ‘Bande. The streake of a wheele,’ and Elyot, Dict. 1559, gives ‘Absis. The strake of a cart whele, wherin the spokes bee sette: victus. A hoope or strake of a carte.’ W. de Biblesworth in naming the parts of a cart speaks of les bendes de les roes, which is rendered in the gloss ‘the carte-bondes.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 167. ‘Bande. A welt or gard; the streak of a cart wheel.’ Cotgrave. See also Clowte of yren, and cf. Copbande.

^{page 55 note 1} Cooper gives ‘Orbita. Virg. Cic. A carte wheele: the tracke of a carte-wheele made in the grounde.’ ‘The tracke, or Cart-wheele Rut. Orbita.’ Withals. The Medulla has ‘Vadum. A forthe or cart spore. Orbita. A cart spore,’ and The Ortus explains orbita as ‘vestigium curri vel rote; ab orbe et rota dicta: et dicitur orbita quasi orbits iter vel via.’ A. S. spor, a track; which we still retain in the term spoor, applied to the track of deer, &c. Compare ‘Fosper, Vestigium.’ Manip. Vocab and P. Whele Spore.

^{page 55 note 2} 'sCarsaddle. The small saddle put on the back of a carriage-horse, for supporting the trams or shafts of the carriage.’ Jamieson. ‘The saddle placed on the shaft-horse in a cart, carriage, or waggon.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. Compare P. Plowman, B. ii. 179. ‘Cartesadel, þe comissarie, owre carte shal he leve.’ ‘Cartsaddle, dorsuale.’ Huloet. Fitzherbert, Boke of Husbandry, lf. B 5, speaks of ‘a cartsadel, bakbandes and belybandes.’

^{page 55 note 3} That is ‘well-casting.’

^{page 55 note 4} 'sCat-tails. The heads of the great bulrush.’ Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c. ‘Lanugo. The softe heares or mossinesse in fruites and herbes, as in clarie, &c.’ Cooper. Jamieson says, ‘Cats-Tails, s. pl. Hares- tail-rush, Eriophorum vaginatum Linn, also called Canna-down, Cat-tails.’ Lyte, Dodoens, p. 512, says that the ‘downe or cotton of this plant is so fine, that in some countries they fill quishions and beddes with it.’ He adds, ‘Turner calleth it in Englishe, Reed Mace, and Cattes tayle: to the which we may ioyne others, as Water Torche, Marche Betill, or Pestill, and Dunche downe, bycause the downe of this herbe will cause one to be deafe, if it happen to fall in to the eares…. The leaves are called Matte reede, bycause they make mattes therewith…. Men haue also experimented and proued that this cotten is very profitable to heale broken or holowe kibes, if it be layde vpon.’ See also the quotation from Gerarde in Mr. Way's note s. v. Mowle. ‘Cat's-tail; typha.’ Withals. ‘Cattes tayle, herbe, whiche some cal horsetaile. Cauda equina.’ Huloet.

^{page 55 note 5} 'sEscarius: a cater.’ Ortus Vocab. Baret gives ‘a Cater: a steward: a manciple: a prouider of cates, opsonator, un despensier; qui achete les viandes’ and Palsgrave ‘Provider acater, despencier. Catour of a gentylmans house, despensier.’ Tusser, in his Five Hundred Points, &c, p. 20, says—

'sMake wisdome controler, good order thy clarke, Prouision Cater, and skil to be cooke.’ ‘Catour, or purueyoure of vitayles. Opsorator.’ Huloet. ‘The Cater buyeth very dere cates. Obsonator caro foro emit obsonia.’ Horman. From a Fr. form acalour from acate, a buying, used by Chaucer, Prol. 573.

^{page 56 note 1} 'sThe king suor vpe the boc, and caucion voud god, That he al clanliche to the popes loking stod.’

Robert of Gloucester, ed. Hearne, p. 506.

So also in King Alisaunder, l. 2811, in Weber Metr. Rom. i. 110—

'sAnd they weore proude of that cite; And ful of everiche iniquyte:

Kaucyon they nolde geve, ne bidde.’

The word frequently occurs in this sense of ‘hostages, security:’ see Holinshed, , iii. 1584Google Scholar, ‘hostages that should be given for cautions in that behalfe.’ It is still in use in Scotland for ‘bail, security.’

^{page 56 note 2} In the Prologue to the Tale of Beryn, Chaucer Soc. ed. Furnivall, , p. 14Google Scholar, l. 431, we are told how Kit, the tapster, her Paramour, and the Ostler

'sSit & ete þe cawdell, for the Pardonere þat was made With sugir & with swete wyne, riзt as hymselffe bade.’

'sAcadle. Potiuncula ouacea; ouaceum. A caudel. Polio. An ote caudel. Avenaeeum.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Of sweet Almondes is made by skille of cookes …. cawdles of Almonds, both comfortable to the principall parts of the body and procuring sleepe…‥ Almond cawdels are made with ale strained with almonds blanched and brayed …. then lightly boyled and spiced with nutmeg and sugar …. as pleaseth the party.’ Cogan, Haven of Health, 1612, pp. 98, 99. See also Rob. of Gloucester, p. 561.

^{page 56 note 3} 'sCaula. A sheepe house; a folds.’ Cooper. ‘Caulœ. munimenta ovium; barrières pour renfermer les moutons, pare’ Ducange. ‘Caula. A stabyl, a folde, or a shep cote.’ Medulla. ‘A Caule, pen; caula.’ Manip. Vocab.

^{page 56 note 4} A. S. sœlig. ‘Felix, sely or blisful: Felicio, to make sely.’ Medulla Grammatica.

'sThere is sely endeles beyng and endeles blys.’

MS. Addit. 10053.

^{page 56 note 5} 'sChelidonia. The hearbe Selandine [Celandine].’ Cooper. Of this plant Neckham says—

'sMira chelidoniœ, virtus clarissima reddit Lumina, docta tibi prœbet hirundo fidem.’

De Naturis Rerum, p. 478 (Rolls Series).

See also Lyte's Dodoens, p. 31.

^{page 56 note 6} 'sCentaury. A herb of Mars.’ Coles' Dict. 1676. ‘Fel terrœ. Centaurium.’ Cooper. The plant is mentioned in the Promptorium, p. 154, under the name ‘Feltryke, herbe,’ on which see Mr. Way's note.

^{page 56 note 7} MS. Clicus.

^{page 57 note 1} 'sExcerebro. To beate out the braynes of a thyng.’ Cooper. ‘Ceruelle, f. The braine.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 57 note 2} 'sAnd some chosen chaffare, they cheuen the bettare.’ P. Plowman, B Prologue 31. ‘Greet pres at market makith deer chafare.’ Chaucer, Wyf of Bathe, Prologue, 1. 523. A. S. ceap, chêp.

^{page 57 note 3} In the Anturs of Arthur (Camden Soc. ed. Robson), xi. 2, we read—

'sAlle the herdus myзtun here, the byndest of alle, Off the schaft and the shol, shaturt to the skin.’

Halliwell quotes from MS. Cott. Vespas. A. iii. leaf 7—

'sWith the chafte-han of a ded has Men sais that therwit slan he was.’

See also E. E. Alliterative Poems, ed. Morris, , p. 100Google Scholar, 1. 268.

'sWith this chavyl-bon I xal sle the.’ Cov. Myst. Cain & Abel, p. 37.

Gawin Douglas describing the Trojans on their first landing in Italy, tells how they ‘With thare handis brek and chaftis gnaw The crustis, and the coffingis all on raw.’

Eneados, Bk. vii. l. 250.Google Scholar

In the Cursor Mundi, David, when stating how he had killed a lion and a bear, says—

'sI had na help bot me allan … And scok þam be þe berdes sua And I laid hand on þaim beleue Þat I þair chaftes raue in tua.’ ll. 7505–7510.

where the Fairfax MS. reads chauelis, and the Göttingen and Trinity MSS. chaulis.

'sHe strake the dragon in at the chavyl, That it come out at the navyl.’ Ywaine & Gawin, 1991.

See also Chawylle and Cheke-bone. ‘Chaftis, Chafts, the chops. Chaft-blade, the jawbone. Chaft-tooth, a jaw-tooth.’ Jamieson. A. S. ceafl. S. Saxon, cheuele.

^{page 57 note 4} This word does not appear again either under C or S. It was a measure taken from the top of the extended thumb to the utmost part of the palm, generally considered as half a foot. Ray in his Gloss, of North Country Words gives ‘Shafman, Shafmet, Shaftment, sb. the measure of the fist with the thumb set up; ab A. S. scœft-mund, i. e. semipes.’ According to Florio, p. 414, it means ‘a certaine rate of clothe that is given above measure, which drapers call a handfull or shaftman.’ In the Morte Arthure, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Brock, in the account of the fight between Sir Gawaine, and Sir Priamus, we are told—

'sBothe schere thorowe schoulders a schaft-monde longe!’ l. 2456.

See also ll. 3843 and 4232. In the Anturs of Arthur, Camd. Soc. ed. Robson, xli. 2, we read, ‘Thro his shild and his Bhildur, a schaft-mun he share.’ ‘Not exceeding a foot in length nor a shaftman in shortness.’ Barnaby Googe, Husbandry, 78a. In the Liber Niger Domus. Ed. IV, pr. in Household Ordinances, 1790, p. 49, it is stated that the Dean of the Chapel ‘hathe all the offerings of wax that is made in the king's chappell on Candylmasseday, with the moderate fees of the beame, in the festes of the yere, when the tapers be consumed into a shaftmount.’

^{page 57 note 5} See also Bowe of a chaire.

^{page 57 note 6} MS. Chanlange. This word occurs with the meaning of blame, accuse in the Ancren Riwle. p. 54, ‘hwarof kalenges tu me ?’ and in P. Plowman, B. Text, v. 174, Wrath tells how the monks punished him—

'sAnd do me faste frydayes, to bred and to water, And am chalanged in þe chapitelhous, as I a childe were.’

In the Pricke of Conscience we are told how the devil demanded from St. Bernard ‘By what skille he walde, and bi what ryght Chalange þe kingdom of heven bright.’ l. 2252.

The claim of Henry IV. to the crown of England is stated as follows in the Rolls of Parliament, ‘In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, I, Henry of Lancaster, challenge the realm of England,’ &c. (Annals of Eng. p. 210). In Morte Arthure, Arthur in his dream sees two kings climbing to the chair of power,

'sThis chaire of charbokle, they said, we chalange here-aftyre.’ l. 3326.

'sChalonger…. demander, contester, provoquer, attaquer, defendre, refuser, prohiber, blâmer; de calumnia, fausse accusation, chicane.’ Burguy, s. v. Chalonge. ‘Challonger. To claime, challenge, make title unto, set in foot for; also to accuse of, charge with, call in question for an offence.’ Cotgrave. See also Ducange, s. v. Calengium. ‘I calenge a thyng of dutye or to be myne owne. je calenge.’ Palsgrave. ‘To calenge. Vindicare.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘We ben broзt in for the monei whiche we baren aзen bifore in our sackis, that he putte chalenge into us [ut devolvat in nos calumniam].’ Wyclif, Genesis xliii. 18. So also in Job xxxv. 9: ‘Tor the multitude of challengeres [calumniatorum] thei shul crie.’ ‘I calenge to fyght with the hande to hande. Ex prouocatione tecum dimicabo.’ Horman. See also Wyclif, Select Works, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Mathew, , p. 161Google Scholar, l. 7.

^{page 58 note 1} Cooper gives ‘Amphitapa, idem quod Amphimallum,’ which latter he renders by ‘A cloath or garment frysed on both sydes,’ and in MS. Lambeth, 481, it is explained as ‘tapeta ex utraque parte uillosa facta.’ In the directions for furnishing a room given in Neckham'a Treatise de Utensilibus, we find—

del piler chalun idem

'sAltilis, sive epistilis columpne, tapetum sive tapete dependeant.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 100.

^{page 58 note 2} In the Inventory of the goods of Sir J. Fastolf, of Caistor, taken in 1459, are mentioned ‘Item, j bollok haftyd dager, harnesyd wyth sylver, and j chape thertoo. Item, j lytyll schort armyny dager, withe j gilt schape.’ Paston Letters, i. 478. ‘Chappe, f. The chape, or locket of a scabbard.’ Cotgrave. ‘Here knyfes were i-chaped nat with bras.’ Chaucer, C. T. Prol. 366.

^{page 58 note 3} Chaucer, C. T. Prologue, 396, in describing the Shipman says—

'sFul many a draughte of wyn hadde he ydrawe From Burdeux-ward, whil that the chapman sleep.’

'sChapman. A pedler, a hawker, a merchant.’ Jamieson. See Lasamon, , vol. iii. p. 232.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 4} 'sAnd who so cheped my chaffare, chiden I wolde, But he profred to paye a peny or tweyne More þan it was worth.’ Plowman, P., B. xiii. 380.Google Scholar

A.S. ceapian. ‘Cheape the pryce or valewe of a thynge. Licitare.’ Huloet.

^{page 58 note 5} The Carbuncle was supposed to have light-giving powers. Thus in the Gesta Romanorum, p. 7Google Scholar, we are told in the account of the Enchanted Chamber that there was there ‘stonding a charbuncle ston, the whiche зaf liзt ouer all the hous.’ Alexander Neckham in his work De Naturis Rerum, Rolls Series, ed. Wright, p. 469Google Scholar, refers to this supposed quality as follows—

'sIllustrat tenebras radians Carbunculus auri Fulgorem vincit ignea flamma micans.’

The same supposed property of the stone is referred to in The Myroure of Our Lady, E. E. Text Society, ed. Blunt, , p. 175Google Scholars, where we read:—‘There is a precyous stone that is called a carboncle, whyche shyneth bryghte as fyre, of hys owne kynde, so that no darkenesse may blemysshe yt ne no moysture quenche yt. And to thys stone ye lyken oure lorde god, when ye saye, Per se lucens. The carboncle shynynge by itselfe nedeth none other lyghte.’

^{page 59 note 1} See also Carre. ‘þenne seyde the Emperoure, when the victory of the bataill wer come home, he shulde have in the first day iiij. worshipis; of the whiche this is þe first, he shalle be sette in a charr, & iiij. white hors shulle drawe hit to the palyse of the Emperour; The secounde is, þat all his trespassours & Aduersarijs shulde folowe his chare behynde him, withe bounden hondis & fete.’ Gesta Romanorum, ed. Herrtage, , p. 176Google Scholar. ‘And [Pharao] putte aboute his [Joseph's] necke a goldun beeзe, and made him steyз vpon his secound chaar.’ Wyclif, Genesis xli. 43.

^{page 59 note 2} In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, l. 3136, the French knights when on a foraging expedition discover

'sTwo and þyrty grete somers! Wyþ fair flour, y-maked of whete; Y-charged alle and some And wyþ bred and flechs and wyn.’

'sAnd therfor, seiþ Match. Jugum enim meum suaue est, et onus meum leue, þia is to seye, My yoke, scil, penaunce, is swete, scil, for it turnithe to swetnesse, & my charge or my burdyn, scil. commaundement, is liзt.’ Gesta Romanorum, p. 177Google Scholar. ‘Charger. To charge, burthen, onerate, load; lye heavy upon, lay on, or lay load on, &c.’ Cotgrave. ‘Pondus. A charge.’ Medulla.

^{page 59 note 3} The Constellation Ursa Major. Böotes was called either Wagoner to Charles’ Wain or Keeper to the Great Bear (arctophylax), according to the name given to the chief northern group of fixed stars. (See Barrewarde ante.) Cooper gives ‘Plaustrum. Charles Wayne, nigh the North Pole.’ The word occure also in Gawin Douglas, and in the Medulla we find ‘Arcophilaxe (sic). The carle wenaterre. Arturus: quoddam signum celeste: anglice, A carwaynesterre.’ Withals mentions ‘Charles Waine. Vrsa minor, Cynosura,’ and ‘A starre that followeth Charles waine. Bootes.’ Jamieson gives ‘Charlewan’ and ‘Charlewaigne.’ Compare Spenser, Faery Qneene, I. ii. 1. A. S. carlesuœn. See also Cotgrave s.v. Boöte. The idea that Charles’ Wain is a corruption of Chorles or Churls Wain is a complete error. The Charles is not in any way connected with the A. S. ceorl or any of its later forms, but refers to the Emperor Charles, the Charlemagne of romance, who, as Spenser tells us, in the Teares of the Muses, was placed by Calliope ‘amongst the starris seaven,’ and who was addressed by the priests of Aix-la-Chapelle as ‘Rex mundi triumphator, Jesu Christi conregnator.’ The Woden's Wain of the North became the Charles’ Wain of the Teutons. Holland, in his trans, of Suetonius, p. 74, speaks of the ‘starres of the celestial beare,’ the marginal note being ‘Charlemaine his waine,’ and in Trevisa's trans, of Bartholomæus de Proprielatibus Rerum, viii. 35Google Scholar, we are told that ‘Arcturus is comynly clepid in Englis Charlemaynes wayne.’

^{page 59 note 4} A. S. cerran, cyrran, to turn, drive. In the Coventry Mysteries, p. 325, we find ‘Chare awey the crowe.’ ‘Fulst me euer to gode and cher me from sunne.’ E. Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris, , i. 215Google Scholar. See other examples in Stratmann. Compare P. ‘Charyn a-way,’ p. 70.Google Scholar

^{page 60 note 1} 'sAls þe gude son tholes mekely Þe fader, when he wille hym chasty.’ Pricke of Conscience, 3549. ‘To chasty þaim and hald þaim in awe.’ ibid. 5547.

'sBot luke now for charitee thow chasty thy lyppes.’ Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 1019.

O. Fr. chastoier, chastier: Lat. castigare. See also Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, , i. 122, ix. 743Google Scholar, &c, and Plowman, P., A. xi. 195.Google Scholar

^{page 60 note 2} See also Blaberyn.

^{page 60 note 3} See also to Chiter as byrdis dose. ‘Cornicari. To chatte or cackle like a chough. Garrulœ aves. Chatteryng byrdes, singyng birdes. Garrio. To babble or chatte; to talke many woordes folishlye; properly to chirpe or chatter as a birde.’ Cooper.

^{page 60 note 4} 'sGarrulitas. Chattyng; janglyng; babbling; busie talkyng. Rauca garrulitas picarum. Ovid. Chattyng of pies.’ Cooper. ‘Babillarde, f. A tittle-tattle; a prating gossip; a babling huswife; a chatting or chattering minx.’ Cotgrave. ‘Garrulo. To Jangelyn. Medulla. ‘Som vseþ straunge wlafferynge chiterynge.’ Trevisa's Higden, , ii. 159.Google Scholar

^{page 60 note 5} See note to Chafte. In Wright's Political Poems (Camden Soc.) p. 240, we find, ‘to chawle ne to chyde,’ i.e. to jaw, find fault. In Sloane MS. 1571, leaf 48b, is given a curious prescription ‘for bolnynge vndur þe chole,’ the principal ingredient of which is a fat cat. ‘Brancus. A gole or a chawle.’ Vocabulary, MS. Harl. 1002. In the Master of Game, MS. Vespas. B. xii, leaf 34b, mention is made of the ‘iawle-bone’ of a wild boar. ‘Bucca, mala inferior. The cheeke, iawe or iowll.’ Junius.

^{page 60 note 6} Cotgrave gives ‘Pisse-chaude. A burnt Pisse; also the Venerian flux; the Gonorrhean, or contagious running.’ The Ortus curiously explains ‘Stranguria: as the colde pysse; difficultas vrine quam guttatim micturiunt.’ ‘A recipe for the cure of Chawdpys, or strangury, is given in MS. Lincoln. Med. fo. 298.’ Halliwell. ‘Stranguria, otherwise called in Latine stillicidium, & of our old farriers (according to the French name) chowdepis, is when the horse is provoked to stale often, & voideth nothing but a few drops—which cometh, as the physitians say, either through the sharpness of the urine, or by some exulceration of the bladder, or else by means of some apostume in the liver or kidnies.’ Topsell, Hist, of Fourfooted Beasts, ed. Rowland, , 1673, p. 304Google Scholar. I know of no other instance of the word except in the curious O. Fr. poem ‘Des xxiii Manières de Vilains,’ Paris, 1833, ed. Franc. Michel, p. 13, where we read—

'sSi aient plenté de grume, Mal ki les faiche rechaner, Plenté de frièvre et de gaunisse! Et plaie ki ne puist saner.’ Et si aient le chade-pisse,

Jamieson gives ‘Chaudpeece: Gonorrhœa,’ and refers to Polwart. Fr. chaude-pisse. See P. Cawepys.

^{page 60 note 7} A recipe for ‘Chaudewyne de boyce’ as follows is given in Liber Cure Cocorum, ed. Morris, , p. 25—Google Scholar

'sTake smalle notes, schale out kurnele, As þou dose of almondes, fayre and wele; Frye hom in oyle, þen sethe hom ryзt In almonde mylke þat is bryзt; þen þou schalle do in floure of ryce

And also oþer pouder of spyce;

Fry oþer curneles besyde also,

Coloure þou hit with safron or þou fer goo,

To divers þo mete þou schalt hit set,

With þO fryed curnels with outen let.’

See also ibid. p. 9, for another recipe for ‘Chaudon; for wylde digges, swannes, and pigges,’ composed of chopped liver and entrails boiled with blood, bread, wine, vinegar, pepper, cloves and ginger. Another for ‘Chaudern for Swannes’ is given in Household Ordinances, p.441. See also Sloane MS. 1201, leaf 63. MS. Harl. 1735. leaf 18, gives the following recipe— ‘Chaudon sauз of Swannes. Tak þe issu of þe swannes, & wasche, hem wel, skoure þe guttys with salt, sethз al to-gidre. Tak of þe flesche; hewe it smal, & þe guttys with alle. Tak bred, gyngere & galingale, Canel, gryrid it & tempre it vp with bred; colour it with blood ore with brent bred, seson it vp with a lytyl vinegre: welle it al to-gydere.’ ‘Beeff, moton, stewed feysaund, Swan with the Chawdwyn.’ J. Russell's Boke of Nurture in Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, , p. 48Google Scholar, l. 688.

^{page 61 note 1} 'sCharcoal to chaufen the knyзte.’ Anturs of Arthur, st. 35. ‘Hesethede potage and is fild; and is chaufid [calefactus est], and seide, Vah, or weel, I am hat.’ Wyelif, Isaiah xliv. 16. See also Esther i. 10.

^{page 61 note 2} A saucepan. Dame Bliz. Browne in her will, Paston Letters, iii. 4661, bequeaths ‘a grete standing chafer of laton with a lyon upon the lydde, ij chafers of brasse, and ij litill brasse pottys.’

^{page 61 note 3} On the duties of a Chamberlain see Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, pp. 55–69 and 168–9.

^{page 61 note 4} 'sIntercapedo, Cic. A space or pause: a space of time or place betwene.’ Cooper. ‘Chaumpe’ is the word always used in the marginal directions for the illuminator of the Corpus (Oxford) MS. of the Canterbury Tales, when a small initial is to be made. ‘Vynet’ (our ‘vignette’) is used for the large letters. An example may be seen at the beginning of several of the letters in the present work. The scribe has left a space to be filled in by the illuminator with the proper capital letter, which for the guidance of the latter is written small. It is not an unusual thing to find these chaumpes in MSS. unfilled in. The Ortus explains intercapedo as ‘dislantia localis vt inter duas parietes. See an example in Addit. 22,556 in Mr. Way's Introd. p. xl.

^{page 61 note 5} 'sMutatorium. Pars mulierum vestimentorum; partie du vêtement des femmes, sorte de pélerine.’ (S. Hier.) D'Arnis. ‘Mutatorium. A chaungyng cloth.’ Medulla. Wyclif, Isaiah ii. 22, speaks of ‘iemmes in the frount hangend and chaunging clothis’ The Ortua explains mutatorium as ‘vestis preciosa pro qua sumenda alia mutatur: anglice, a precyous clothynge, a chaungynge clothe, or a holy daye clothe, vt habetur quarto libro regum, v. cap.’ (2 Kings, v. 22,) in the Vulgate, vestes mutatorias duplices.

^{page 61 note 6} 'sIpea: quedam herba: chykwede.’ Ortus. In Norfolk, according to Forby, the alsine media is called chickens meat. A. S. cicena mete, alsine. Aelfric. The name is also applied to chickweed, endive, and dross corn. ‘Chikne-mete, intiba’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 140.

^{page 62 note 1} 'sThenne the Kyng asket a chekkere,

And cald a damesel here.’ Avowynge of Arthur, ed. Robson, lv. I.

In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, p. 74, l. 2224, Naymes in describing the amusements of the French knights says—

'sþo þat willieþ to leue at hame playeþ to þe eschekkere.’

On the History, &c., of the Game of Chess, see note to my edition of the Gesta Romanorum, chapter xxi. pp. 459, 460.

^{page 62 note 2} In Piers Plowman, ed. Skeat, , B. iv. 117Google Scholar, we have ‘childryn cherissing,’ in the sense of the pampering or spoiling of children. Cotgrave gives ‘Mignoter. To dandle, feddle, cocker, cherish, handle gently, entertaine kindly, use tenderly, make a wanton of.’ Cf. also Dawnte. See Chauoer, Troylus, Bk. iv. st. 220, and Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 128.

^{page 62 note 3} Dame Eliz. Browne in her Will, Paston Letters, iii. 464, mentions ‘an awbe; j chesyppill, with a stole, and all that belongeth therto.’

^{page 62 note 4} Lyte, Dodoens, p. 200, says that the roote of Dogges-tooth is ‘long & slender lyke to a Chebol.’ ‘Parot, in. Poppie, Cheesbowls. Oliette, f. Poppie, Chessbolls, or Cheese, bowles.’ Cotgrave. ‘Papaver. Popie or Chesboull.’ Cooper. See also Halliwell s. v. Chesebolle, ‘A Cheseboule. Papaver.’ Withals. ‘Chesbolle, hec papaver. Chesbole, hec sepula.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. pp. 190–1. In the Complaynt of Scotland, ed. Murray, p. 94, when Sextus Tarquinius sent to enquire from his father what course he should pursue in urder to betray Gabii, ‘Ald Tarquine gef na ansuer to the messanger, bot tuike his staf, and syne past throcht his gardin, and quhar that he gat ony chasbollis that gieu hie, he straik the heidis fra them vitht his staf, and did no thyng to the litil chasbollis.’

^{page 62 note 5} 'sCheese-fat, Cheefat. The mould in which cheeses are made.’ Peacock's Gloss, of Manley, &c. See note to Frale. ‘Casearium. A day house where cheese is made.’ Cooper. ‘Esclisse. Any small hurdle or any utensill of watled ozier, or wicker, &c, hence, a Cheese-fat, or Cheesfoord thereof. Cagerotte. A Chesford, or Cheesfatt (of wicker).’ Cotgrave. ‘Multrale. A chesfatt or a deyes payle. Fiscella. A leep or a chesfatt.’ Medulla. ‘A cheese-fatte to presse the cheese in. Fiscella vel forma casearia.’ Withals.

^{page 62 note 6} 'sCheese-lep. A bag used to keep the rennet for making cheese,’ according to Ray, but Peacock's Gloss, gives ‘Cheese-lop, Cheslop, the dried stomach of a calf used for curdling milk for cheese,’ as a Lincolnshire word, and with this the Ortus agrees: ‘lactis est mollis et tenera pellicula in qua lac coagulatur in ventre lactentis.’ Cooper renders Lactes by ‘the small guttes.’ In Wright's Vol. of Vocab. 222, we have ‘Cheslepe, cheese lip.’ The word is compounded of A. S. leap, a basket; see P. Berynge-lepe and Fysche-leep. Cf. ‘Cheeselyp worme, otherwyse called Robyn Goodfelowe his lowse. Tylus.’ Huloet.

^{page 62 note 7} See Chekyr above.

^{page 62 note 8} 'sBalanitas. A kinde of rounde chestens.’ Cooper. ‘Cornus. A chestony tre. Balanus, idem.’ Medulla. ‘Chastaigne. A chesnut. Chastaignier. A chessen or chesnut tree.’ Cotgrave. Ital. Castagna, from Castanea in Thessaly, its native place. In Aelfric's Gloss. is given ‘Castanea, cystel, vel cyst-beam,’ whence Mr. Wright explains chestnut as the nut of the cyst-tree.

^{page 63 note 1} 'sI lyken the to a sowe, for thou arte ever chyding at mete.’ Palsgrave, p. 611, col. 2. In the Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall, p. 253, l. 101, we are told—

'sLette ay your chere be lowly, blythe and hale, Withoute chidynge as that yee wolde fyhte.’

Wyclif, in one of his diatribes against the friars, says that they ‘chiden & fiзttew as woode houndis, & sweren herte & bonys.’ English Works, ed. Matthew, , p. 216.Google Scholar

^{page 63 note 2} 'sPuerperium, Plin. The time of a woman's trauayle with childe or lying in. Sueton. The babe or infant delivered. Parturio. To labour or trauayle with childe.’ Cooper. Fr. enfanter. In Wyclif's version of Genesis xix. 27, 28, we read: ‘The more douзtir childide a sone, and clepide his name Moab …. and the lesse douзtir chíldide a sone, and clepide his name Amon, that is, the sone of my peple.’ See also Luke i. 57; Romance of Partenay, 1157; Ormulum, 156; Gesta Romanorum, p. 209Google Scholar, &c. In the Cursor Mundi we read—

'sþar dwellid or lauedi wit hir nece, And at hir childing was helpand.’ Til ion was born, a wel godd pece, Ed. Morris, , p. 634Google Scholar, l. 11057.

'sPario. To chyldyn. Vir general mulierque parit sed gignit vterque. Parturio. To ympyn, beryn, or chyldyn,’ Medulla. Compare ‘A woman hade vij childer at oon childenge.’ Trevisa's Higden, i. 205.

^{page 63 note 3} The original meaning of ‘chimney’ was a ‘fireplace,’ as in the following—

'sDamesele, loke ther be, Fagattus of fyre tre A ffayre in the chymene, That fetchyd was зare.’

Sir Degrevant, Thornton Rom. p. 234.

So also— ‘His fete er like latoun bright

Als in a chymne brynnand light.’ Pricke of Conscience, 4368.

See also Morte Arthure, ed. Brock, 168, 3041. Jamieson says, ‘among “moveabill heirschip, we find mentioned, “ane bag to put money in, ane eulcruik, ane chimney, ane water-pot. Burrow Lawes, c. 125, §1.’ In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, E. E. Text Soc. l. 2077, we read—

'sþan was þer on a chymenay A greyt fyr þat brente red.’

And in the Boke of Curtasye (Babees Boke, ed. Furnivall), p. 192, l, 460, we find amongst the duties of the Groom of the Chamber, that ‘Fuel to chymne hym falle to gete.’

'sCheminée, f. A chimney.’ Cotgrave. ‘Caminus. A chimney: a furnayse.’ Cooper. Chimnies, in the modern sense of the word, were not common until the reign of Elizabeth. Thus Harrison, in his Descript. of England, ed. Furnivall, , i. 338Google Scholar, says, ‘Now have we manie chimnies; and yet our tenderlings complaine of rheumes, catarrhs, and poses [colds in the head]; then had we none but reredosses [open hearths]; and our heads did never ake.’ See also ibid. pp. 239–40.

^{page 63 note 4} In Havelok (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Skeat), 1. 2941, we are told that he began ‘His denshe men to feste wel So þat he weren alle riche; With riche landes and catel, For he was large and nouth chinche.’

Gower also uses the word in the Confessio Amantis, vol. ii. p. 288, and Skelton has ‘Chyncherde.’ According to Halliwell the substantive is found in Occleve—

'sAnd amonge other thingis that зowre wilne, Be infecte with no wrecchid chincherie;’

and also in Chaucer, Melibeus, p. 162Google Scholar. ‘A chinche: parcus.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Tenax: sparyng, niggish.’ Cooper. See Cotgrave s. v. Chiche, and Sevyn Sages, l. 1244.

^{page 64 note 1} Palsgrave gives ‘I chyppe bread, je chappelle du payn ….je deserouste da pain …. and je payre du pain.: chippings of bread, chapplis.’ ‘Assula. A chip or lathe; a slise of anything.’ Cooper. ‘Chippings and parings of bread, quisquiliœ.’ Baret. See Babees Boke (E.E. Text Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 84.

^{page 64 note 2} A blade of grass, or any plant. ‘Chyer of grasse.’ Drayton's Harmonie, 1591.

^{page 64 note 3} 'sSparuwe is a cheaterinde bird; cheatereð euer ant chirmeð.’ Ancren Riwle, p. 152. ‘As eny swalwe chiteryng on a berne.’ Chaucer, Milleres Tale, 72, C. T. 3258. ‘They may wel chateren as don thise iayes.’ Chanonne Yeomanis Tale, 386. ‘I chytter, as a yonge byrde dothe before she can synge her tune. I chytter. I make a charme as a flocke of small byrdes do whan they be together. Je iargoune.’ Palsgrave. In Trevisa's translation of Higden's Polychronicon, i. 239, the word is used of the starling: ‘With mouth than chetereth the stare.’ See also ibid. ii. 159.

'sShe withall no worde may soune But chitre and as a brid jargoune.’

Gower, ed. Pauli, ii. 318.

See also Chaucer, C. Tales, 3218. Wyclif says that a confused noise is ‘as зyf iayes and pyes chateriden.’ Works, iii. 479, and in his translation of Deuteronomy, xviii. 10. See also P. Plowman, B. xii. 253. ‘Garrio. To chyteryn as byrdys. Garritus. A chyteryng.’ Medulla. See also to Chater.

^{page 64 note 4} In the Nomenclator, 1585, we find ‘a haggise; some call it a chitterling, some a hog's harslet:’ and Baret gives ‘a chitterling, omasum; a gut or chitterling hanged in the smoke, hilla infumata.’ ‘Hilla; a smalle gutte or chitterlyng salted.’ Cooper. See Surtees Soc. Trans, ix. 57. ‘Friquenelles. Slender and small chitterlings or linkes.’ Cotgrave. In Neckam's Treatise De Utensilibus in Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 104, hyllœ is glossed by ‘aundulyes.’ See also Cotgrave s. v. Andouille.

^{page 64 note 5} A beggar. Lat. quœstor. See Perdonere, below. I know of only one instance of the word, viz., in an unpublished tract of Wyclif, in a MS. of Trinity College, Dublin, where he speaks of ‘freris and chulleris.’ Probably from French ‘cueilleur. A gatherer, a reaper, a picker, chuser, or culler.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 64 note 6} Gello and Gillo are apparently from the Gaelic gilla, giolla, a boy, a servant, whence the Scotch gillie. Glebo, exactly answers to our clod-hopper. ‘Gillo: A cherle, Glebo: rusticus.’ Medulla. Cotgrave gives ‘Un gros manovfle. A big lout; also an ougly lushe or clusterfist; also a riche churle or fat chuffe.’ ‘I say a cherle hath don a cherles deede.’ Chaucer, Sompnoures Tale, 2206. ‘Churle or carle of the countrey. Petro Rusticanus.’ Huloet. See also Carle.

^{page 64 note 7} Compare P. Chymme Belle.

^{page 64 note 8} See also Canylle, above.

^{page 64 note 9} 'sCipressus. A cypyr tre.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 192. In Sir Eglamour, ed. Halliwell, 1. 235, we read—

'sCypur treys there growe owte longe,

Grete hertys there walke them amonge.’ See also 1. 277.

^{page 65 note 1} 'sCysers. to cut the heare with, forfex,’ Baret. ‘Cissers. Forfeculœ.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Forfex. A shere.’ Medulla. See P. Cysowre.

^{page 65 note 2} 'sGlis. Potter's claye, lutosus. Myrie and durtie.’ Cooper. The Medulla distinguishes between, the meanings, genders, &c., of the three Latin words glis as follows:

'sGlis animal, glis terra tenax, glis lappa vocatur;

Hic animal, hec terra tenax, hec lappa vocatur;

-Ris animal, -tis terra tenax, -tis lappa vocatur.’

^{page 65 note 3} 'sA claypit, a place where clay is digged; argilletum.’ Baret. ‘Argillière, f. A claypit; or a plot where-in Potters-clay is gotten.’ ‘Glaire. A whitish and slimie soyle: glaireux. Slimie.’ Cotgrave. Compare Grlayre, below.

^{page 65 note 4} Perhaps the same as Clappe of a mylne.

^{page 65 note 5} 'sA mil clacke. Crepitaculum.’ Baret. ‘Claquet de moulin. The clapper or clack of a mill-hopper.’ Cotgrave. ‘Taratantara. A seve, or the tre that lyth vnder the seve. Taratantizare: tuba clangere, vel farinam colare.’ Medulla. See also Milne Clappe. In the Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Morris), 58, we find it as ‘þe clepper of þe melle.’ See Chaucer, Persones Tale, p. 406. ‘Clap of a mill. A piece of wood that makes a noise in the time of grinding.’ Jamieson. L. German, klapper, klepper. ‘Batillum, a clakke.’ Wright's Vocab. p. 180.

^{page 65 note 6} Used here doubtless in the sense of making clear or fining liquids; cf. Clere as ale or wyne, below. The Author of the Catholicon nowhere uses Clarus in the sense of noble, glorious, but Wyclif, John xii. 23, has, ‘Fadir, clarifie thi name,’ and Halliwell quotes from MS. Camb. Ff. v. 48, leaf 90—

'sA voice come fro hevene thore I haf clarefid the, he saide.’

^{page 65 note 7} 'sOffendix. A knot off byndyng of bokys.’ Medulla.

^{page 65 note 8} 'sGaryophilli. The spise called cloues. Garyophillus. The cloue giloeflower.’ Cooper, 1584. See also Clowe of garleke, and Clowe, gariofolus.

^{page 65 note 9} 'sVngula. A clee.’ Medulla. Withals gives ‘the cleyes of a fish, as of Lopsters, or such other. Chelœ.’ ‘Les bras d'un Scorpion. The cleyes or clawes of a scorpion.’ Cotgrave. ‘Brachia cancre. The clees,’ Cooper. Clees is found in Gower, ii. 39—

'sAs a cat wolde ete fischis Withoute wetyng of his clees;’ and in P. Plowman, C. I. 173, ‘to his clees clawen us.’ See the directions for ‘pygges farsyd.’ in the Liber Cure Cocorum, ed. Morris, , p. 36,Google Scholar

'sþo cle of pygge shalle be Festened in þe cheke, so mot þou þe.’

Wyclif uses the form in Exodus x. 26Google Scholar, where Moses addressing Pharaoh says—‘There shal not leeue a clee of the thingis that ben necessarie.’ See also Genesis xlix. 17Google Scholar and Judges v. 22Google Scholar, See note to to chewe Cud, and Mandeville's Travels, ed. Halliwell, , p. 198Google Scholar. The pronunciation Cley is still kept up in East Anglia; see Nall's Glossary of Yarmouth, &c. ‘Vngula. A clee.’ Medulla. A. S. clâ, clea, cleo, pl, clawe.

^{page 66 note 1} A cleg is the Northern term for a gad-fly. Baret gives ‘A clegge-flie, solipuga’ and Cooper has ‘Solipunga. Pismiers, that in the sunne stinge most vehemently.’ ‘A clegge, flee. Solipunga.’ Manip. Vocab. ‘Cleg, gleg. A gadfly, a horse-fly.’ Jamieson. Danish, klaeg, tabanus. ‘The unlatit woman …. Mare wily than a fox, pungis as the cleg.’ Fordun, Scotichronicon, ii. 276, ed. 1759. J. R. in his trans, of Mouffet's Theater of Insectes, 1658, p. 936Google Scholar, says that the fly ‘called in Latine Tabanus …. is of the English called a Burrel-fly, Stowt, and Breese: and also of sticking and clinging, Cleg and Clinger.’

^{page 66 note 2} 'sCleck, Click. A small catch, designed to fall into the notch of a wheel; also a doorlatch.’ Nodal's Glossary of Lane. In a document of the date 1416, quoted by Ducange, s. v. Cliquetus, it is ordered that ‘Refectorarius semper teneat hostium refectorii clausum cum cliqueto.’ See P. Plowman, B. v. 623. ‘Clitella. A clyket.’ Medulla.

^{page 66 note 3} MS. sinceritas.

^{page 66 note 4} The MS. seems to read ryuynge, but the third letter is rather blotted.

^{page 66 note 5} In Relig. Pieces in Prose and Verse (Thornton MS. ed. Perry), p. 48, l. 12, we read, ‘the Holy Goste sail sende two maydyns …. the one is callede Bightwysnes and þe tother es called Luffe of Clennes.’ Chaucer, C. T. Prologue, 505, says—

'sWei oughte a prest ensample for to give,

By his clennesse, how that his scheep schulde lyve.’

'sPuritas. Clennes.’ Medulla. See also The Myroure of Our Lady, ed. Blunt, p. 10, and Lonelich's Holy Grail, ed. Furnivall, , xxxvi. 426Google Scholar. See also Sir Gawayne, 1. 653.

^{page 66 note 6} MS. fulgudus.

^{page 66 note 7} MS. prospicuus.

^{page 66 note 8} MS. prospicua.

^{page 66 note 9} 'sVinum meracum. Cicero. Cleere wyne without water mixed.’ Cooper.

^{page 66 note 10} 'sClergy. A nombre of clerkes.’ Palsgrave. Clergie is common in the sense of learning. See Plowman, P., A. xi. 104, 286Google Scholar, &c. This meaning we still retain in the phrase ‘Benefit of clergy.’

^{page 67 note 1} In the Gesta Romanorum, p. 12Google Scholar, we read, ‘Ouer our hedis ys passage and goyng of peple, and þere shyneth the sonne in here clerenesse.’

^{page 67 note 2} Cotgrave gives ‘Napolier, m. The Burre docke, clote burre, great burre: Lampourde, f. the Cloot or great Burre: Glouteron, m. the Clote, Burre Docke or great Burre: Bardane, f. the Clote, burre-dock, or great Burre.’ In Vergil, Georgics, i. 153, weread, ‘lappœque tribuliqae’, and a note in the Delphin ed. 1813, says ‘Lappa, glouteron, bardane, burdock; herba capitula ferens hamis aspera, quæ vestibus prætereuritium adhærent.’ Mr. Cockayne in his Glossary to ‘Leechdoms,’ &c, explains Clate as arctium lappa, with numerous references. Ray in his Glossary gives ‘Cluts, clots, petasites; rather burdocks.’ Halliwell suggests that Clote is the yellow water-lily; but see Prof. Skeat's note on Chaucer, Chanoun Yemannes Tale, 577, and Lyte, Dodoens, pp. 15, 16. See Clote, herbe in P. and Burre, above.

^{page 67 note 3} MS. chethe.

^{page 67 note 4} MS. obunbrat.

^{page 67 note 5} Probably the same as Clods, which Jamieson explains as ‘small raised loaves, baked of coarse wheaten flour, of which three were sold for five farthings.’ He also gives ‘Sutors’ Clods, a kind of coarse brown wheaten bread, used in Selkirk, leavened and surrounded with a thick crust, like lumps of earth.’

^{page 67 note 6} MS. fossor.

^{page 67 note 7} In the Legende of Goode Women, Ariadne, l. 131, Theseus is given a ‘clew’ of thread—

'sThat by a clyweof twyne, as he hath goon, The same way he may returne anoon, Folwynge alway the threde:’

And in the tale in the Gesta Romanorum, chap. 31, p. 115Google Scholar, founded on the same legend, the Lady of Solace addresses the knight who is about to enter the enchanted garden—‘Take of me here a clewe of threde, & what tyme that thowe shalt entre the gardyn of the Emperour, bynde at the entering in of the gardyn the begynnynge of the clewe, & holde euermore the Remnavnt of the elewe in thin honde, & so go forthe into the gardyn by lyne.’ ‘A clew or bottome of thread. Glomus.’ Baret. ‘A clewe. Glomus.’ Manip. Vocab. A. S. cléow. See also to Wynde Clowes. The MS. reads, hic globus, hoc glomus, Me glomus.

^{page 67 note 8} Compare also Raster Howse.

^{page 67 note 9} In P. Plowman, B. xviii, 135, we read—

'sAnd þat is cause of þis clips, þat closeth now the sonne.’

In De DeGuileville's Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, MS. John's Coll. Camb. leaf 121b, we find ‘Adonaye, kynge of rightwysnes, whilke has power in the clipse, the grete Emperour of nature,’ &c. ‘Also the same seasone there fell a great rayne and a clyps with a terryble thonder.’ Berners' Froissart, ch. xxx. ‘Hyt is but tlie clyppus of the sune.’ Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, viii. 3. ‘Clips’ for eclipse is still in use in Lincolnshire. In the Romaunt of the Rose, 5349, occurs the adjective clipsy, that is, as if eclipsed. See also the Complaynt of Scotland, ed. Murray, p. 56.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 1} See P. Orlage. ‘Horologium. An orlage.’ Medulla.

^{page 68 note 2} 'sClaustrum. A. cloyster or other place where anie liueing thing is enclosed.’ Cooper.

^{page 68 note 3} MS. cloykis. A hen when ready to sit is still in many dialects said to be clocking, a word derived from the peculiar noise made by the fowl. Baret gives ‘to clocke like a henne, pipo; a henne clocking, singultiens gallina.¹ In Cott. MS. Faust., B. vi. leaf 91, we find— ‘Leef henne wen ho leith, Looth wen no clok seith.’ Poule gloussante. A Clocking Henne.’ Cotgrave. Jamieson gives ‘To deck. To hatch. Cleckin-time. The time of hatching. Clock. The cry or noise made by hens, when they wish to sit on eggs for the purpose of hatching them.’ Grose explains a ‘Clocking-hen’ as one ‘desirous of sitting to hatch her eggs.’ ‘A clucke henne. Gallina singultiens, gallina glociens, vel gallina nutrix. Glocito, glocio, singultio, pipio. To clucke as hens doe.’ Withals. ‘A clockynge henne. Singultiens gallina.’ Huloet. See also to Kaykylle.

^{page 68 note 4} 'sOcco. To harrow; to breake cloddes in the fielde eared.’ Cooper. ‘To clodde, or clotte land. Occo.’ Huloet. See Harrison's Descrip. of Eng. ed. Furnivall, , ii.Google Scholar. ‘Admit that the triple tillage of an acre dooth cost thirteen shillings foure pence …‥ the clodding sixteene pence.’ ‘Occo. To cloddyn.’ Medulla. Latimer in his Sermon on the Ploughers says ‘the ploughman .… tilleth hys lande and breaketh it in furroughes, and sometime ridgeth it vp agayne. And at an other tyme harroweth it, and clotteth it:’ ed. Arber, , p. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 5} 'sClot-mell. A mallet for crushing clods.’ Peacock's Glossary. ’Clod-mell. A large mallet for breaking the clods of the field especially on clayey ground, before harrowing it.’ Jamieson. ‘Mail. A mall, mallet, or Beetle.’ Cotgrave. ‘Occa. A clery (? cley) betel.’ Medulla. ‘A cloddynge betyll or malle. Occa. Occatorium.’ Huloet. See Melle,post.

^{page 68 note 6} In the Ancren Riwle, p. 254, we read, ‘per hit lið in one clotte ueste ilimed togederes.’ See also Harrison, Descrip. of Eng. ed. Furnivall, , i. 352Google Scholar, ‘congealed into clots of hard stone.’ Caxton speaking of the hot wells of England says—‘The maistresse of thilke welles is the grete spirite of Minerua. In her hous the fyre endureth alway that neuer chaungeth in to asshes, but there the fyre slaketh hit chaungeth in to stone clottes.’ Descript. of Britain, 1480, p. 6Google Scholar. Gouldman has ‘to clotter or clutter together. Concresco, conglobo.’

^{page 68 note 7} See also Clawe.

^{page 68 note 8} 'sClough. A shuttle fixed in the gates or masonry of a lock which is capable of being raised to admit or discharge water so as to allow vessels to pass.’ Peacock's Glossary of Manley, &c, E. Dial. Soc. ‘Clouse. A sluice.’ Jamieson. See Dugdale's Hist, of Inbanking, 1662, p. 276. The statute 33 Henry VIII, cap. 33, grants certain duties to be levied on imported fish, in order to provide for the repair and maintenance of the walls, ditches and banks of Hull, as also to provide ‘other clomes, getties, gutters, gooltes and other fortresses there’ for the defence of. the town. ‘Gurgustium. ut Gurges. Locus in fluvio aretatus, seu ad construendum molendinum, seu ad capiendos pisces.’ Ducange. ‘Escluse, Écluse. A sluice, Floud-gate, or Water-gate; also a mill-damme, &c.’ Cotgrave. See also Fludesate, post.

^{page 69 note 1} The author of the Anoren Riwle tells us, p. 256, that ‘a lute [small] clut mei lodlichen swuðe a muchel ihol peche;’ and again, on p. 260, our lord is described as ‘mid clutes biwrabled,’ wrapped in clouts or rags. In Havelok, Quin first binds Havelok and then gags him with a ‘keuel [gag] of clutes;’ and in Sir Ferumbras, l. 2747, Guy of Burgundy is blindfolded with a ‘cloute.’ A. S. clut.

^{page 69 note 2} An iron plate. Amongst the implements, &c, necessary to the farmer, Tusser enumerates a ‘strong exeltred cart, that is clouted and shod;’ and— ‘Two ploughs and a plough chein, ij culters, iij shares,

With ground cloutes and side cloutes, for soile that so tares.’

Five Hundred Points, &c. p. 36.

In the Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, ii. 125, we have ‘clot shon,’ i.e. shoes tipped with iron. Cooper renders Crusta by ‘bullions or ornamentes of plate that may be taken off.’ See also Carte bande and Cop bande.

^{page 69 note 3} See William of Palerne, l. 14, where the cowherd whose dog discovers William is described as sitting ‘clouзtand kyndely his schon.’ A. S. clutian. Wyclif, Wks. ed. Arnold, i. p. 4, says ‘Anticristis lawe, cloutid of many, is full of errors;’ and he renders Mark i. 19 by ‘he say James …. and Joon …. in the boots makynge, either cloutynge nettis.’

^{page 69 note 4} In Wyclif's translation of Isaiah xxxv. 3, this word is used—‘Comfort ye clumsid, ether comelid hondis, and make ye strong feeble knees,’ and again in Jeremiah vi. 24, ‘oure hondis ben aclumsid,’ [dissolutæ sunt manus nostræ,] where apparently it has the meaning of numbed, and hence useless, weak. So again in Purvey's version of Zephaniah iii. 16, ‘Jerusalem, nyle thou drede; Sion thin hondis be not clumsid’ [non dissolvantur manus tuæ;] where other versions read aclumsid’ and ‘acumbled.’ Holland in his trans, of Livy, Ek. xxi. c. 56, p. 425, renders torpentes gelu by ‘so clumsie & frozen:’ and in the Gospel of Nichodemus, lf. 213, we read ‘we er clomsed gret and smalle.’ See also B. Eng. Poems, ed. 1862, p. 123. Ray in his Glossary of North Country Words gives ‘Clumps, clumpst, idle, lazy, unhandy; ineptus,’ and refers to Skinner, who, in his Etymologicon says it is a word ‘agro Lincolniensi usitatissima.’ Clumsome or Classome is still in use about Whitby. In P. Plowman, B. xiv. 50, we read—

'sWhan þou clomsest for cold, or clyngest for drye;’

on which see Prof. Skeat's note. ‘Entombi. Stonied, benummed, clumpse, asleep. Havi de froid. Stiff, clumpse, benummed.’ Cotgrave. See also ibid.Destombi.

^{page 69 note 5} Compare Bob of grapis.

^{page 69 note 6} See Clewe.

^{page 69 note 7} 'sA cobnutte, or walnutte. Moracia.’ Baret. The Medulla explains moracia as ‘hard notys longe kepte.’

^{page 69 note 8} In Alexander and Dindimus, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Skeat, l. 158, we read how Alexander, when he had arrived at the river Pison, was unable to cross it on account of the

'sAddrus & ypotamus & othure ille wormus,

& careful cocodrillus that the king lette.’

'sCockatryce, whyche is a Serpente, called the kynge of serpentes, whose nature is to kyll wyth hyssynge onelye. Basilicus Regulus.’ Huloet. So Trevisa, in his trans, of Higden i. 159, says ‘Basiliscus is kyng of serpentes þat wiþ smyl and siзt sleeþ beestes and foules.’ ‘Hic cocadrillus, A cooadrylle.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 220. The Low Latin cocodrillus, itself a corruption from crocodilus, was still further corrupted into cocatrix, whence our cockatrice. The basilisk was supposed to have the property of infecting the air with its venom so that no other creature could live near it, and also of killing men by a mere look. In the Gesta Roman, chap. 57, is an account of one which in this way destroyed a large number of the soldiers of Alexander, and of the means adopted to destroy the monster. See a full description in Swan's Speculum Mundi, 1685, chap. ix. p. 486Google Scholar. Neckham, Alexander, De Naturis Rerum, ed. Wright, p. 198Google Scholar, quotes an account of the creature from Solinus, Poly hist. cap. xxvii. 50, in which it is said to retain its fatal qualities even after death, and to be invulnerable to the attack of any animal except the weasel. Cocodrille occurs in the Wyclifite version of Leviticus xi. 29, and Trevisa in his trans, of Higden i. 151, says ‘þere beeþ cocodrilly and hippotauri [cocodrilli et hippotauri.]’ See also K. Alisaunder, ed. Weber, , i. 271Google Scholar, ‘delfyns and cokedrill.’

^{page 70 note 1} In the Inventory of Thomas Robynson, of Appleby, 1542, quoted in Mr Peacock's Gloss, of Manley & Corringham, are included, ‘iij coodes, one payre of fembyll sheyttes, one lynnyn sheyt & a halfe, iiij^s.’ ‘Ccruical, id est puluinar aureale, anglice, a pyllowe, or a codde.’ Ortus. The Manip. Vocab. gives ‘a codde, cushion, pulvinar;’ and Jamieson has ‘Cod, a pillow; Cod-crune, a curtain lecture; Cod-hule, a pillow-cover or slip.’ ‘I maid ane cod of ane gray stane.’ Complaynt of Scotland, ed. Murray, p. 68. In Sir Degrevant, Thornton Romances, ed. Halliwell, , p. 239Google Scholar, l. 1493, we find ‘Coddys of sendall.’ See also Mysteries, Towneley, p. 84Google Scholar. Icel. koddi, a pillow.

^{page 70 note 2} MS. astula, corrected by A.; but perhaps we should read arcula.

^{page 70 note 3} In the Owle and Nightingale, ed. Stratmann, 86, we find ‘Frogge þat sit at mulne under cogge.’ It appears to mean a wheel. Cf. Swedish kugge, an individual prominence in an indented wheel.

^{page 70 note 4} Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 3697, tells us how Absolom when he went to serenade Alison—

'sSofte he cowhith with a semysoun.’

See also P. Plowman, B. v. 361. ‘Tussis. The cowhe.’ Medulla.

^{page 70 note 5} 'sGalerium. An hatte; a pirwike. Galericulum. An vnder bonet or ridyng cappe; a close cappe much like anight cappe.’ Cooper. ‘Galerus. A coyfe off lether.’ Medulla.

^{page 70 note 6} 'sAutumnus. A hervest.’ Medulla.

'sCanstow seruen, he sede, oþer syngen in a churche,

Oþer coke for my cokers, oþer to þe carte picche?’ P. Plowman, C. vi, 12, 13. ‘Coker. A reaper (Warwick). Originally a charcoal maker who comes out at harvest time.’ Halliwell. It seems rather to mean a harvest labourer, one who puts hay into cocks. (See Cok of hay.) Richardson quotes the following;—‘Bee it also prouided that this act, nor anything therein contained doe in any wise extende to any cockers or haruest folkes that trauaile into auie countrie of this realme for haruest worke, either come haruest or hay haruest, if they doe worke and labour accordingly.’ Rastall, Statutes, Vagabonds, &c, p. 474.

^{page 70 note 7} See Harrison, Descript, of England, ed. Furnivall, , ii. 89Google Scholar, for an account of the divisions of the hours of the night amongst the Ancients. Chaucer, Parlement of Foules, 350, speaks of— ‘The kok, that orloge is of thorpys lyte.’

See also Ookerelle.

^{page 70 note 8} Panis de Coket is mentioned in a MS. of Jesus Coll. Oxford, I Arch. i. 29, leaf 268, as being slightly inferior to wastel bread. ‘A cocket was a kind of seal (see Liber Albus, p. 45, and Madox, Hist. Excheq. i. p. 783), and as bread in London was sealed with the taker's seal, after inspection by the Alderman, it is not improbable that this bread thence had its name; though at some periods certainly, other kinds of bread, distinguished in name from Cocket-bread were sealed as well. …. Cochet-bread was most used probably by the middle classes; that of inferior quality being trete or tourte, while simnel and wastel were finer in quality and higher in price.’ Liber Custumarum, ed. Riley, , ii. 793Google Scholar. See also Liber Albus, Glossary s. v. Cocket and Bread; Arnold's Chronicle (ed. 1811), pp. 49–56; and Harrison's Description of England, i. 154.

^{page 71 note 1} The corn-cockle. Agrostemma githago. Gaelic cogall. Tares, husks, the corn-cockle. Cockle or Cokyl was used by Wyclif and other old writers in the sense of a weed generally, but in later works has been confined to the gith or corn-pink. ’Coquiol. A degenerate barley or weed commonly growing among barley, and called Haver-grasse.’ Cotgrave. ‘Zizannia. Dravke, or darnel, or cokkyl.’ Medulla. ‘Cockole hath a large smal [sic] leafe and wyll beare v or vi floures purple colloure as brode as a grote, and the sede is rounds and blacke.’ Fitzherbert, Boke of Husbandry. See also Darnelle.

^{page 71 note 2} Tusserin his Five Hundred Pointes, &c, 92, 4, says—

'sSome cockneies with cocking are made verie fooles,

fit neither for prentise, for plough, nor for schooles;’

and again 95, 5–

'sCocking Mams and shifting Dads from schooles,

Make pregnant wits to prooue vnlearned fooles.’

'sA cockney, a childe tenderly brought up; a dearling. Cockering, mollis ilia educatio guam indulgentiam vocamus. A father to much cockering, Pater nimis indulgens.’ Baret's Alvearie. Cooper gives ‘Mammothreptus: after S. Augustine a childe that sucketh longe, but Erasmus taketh it for a childe wantonly brought vp. Deliciæ: a minion boye; a cockney; a wanton.’

^{page 71 note 3} 'sArchonius: acervus manipulorum. Manipulus. A gavel (sheaf of corn).’ Medulla. ‘A hay cocke. Meta ferri.’ Withals. See also Mughe.

^{page 71 note 4} 'sMillum. A mastiue's colar made of leather with nayles.’ Cooper. ‘Milus. An houndys colere.’ Medulla.

^{page 71 note 5} Men were divided into four classes, according to their humours. Laurens Andrewe says, in his Noble Lyfe, ‘And the bodij of man is made of many diuers sortes of lymmes as senewes, vaynes, fatte, flesshe & skynne. And also of the foure moistours, as sanguyne, flematyke, coleryke & melancoly.’ (fol. a iv. back. col. 2). Men die, he says, in three ways: 1. by one of the four elements of which they are made, overcoming the others; 2. by humidum radicale, or ‘naturall moystour,’ forsaking them; 3. by wounds—‘the coleryke commeth oftentymes to dethe be accedentall maner through his hastines, for he is of nature hot and drye.’ So also John Russell in his Boke of Nurture (Babees Boke, p. 53), says— ‘The second course colericus by callynge

Fulle of Fyghtynge blasfemynge, & brallynge,

Fallynge at veryaunce with felow and fere.’

And he adds these lines— Colericus.

Hirsutus, Fallax, irascens, prodigus, satis audax,

Astutus gracilis, siccus, croceique coloris.

See also Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris, p. 157.

^{page 71 note 6} See also Coriandre.

^{page 71 note 7} MS. which reads Cokylle, corrected by A.

^{page 71 note 8} Hampole in the Pricke of Conscience, 644, 3, tells us that

'sAlle erthe by skille may likned be Tille a rounde appel of a tree, The whiche in myddes has a colke, As has an eye [egg] in myddes a yolke:’ And in the Towneley Mysteries, p. 281, we read—

'sIt is fulle roten inwardly At the colke within.’ Coke is still in use in Lancashire with meaning of pith, core. ‘Erula: illud quod est in medio pomi, ab eruo dicitur: anglice, a core.’ Medulla, ‘Couk of an apple, cor.’ Manip. Vocab. Dutch kolk, a pit, hollow: compare Gaelic caoch, empty, hollow.

^{page 72 note 1} Jamieson gives ‘to Coll, v.a. To cut, to clip. To coll the hair, to poll it. S. Cow. To poll the head; to clip short in general; to cut, to prune; to lop off. To be court, to be bald. It occurs as signifying shaven; applied to the Roman tonsure. Cleland. Icel. kollr, tonsum caput.’

^{page 72 note 2} Spelt Calmewe by Lydgate. ‘Alcedo: quedam avis. A se-mewe.’ Medulla. ‘Hec alcedo: a colmow.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 252. Caxton, Descr. Brit. 1480, p. 54, says, speaking of Ireland, ‘In lagenia is a ponde ther be seen colmaus birdes, the byrdes ben cleped certelles and come homly to mannes honde.’

^{page 72 note 3} 'sCollock. A large pail. Cf. Icel. Kolla = a pot or bowl without feet.’ Nodal's Glossary. In the Will of Thomas Dautree, 1483, pr. in Testamenta Eboracensia, pt. 2, p. 61, Surtees Soc. vol. 30, the following item occurs: ‘lego unam peciam coopertam, vocatam le collok ecalesiæ meæ parochiali, ad inde faciendum unam coupam sive pixidem pro corpore Christi.’ See also the Richmondshire Wills, &c., published by the same Society, vol. 26, p. 169, where are mentioned in an Inventory dated 1563, ‘a kneadinge tube, iij collecks, a wynnocke, ij stands, a churne, a fleshe collecke, &c.’

^{page 72 note 4} 'sFrixa. A colop, or a pece off flesch.’ Medulla. The Ortus explains carbonella as ‘caro assata super carbones,’ and adds the lines—

'sEst carbonella caro: prunis assata tenella:

Carbonem faciens: hie carbonarius exstat.’

'sCollop. A slice; a rasher of bacon.’ Nodal's Glossary. Wedgwood derives it from ‘clop or colp, representing the sound of something soft thrown on a flat surface.’ The word occurs in old Swedish. Ihre says—‘Kollops, edulii genus, confectum ex carnis fragmentis, tudite lignea probe contusis et maceratis.’ In Piers Plowman, B. vi. 286, Piers says—

'sI have no salt bacoun Ne no kokeney, bi cryst, coloppes for to maken.’

'sSlices of this kind of meat (salted and dried) are to this day termed collops in the north, whereas they are called steaks when cut off from fresh or unsalted flesh.’ Brand, Pop. Antiq. i. 62. ‘Riblette, a collop or slice of bacon. Des œufs à la riblette, Egges and collops; or an omelet or pancake of egges and slices of bacon mingled, and fried together.’ Cotgrave. ‘The coloppes cleaued faste to the fryenge pannes bottom for lacke of oyle, droppynge or butter. Offe fundo sartaginis heserunt olli distillationis desiderio.’ Horman. See also Andrew Boorde's Introduction of Knowledge, ed. Furnivall, , p. 273Google Scholar, Plowman, P.Google Scholar, C. Text, xvi. 67, and Harrison, , i, 61Google Scholar. ‘Colloppe meate, œuf au lard.’ Palsgrave.

^{page 72 note 5} 'sColerake, or makron. Rutabulum.’ Baret. ‘Fourgon: a coal-rake or an oven fork.’ Boyer's Diet. 1652. See also Frugon. Stanihurst, Descr. of Ireland, in Holinshed, , vol. vi. p. 27Google Scholar, speaks of the ‘colerake sweeping of a pufloafe baker.’ ‘Colerake, ratissover.’ Palsgrave. ‘Colerake. Rutabulum.’ Huloet.

^{page 72 note 6} 'sPullus. The yonge of everything; a colte; a foale; a chicken.’ Cooper. ‘Pululus, or Pullus. A cheken or a ffole.’ Medulla. ‘A chicken, colt, or yoong birde, pullus.’ Baret. ‘Poulaine. A fole or colt.’ Cotgrave. See also Foyle.

^{page 72 note 7} In William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 2520, we read—

'sCholiers þat cayreden col come þere bi-side…‥

Þe kolieres bi-komsed to karpe kenely i-fere.’

See also the ‘Taill of Rauf Coilзear,’

^{page 72 note 8} Repeated in MS.

^{page 73 note 1} MS. parachisis. Greek παράκλησις.

^{page 73 note 2} MS. oomnynge to.

^{page 73 note 3} 'sPlebs. Raskaly off ffolk. Vulgus. Raskaly.’ Medulla. In the Libel of English Policy, Political Poems, ed. Wright, ii. 186, the writer recommends the close union of England and Ireland so

'sThat none enmye shulde hurte ne offende

Yrlonde ne us, but as one comonte

Shulde helpe to kepe welle aboute the see.’

Trevisa in his trans, of Higden says that ‘Julius Cesar his hond was as able to þe penne as to þe swerd; but no man governede þe comounte bettre þan he.’ Vol. iv. p. 215. See also Wyclif, , ExodusGoogle Scholar six. 23.

^{page 73 note 4} Here the scribe has misplaced a number of words. The mistake is corrected by the following note at the top of the page:—

'sPro istis tribus congru, congruly, congruyte; vide postea in 20 folio sejuenie quod. hic scriptor errauit.’

^{page 73 note 5} Apparently for κονος.

^{page 73 note 6} I suppose this means ‘general slaughter.’ Ducange gives ‘Daliare, Falcare; faucher, faire la fauchaison: ol. Hailler.’ ’Faucher, to mow, to sweepe, or cut cleane away.’ Cotgrave.

^{page 73 note 7} 'sCarisia. An hore or a ffals servaunt.’ Medulla.

^{page 73 note 8} MS. cencilium.

^{page 73 note 9} Thus St. Paul says in the Acts, ‘From thence we fetched a compass and came to Rhegium.’ xxviii. 13. In the earlier Wicliffite version, Ezechiel, xli. 7 is thus rendered: ‘and a street was in round, and stiede upward by a vice, and bar in to þe soler of the temple by compas;’ and in Mark iii. 34, we find, ‘Biholdynge hem aboute þat saten in þe cumpas of hym, he seiþ, &c.’ See also Matt. ix. 35. ‘Gyrus. A circuite or compasse.’ Cooper.

^{page 74 note 1} Halliwell gives ‘Con. A clog. North,’ which is evidently the meaning here, but I have not been able to find any instance of the word in that sense, nor is it given in any of the E. Dialect Society's Glossaries. ‘Offendiculum: obstaculum.’ Medulla.

^{page 74 note 2} 'sHe Held thame full weill all his cunnand.’ Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, xv. 260. See also ibid. i. 561, iii. 759, &c. In Rauf Coilþear, E. E. Text Society, ed. Murray, Rauf having promised to meet Charles at Paris, starts

'sWith ane quhip in his hand Cantlie on catchand To fulfill his cunnand.’ l. 387.

'sVp gan knyt thare ford wartis and cunnand Of amyte and perpetual ally.’ Gawin Douglas, Eneados, x. l. 385.

^{page 74 note 3} A rabbit.

'sHe went and fett conynges thre

Alle baken welle in a pasty.’ MS. Cantab. Ff. v. 48, leaf 50.

Wyclif has coning in Leviticus xi. 5, where the A. V. reads coney. In William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 182, we read, ‘He com him-self y-charged wiþ conyng & hares.’ Stowe mentions a locality (referred to in the Liber Custumarum, p. 229), in the vicinity of the Poultry, in the city of London, called Conehop, from a sign of three rabbits over a poulterer's stall at the end of the lane. In the Lfber Cust. p. 344, is also mentioned a ‘Conichepynge,’ or rabbit-market, in the neighbourhood of St. Pauls. ‘Connin, counil. A conny, a rabbet.’ Cotgrave. ‘Cuniculus. A cunnie.’ Cooper. See also Liber Albus. pp. 712, 717, and 592. This word was employed in various forms in Early English; ‘conyng rosted,’ ‘copull conyng’ occur in Purveyance made for King Richard II. Antiq. Repert. i. 73. In Sir Degrevant (Thornton Romances, ed. Halliwell), l. 1405, we find ‘Ffat conyngns and newe.’

^{page 74 note 4} 'sThis abbot, which that was an holy man As monkes been, or elles oughten be, This yonge childe to coniure he bigan.’ Chaucer, Prioress Tale, 1832.

'sI conioure þee bi God, þat þou tourmente me not.’ Wyclif, Mark v. 7. In Lonelich's History of the Holy Grail, xvi. 306, ed. Furnivall, we read how Joseph drove the devil out of the idols—

'sTo an ymage there gan he to gon That stood in the temple vppon the chief awter And him anon coniowred there, And the devel there anon forth ryht Out of the ymage isswed in al here siht.’ See also l. 387.

'sExorcista. An adiurouror coniurour.’ Cooper. ‘Conjurer. To conjure; adjure: .… to conjure or exorcise (a spirit).’ Cotgrave. ‘Exorcismus. A coniuryson. Exorcitas. A benet; coniurator. Exorciso: conjurare.’ Medulla. See Jamieson.

^{page 75 note 1} In a later hand.

^{page 75 note 2} Under the various forms of ‘cuntek,’ ‘contek,’ ‘conteke,’ ‘conteck,’ and ‘contake,’ this word occurs frequently in early English. In Langtoft's Chronicle, p. 328, we find ‘contekour,’ a quarrelsome person, whence probably our word cantankerous. ‘The keneste in contek that vndir Criste lenges.’ Morte Arthure, 2721. ‘There was conteke fulle kene, and crackynge of chippys.’ ibid. 3669. ‘Also stryues, contekis & debatis ben vsed in oure lond, for lordis stryuen wiþ here tenauntis to brynge hem in thraldom.’ Wyelif, Select Works, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Mathew, , p. 234.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 3} 'sAcresté. Crested, copped.’ Cotgrave. A.S. cop. Chaucer uses the word simply as a top when he says of the Miller that

'sUpon the cop right of his nose he hade a werte.’ C.T. Prologue, 554.

^{page 75 note 4} 'sCarchesium; a standyng cuppe with handles.’ Cooper.

^{page 75 note 5} In Liber Albus, p. 609, are mentioned Cuppebonde, which Mr. Riley, in his Glossary, explains as ‘Cup-bonds or Cup-bands; braces made of metal on which masers and handled cups were strung.’ Compare Carte bande, and the definition of crusta and crustula in note to Clowte of yren.

^{page 75 note 6} The Kennett MS. has ‘Coprose, copperas, vitriol;’ and the Manip. Vocab. ‘Coperouse, chalcanthum.’ Baret gives ‘Coperas or vitrial, chalcanthum.’

^{page 75 note 7} See also under A.

If men schal telle properly a thing The word mot eorde with the thing werkyng.’ Chaucer, Maunciple's Tale, 106.

^{page 76 note 1} 'sAluta. Softe lether tawed.’ Cooper. It was probably similar to the modern morocco leather. The duty is stated in the Liber Albus, p. 231, as ‘la dozein de cordewayne j denier.’ See also the ‘Ordinationes Alutariorum,’ or Ordinances of Tanners, ibid. p. 732. The word still survives in ‘Cordwainer's Ward,’ near St. Paul's, the name of which was derived from the Cordwainers or Shoe-makers settled in that district. ‘Aluta. Cordewane. Alutarius. A cordwanere.’ Medulla. In the Libel of English Policy, Wright's Political Poems, Rolls Series, ii. 103, amongst the commodities of ‘Portyngale’ are mentioned

'sFfygues, reysyns, hony, and cordeweyne.’

^{page 76 note 2} lexander Neckham, De Naturis Rerum, p. 476Google Scholar, assigns the following virtues to Coriander—

'sEt triduana febris eget auxilio coriandri,

Et gemini testes dum tumor ambit eos.

Lumbricos pellit, tineas delet, sacer ignis,

Quam pestem metuit Gallia, cedit ei.’

See also Coliandyr.

^{page 76 note 3} This seems to be an error for Carsay or Corsy, which are inserted in their proper places.

^{page 76 note 4} Chaucer, Parlement of Foules, 362, speaks of ‘the hote cormeraunt of glotenye.’

^{page 76 note 5} In Havelok (R.E.Text Soc. ed. Skeat), l. 188, are mentioned

'sÞe caliз and þe pateyn ok, þe corporaus, þe messe-gere:’

and in Guy of Warwick, Met. Romances, ed. Ellis, , ii. p. 77Google Scholar, we read—

'sAfter the relics they send The corporas, and the mass-gear.’

'sCorporail. The corporall: the fine linnen wherein the Sacrament is put.’ Cotgrave. In the Liber Albus, pp. 125, 126, occurs the phrase—‘corporaliter jurare,’ to take an oath while touching the corporale or cloth which covered the sacred elements. It also occurs in the Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, § 2. Dame Eliz. Browne in her Will, Paston Letters, iii. 465, mentions ‘ij corporas casys of cloth of gold; j olde vestment,’ &c. ‘After þe passioun of Alisaundre þe pope, Sixtus was pope almost elevene зere: he ordeyned þat trisagium, þat is, “Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus, shulde be songe at masse, and þat þe corperas schulde nouзt be of silk noþer sendel, but clene lynnen cloþ nouзt i-dyed.’ Trevisa's Higden, v. 11. ‘Corporas for a chales, corporeav.’ Palsgrave. See also Shoreham, , p. 50.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 6} 'sCourroyeur. A currier of leather. Courroyer. To ourrey; tew, or dresse, leather.’ Cotgrave. In the Liber Albus, 738, is mentioned the ‘Ordinatio misteræ de Correours,’ or Guild of Curriers. ‘Coriarius. A tanner.’ Cooper. Wyclif, in Acts ix, 10, speaks of ‘Simon the coriour,’ the Vulgate reading being coriarius, ‘He is a corier of crafte. Pellifex est vel coriarius professions.’ Horman.

^{page 76 note 7} 'sStrigilis. An hors com.’ Medulla.

^{page 76 note 8} 'sCorsu. Grosse, fleshy, corpulent, big-bodied.’ Cotgrave. ‘Corssy. Big-bodied; corpulent.’ Jamieson. ‘Corsyfe, to full of fatnesse, corpulent, corsu.’ Palsgrave.

'sOn siclike wyse this ilk chiftane Troyane The corsy passand Osiris he has slane.’ Douglas, G., Eneados xii. p. 426.Google Scholar

'sThe king beheld this gathelus, Strong of nature, corsie and corageous.’ Stewart, Chroniclis of Scotl. 1535, i. 7. ‘Corsye or fatte. Pinguis.’ Huloet.

^{page 77 note 1} One of the duties of the Marshal of the Hall, as given in the Boke of Curtasye, Babees Boke, p. 189, was— ‘þe dosurs cortines to henge in halle.’

^{page 77 note 2} 'sTo cope or coase, cambire.’ Baret. ‘To coce, cambire.’ Manip. Vocab. Cotgrave has ‘Trequer. To truck, chop, swab, scorse, barter, change, &c. Barater. To trucke, scourse, barter, exchange.’ ‘The traist Alethes with him has helraes cosit, and gaif him his.’ Douglas, G., Eneados ix. p. 286.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 3} 'sMango. A baude that paynteth and pampereth vp boyes, women, or servauntes to make them seeme the trimmer, therby to sell them the deerer. An horse coarser that pampereth and trimmeth his horses for the same purpose.’ Cooper. ‘Mango. A cursoure off hors.’ Medulla. See also Wyclif, Select Works, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Matthew, , p. 172Google Scholar, where he inveighs against the priests for mixing themselves up with trading: ‘þei ben corseris & makers of malt, & bien schep & neet & sellen hem for wynnynge, & beten marketis, &c.’ ‘P. Of whom hadst thou him ? T. Of one, I knowe not whether hee bee a horse corser, a hackney man, a horse rider, a horse driuer, a carieur, or a carter.’ Florio's Second Frutes, p. 43. Sir A. Fitzherbert says, ‘A corser is he that byeth all rydden horses, and selleth them agayne.’ Boke of Husbandry, sign. H. 2.

^{page 77 note 4} 'sClima. A clyme or portion of the firmamente between South and North, varying in one day halfe an howres space.’ Cooper. Coste meant a region or district, not necessarily the sea-board. ‘This bethe the wordes of cristeninge Bi thyse Englissche costes.’ Shoreham, , p. 10.Google Scholar

In Sir Ferumbras, Charles chooses Richard of Normandy to be guide to the messengers sent to the Saracen Emir, because he ‘knew alle the coste.’ In the Gesta Romanorum, p. 187Google Scholar, Jonathas, when seated on the magic cloth, ‘a-noon thovte, lorde ! yf we wer now in fer contrees, wher neuer man come afore this! And thenne withe the same thovte þey wer bothe Reysid vp to-gedir, in to the ferrest coste of the worlde, with the clothe with hem.’ ‘Coaste of a countrey. Confineum, fines, ora. Coast or region, ether of the ayre, earth or sea, as of the ayre, east west north & south, &c. Regio.’ Huloet.

^{page 77 note 5} 'sFruictier. s. A fruiterer, fruitseller, costermonger.’ Cotgrave. ‘A costard. Pomme Appie.’ Sherwood. ‘Pomarius. A costardemonger, or seller of fruite.’ Cooper. ‘A Costerdmunger. Pomarius.’ Baret. ‘Costardmongar, fruyctier.’ Palsgrave.

^{page 77 note 6} Wyclif, in his tract on Feigned Contemplative Life (Select Works, ed. Mathew, , p. 194Google Scholars), complains that the clergy of his time wasted all their ‘studio & traueile … abowte Salisbury vse wiþ multitude of newe costy portos, antifeners, graielis, &c.’ and that rich men ‘costen so moche in grete schapplis and cosly bokis of mannus ordynaunce for fame and nobleie of the world.’ Again, p. 210, he says, ‘þe fend & his techen to make costy festis and waste many goodis on lordis and riche men.’ See also pp. 211, 213, &c.

^{page 77 note 7} In the Romance of Sir Ferumbras, E. E. Text Soc, Ferumbras perceiving that Oliver is wounded offers him some ointment which, he says, will cure any wound, it being made of the balm with which our Lord's body was anointed at his burial. He addresses Oliver thus— ‘Ac by myddel þer hongeþ her, Hwych ys ful of þat bame cler, A costrel as þou miзt se þat precyous ys and fre.’ P. 20, l. 510.

The word occurs again at p. 32, l. 742, when Oliver with his sword ‘the costrel þat was with yre y-bounde, þerwith a-two he carf.’

'sOnophorum. A costrel. Ascapa. A costrel.’ Medulla. Wyclif also uses the word in Ruth ii. 9; ‘if also thou thrustist, go to the litil costrils, and drynk watris.’ ‘Costrell to carye wyne in. Oenophorum. Custrell or bottell for wyne. Vter.’ Huloet. ‘Hic colateralis, a costrille.’ Wright's Vol. of Vocab. p. 232.

^{page 78 note 1} Conventus. A couent.’ Medulla. ‘They also that rede in the Couente ought so bysely to ouerse theyr lesson before.’ Myroure of Our Lady, ed. Blunt, , p. 67.Google Scholar

'sSich as ben gaderid In coventis togidere.’ Wright's Political Poems, ii. 64.

See also ibid. i. 225. A ‘convent’ of monks, with their Superior, properly consisted of thirteen, in imitation of our Lord and the twelve Apostles. Thus we read in the Sompnoures Tale, 2259—

'sBring me twelve freres, wit ye why ? Your noble confessour, her God him blesse !

For threttene is a covent as I gesse; Schal parfourn up the nombre of this covent.’

On the same point Mr. Wright quotes from Thora, Decem Scriptores, col. 1807: ‘Anno Domini M.C.XIVI. iste Hugo reparavit antiquum numerum monachorum istius monasterii, et erant lx. monachi professi prœter abbatem, quinque conventus in universo.’

^{page 78 note 2} In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf's property, taken in 1459, we find—‘vj bolles with oon coverecle of silver …‥ Item, vj bolles with oon coveracle gilt.’ Paston Letters, i. pp. 468–9. ‘Cuuverele, A cover or lid.’ Cotgrave. ‘Torale. A couerlyte.’ Medulla.