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Description and phylogenetic interpretation of chromatophore migration from larval air sacs to adult structures in some Chaoboridae (Diptera)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Christopher J. Borkent  and
Art Borkent
Christopher J. Borkent*
Affiliation:
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
Art Borkent
Affiliation:
691–8th Avenue SE, Salmon Arm, British Columbia, Canada V1E 2C2, Research associate of the Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192, United States of America, and Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, P.O. Box 22-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: chris.borkent@mail.mcgill.ca).
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Abstract

During development, many chromatophores on the air sacs of larvae of Chaoborus Lichtenstein disperse to the tracheal trunks and throughout the body of the pupae. In male pupae, chromatophores on the posterior air sacs move to the developing testes and vasa deferentia and some become the adventitious spotting previously reported for adults of Chaoborus. In larvae of Mochlonyx Loew, chromatophores have a similar development pattern, but in female pupae some also surround the spermathecae. Larvae of Eucorethra Underwood have chromatophores scattered throughout much of the body but it is uncertain whether these are homologous to those of Chaoborus and Mochlonyx. Outgroup comparisons show that the migration of chromatophores from the larval air sacs to the adult male testes and vasa deferentia is a synapomorphy of Chaoborinae. The presence of pigmented fat body on the larval testes in many Culicidae, Eucorethra, and Mochlonyx is plesiomorphic, and the transparent larval testes in Chaoborus are a synapomorphy of the genus. The dark adult testes in Mochlonyx are derived from pigmented larval fat body and chromatophores from the larval air sacs, and this is proposed as an intermediate evolutionary state. It is likely that the chromatophores surrounding the testes of pupae of Chaoborinae provide protection against ultraviolet radiation, but further study is needed.

Résumé

Pendant le développement, beaucoup de chromatophores sur les sacs d’air des larves de Chaoborus Lichtenstein dispersent vers les troncs trachéaux de la pupe et dans tout le corps. Dans les pupes mâles, ceux des sacs d’air postérieurs se déplacent vers les testicules en développement et le canal déférent. Certains des chromatophores deviennent la tache adventice précédemment rapportée pour des adultes de Chaoborus. Les larves de Mochlonyx Loew possèdent un patron similaire de développement, alors que certains de ceux retrouvés dans les pupes femelles entourent également les spermathèques. Les larves d’Eucorethra Underwood ont des chromatophores dispersés à travers la majorité de leur corps, mais il est incertain qu’ils soient homologues à ceux de Chaoborus et Mochlonyx. Les comparaisons de groupes externes prouvent que la migration des chromatophores des sacs d’air larvaires jusqu’aux testicules et au canal déférent du mâle adulte est une synapomorphie des Chaoborinae. La présence de masse adipeuse pigmentée sur les testicules larvaires chez beaucoup de Culicidae, Eucorethra, et Mochlonyx est une plésiomorphie, alors que les testicules larvaires transparents de Chaoborus sont une synapomorphie du genre. Les testicules foncés chez l’adulte de Mochlonyx sont dérivés de masse adipeuse larvaire pigmentée et des chromatophores des sacs d’air larvaires, et ceux-ci sont proposés comme état évolutif intermédiaire. Il est probable que les chromatophores entourant les testicules des pupes de Chaoborinae assurent la protection contre le rayonnement ultraviolet, mais des études plus poussées sont nécessaires.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 140 , Issue 6 , December 2008 , pp. 630 - 640
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2008

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