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INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER AND APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Vincent Nealis  and
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Vincent Nealis
Affiliation:
Forestry Canada, Ontario Region, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, PO Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Affiliation:
Forestry Canada, Forest Pest Management Institute, PO Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
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Abstract

Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck as mortality factors of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), were investigated by placing parasitized and nonparasitized budworm larvae on foliage with and without spray deposits of a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis. The effect of larval age (and, thus, the timing of spray applications) was examined by using peak third-instar and peak fourth-instar larvae. We demonstrated that parasitized larvae are more likely to survive exposure to B. thuringiensis because they feed less than non-parasitized larvae and are thus less likely to acquire a lethal dose of the bacterium. Bacillus thuringiensis nevertheless reduced parasitoid populations by 50–60% by killing their hosts before parasitoid emergence. This negative impact of B. thuringiensis on parasitoid survival was decreased when exposure of budworm larvae to spray deposits was delayed from peak third to peak fourth instar. The enhanced survival of parasitoids offset the lower mortality as a result of B. thuringiensis in the delayed sprays. We conclude that B. thuringiensis applied when budworm larval populations are at peak fourth instar or later would complement rather than interfere with the beneficial effects of A. fumiferanae. The implications for budworm management strategies are discussed.

Résumé

Les interactions entre Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner et Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck en autant d’être facteurs de mortalité de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), ont été étudiées en plaçant les larves parasitées et non-parasitées de la tordeuse sur le feuillage avec et sans les dépôts d’une préparation commerciale de B. thuringiensis. L’effet de l’âge de larves (et ainsi, la détermination de l’heure des arrosages) a été étudié, en utilisant les larves à la fin du troisième et du quatrième stades. Nous avons démontré que les larves parasitisées sont vraisemblablement plus aptes à survivre l’exposition à B. thuringiensis, parce qu’elles mangent moins que les larves non-parasitées et ainsi, elles sont moins portées d’ingérer une dose létale de la bactérie. Bacillus thuringiensis, néanmoins, a réduit les populations parasitoïdes de 50–60%, en tuant les hôtes avant la sortie des parasitoïdes. Cette répercussion négative de B. thuringiensis à la survie des parasitoïdes a été diminuée, quand l’exposition de la tordeuse a été retardée à partir de la fin du troisième jusqu’à la fin du quatrième stade. La survie améliorée de parasitoïdes a compensé la mortalité réduite des arrosages retardés de B. thuringiensis. Nous avons conclu que l’application de B. thuringiensis aux populations larvaires de la tordeuse à la cime du quatrième stade ou plus tard compléterait au lieu de contrarier les effets avantageux de A. fumiferanae. Les implications à l’égard des stratégies de maniement de la tordeuse sont discutées.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 122 , Issue 4 , August 1990 , pp. 585 - 594
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1990

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