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The Need for More than Justice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2020

Annette C. Baier
Annette C. Baier*
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213, U.S.A.
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Extract

In recent decades in North American social and moral philosophy, alongside the development and discussion of widely influential theories of justice, taken as Rawls takes it as the ‘first virtue of social institutions,’ there has been a counter-movement gathering strength, one coming from some interesting sources. For some of the most outspoken of the diverse group who have in a variety of ways been challenging the assumed supremacy of justice among the moral and social virtues are members of those sections of society whom one might have expected to be especially aware of the supreme importance of justice, namely blacks and women. Those who have only recently won recognition of their equal rights, who have only recently seen the correction or partial correction of long-standing racist and sexist injustices to their race and sex, are among the philosophers now suggesting that justice is only one virtue among many, and one that may need the presence of the others in order to deliver its own undenied value. Among these philosophers of the philosophical counterculture, as it were - but an increasingly large counterculture - I include Alasdair MacIntyre, Michael Stocker, Lawrence Blum, Michael Slote, Laurence Thomas, Claudia Card, Alison Jaggar, Susan Wolf and a whole group of men and women, myself included, who have been influenced by the writings of Harvard educational psychologist Carol Gilligan, whose book In a Different Voice (Harvard 1982; hereafter D.V.) caused a considerable stir both in the popular press and, more slowly, in the philosophical journals.

Type
I—Two Aspects: Science and Morality
Information
Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume , Volume 13: Science, Morality & Feminist Theory , 1987 , pp. 41 - 56
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 1987

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References

1 John, RawlsA Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press)Google Scholar

2 Alasdair, MacIntyreAfter Virtue (Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press)Google Scholar

3 Michael, Stocker ‘The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories,’ Journal of Philosophy 73, 14, 453-66, and ‘Agent and Other: Against Ethical Universalism,’ Australasian Journal of Philosophy 54, 206-20Google Scholar

4 Lawrence, BlumFriendship, Altruism and Morality (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1980)Google Scholar

5 Michael, SloteGoods and Virtues (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1983)Google Scholar

6 Laurence, Thomas ‘Love and Morality,’ in Epistemology and Sociobiology, James, Fetzer ed. (1985);Google Scholar and ‘Justice, Happiness and Self Knowledge,’ Canadian Journal of Philosophy (March, 1986). Also ‘Beliefs and the Motivation to be Just,’ American Philosophical Quarterly 22 (4), 347-52

7 Claudia, Card ‘Mercy,’ Philosophical Review 81, 1,Google Scholar and ‘Gender and Moral Luck,’ forthcoming.

8 Alison, JaggarFeminist Politics and Human Nature (London: Rowman and Allenheld 1983)Google Scholar

9 Susan, Wolf ‘Moral Saints,’ Journal of Philosophy 79 (August, 1982), 419-39Google Scholar

10 For a helpful survey article see Owen, Flanagan and Kathryn, Jackson ‘Justice, Care & Gender: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Debate Revisited,’ EthicsGoogle Scholar

11 Lawrence, KohlbergEssays in Moral Development, vols. I & II (New York: Harper and Row 1981, 1984)Google Scholar

12 Bernard, WilliamsEthics and the Limits of Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985)Google Scholar

13 Philippa, FootVirtues and Vices (Berkeley: University of California Press 1978)Google Scholar

14 I have previously written about the significance of her findings for moral philosophy in ‘What Do Women Want in a Moral Theory?’ Nous 19 (March 1985), ‘Trust and Antitrust,’ Ethics 96 (1986), and in ‘Hume the Women’s Moral Theorist?’ in Women and Moral Theory, Kittay, and Meyers, Google Scholar, ed., forthcoming.

15 Immanuel, KantMetaphysics of Morals, sec. 46Google Scholar

16 Laurence, Thomas ‘Sexism and Racism: Some Conceptual Differences,’ Ethics 90 (1980), 239-50;Google Scholar republished in Philosophy, Sex and Language, Vetterling-Braggin, ed. (Totowa, NJ: Littlefield Adams 1980)Google Scholar

17 See articles listed in note 6, above. The forthcoming book has the title A Psychology of Moral Character.