¹ Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27 [IRPA].

² Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act (UK), 1982, c 11 [Charter].

³ R v Appulonappa, 2013 BCSC 31 at para 38 [Appulonappa].

⁴ Ibid at paras 42–43.

⁵ This provision was amended on 15 December 2012. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2012, c 17, section 41.

⁶ Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 189 UNTS 150, Can TS 1969 No 6, in force 22 April 1954 [Refugee Convention].

⁷ Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2241 UNTS 507 (ratified by Canada 13 May 2002) [Smuggling Protocol].

⁸ Appulonappa, supra note 3 at paras 65–69.

⁹ Ibid at para 75.

¹⁰ B010 v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2012 FC 569 [B010].

¹¹ Hernandez v Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2012 FC 1417.

¹² Appulonappa, supra note 3 at paras 76–81.

¹³ Ibid at paras 83–85.

¹⁴ United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2225 UNTS 209 (ratified by Canada on 13 May 2002).

¹⁵ Appulonappa, supra note 3 at paras 137, 140.

¹⁶ Ibid at para 155.

¹⁷ B010 v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 FCA 87 (Federal Court of Appeal) [B010 FCA].

¹⁸ B006 v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 FC 1033 at para 82.

¹⁹ Ibid at para 132.

²⁰ Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v JP, 2013 FCA 262.

²¹ Ibid at para 9.

²² State Immunity Act, RSC 1985, c S-18.

²³ Steen v Islamic Republic of Iran, 2011 ONSC 6464 at paras 14–18 (Motions Court) [Steen MC].

²⁴ Rules of Civil Procedure, RRO 1990, Reg 194, Rule 21.01(3).

²⁵ Steen MC, supra note 23 at para 13.

²⁶ Ibid at para 55.

²⁷ Bouzari v Iran, (2004), 71 OR (3d) 675 (CA).

²⁸ Steen MC, supra note 23 at para 43.

²⁹ Ibid at paras 44–52.

³⁰ Ibid at para 58.

³¹ Ibid at paras 53–54.

³² Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act, SC 2012, c 1 [JVTA].

³³ Ibid, s 4(5).

³⁴ Steen v Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013 ONCA 30 at para. 15 [Steen CA].

³⁵ Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraq, 2010 SCC 40 [Kuwait].

³⁶ Ibid at para 24.

³⁷ Steen CA, supra note 34 at para 26.

³⁸ Islamic Republic of Iran v Hashemi, 2012 QCCA 1449.

³⁹ Steen CA, supra note 34 at para 31.

⁴⁰ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy: Greece Intervening), [2012] ICJ Rep 99 [Germany v Italy].

⁴¹ Steen CA, supra note 34 at para 33.

⁴² Ibid at para 35.

⁴³ Loi sur l’extradition, LC 1999, c 18.

⁴⁴ Németh c Canada (Justice), 2010 CSC 56; Gavrila c Canada (Justice), 2010 CSC 57 [Németh].

⁴⁵ Refugee Convention, supra note 6.

⁴⁶ Savu c Canada (Ministre de la Justice), 2013 QCCA 554 aux para 49–55 [Savu].

⁴⁷ Ibid aux para 56–73.

⁴⁸ Cité ibid au para 82.

⁴⁹ Ibid aux para 74–91.

⁵⁰ Convention relative aux droits de l’enfant, 1577 RTNU 3, RT Can 1992 no 3, 28 ILM 1457 (entrée en vigueur: 2 septembre 1990.

⁵¹ Baker c Canada (ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l’Immigration), [1992] 2 RCS 817.

⁵² Savu, supra note 46 aux para 96–99.

⁵³ Voir Eid, Elisabeth et Hamboyan, Hoori, “La mise en œuvre par le Canada des obligations découlant de traités internationaux de droits de la personne: créer du sens au-delà de l’absurde” dans Fitzgerald, Oonagh, dir, Règle de droit et mondialisation: Rapports entre le droit international et le droit interne (Cowansville, QC: YVon Blais, 2006) 555.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ IRPA, supra note 1, s 37(1)(b).

⁵⁵ B010 FCA, supra note 17 at paras 10–11.

⁵⁶ Ibid at paras 12–13.

⁵⁷ Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, supra note 14; Smuggling Protocol, supra note 7.

⁵⁸ Smuggling Protocol, supra note 7, art 3(a).

⁵⁹ B010, supra note 10.

⁶⁰ Ibid at paras 48–49, 64.

⁶¹ B072 v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2012 FC 899.

⁶² B010 FCA, supra note 17 at para 7.

⁶³ Ibid. The appellants referred to Hernandez v Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2012 FC 1417 and JP v Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2012 FC 1466.

⁶⁴ B010 FCA, supra note 17 at para 74.

⁶⁵ Ibid at para 92.

⁶⁶ Ibid.

⁶⁷ Ibid at para 51.

⁶⁸ Ibid at paras 55, 57.

⁶⁹ Ibid at paras 65–70.

⁷⁰ Ibid at paras 76–78.

⁷¹ Ibid at para 79.

⁷² Ibid at paras 87–90.

⁷³ Németh, supra note 44 at para 50.

⁷⁴ B010 FCA, supra note 17 at para 92.

⁷⁵ Ibid at para 93.

⁷⁶ In Febles v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2012 FCA 324 at para 24, Evans JA for the majority of the Federal Court of Appeal rightly insisted on a correctness standard of review in a case where the meaning of Article 1(F)((b) of the Refugee Convention, supra note 6, was in issue, observing that the provisions of an international convention should be interpreted as uniformly as possible.

⁷⁷ Public Service Essential Services Act, SS 2008, c P-42.2.

⁷⁸ Trade Union Amendment Act, SS 2008, cc 26–27.

⁷⁹ Charter, supra note 2, ss 1, 2(d).

⁸⁰ See Saskatchewan v Saskatchewan Federation of Labour, 2012 SKQB 62 at paras 107–14.

⁸¹ ILO Convention no. 87 Concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise, 68 UNTS 17, Can TS 1973 No 14, in force 4 July 1950.

⁸² International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 993 UNTS 3, Can TS 1976 No 46, (1967) 6 ILM 360 (in force 3 January 1976) [ICESCR].

⁸³ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 999 UNTS 171, Can TS 1976 No. 47, (1967) 6 ILM 368 (in force 23 March 1976) [ICCPR].

⁸⁴ Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta), [1987] 1 SCR 313 [Alberta Reference] PSAC v Canada, [1987] 1 SCR 424; RWDSU v Saskatchewan, [1987] 1 SCR 460 [collectively, Labour Trilogy].

⁸⁵ Saskatchewan v Saskatchewan Federation of Labour, 2013 SKCA 43 at para 46 [Sask Labour].

⁸⁶ Health Services and Support — Facilities Subsector Bargaining Association v British Columbia, 2007 SCC 27, [2007] 2 SCR 391 [Health Services].

⁸⁷ Ontario (Attorney General) v Fraser, 2011 SCC 20, [2011] 2 SCR 3 [Fraser].

⁸⁸ Sask Labour, supra note 85 at paras 40–46.

⁸⁹ See Health Services, supra note 86 at para 19. Richards JA cites Fraser, supra note 87 at para 25 for this same proposition, but in that paragraph of their reasons McLachlin CJC and LeBel J merely note that the majority in the Labour Trilogy, supra note 84 held that section 2(d) does not create a right to strike; they do not expressly remove the right to strike from the ambit of their reasons. That being said, Fraser does not address the right to strike.

⁹⁰ Sask Labour, supra note 85 at paras 70–71.

⁹¹ Ibid.

⁹² Alberta Reference, supra note 84 at paras 57–72.

⁹³ Refugee Convention, supra note 6.

⁹⁴ Ezokola v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 SCC 40 at paras 15–19 [Ezokola].

⁹⁵ Ibid at paras 20–23.

⁹⁶ Ibid at paras 24–7.

⁹⁷ Ramirez v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1992] 2 FC 306.

⁹⁸ Ezokola, supra note 94 at para 30.

⁹⁹ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1155 UNTS 331, Can TS 1980 No 37 (in force 27 January 1980).

¹⁰⁰ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2187 UNTS 3, Can TS 2002 No 13 (in force 1 July 2002) [Rome Statute].

¹⁰¹ Ezokola, supra note 94 at paras 31–36, 42–77.

¹⁰² Ibid at para 29.

¹⁰³ Ibid at para 42.

¹⁰⁴ Ibid at para 48.

¹⁰⁵ Ibid at para 51.

¹⁰⁶ Ibid at paras 52–3.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid at paras 54–61.

¹⁰⁸ Ibid at paras 62–7.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid at paras 69–77.

¹¹⁰ Ibid at para 15.

¹¹¹ Notably, the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights, online: Foley Hoag LLP ˂http://www.voluntaryprinciples.org/˃ OECD, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 2011 Edition (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2011), online: ˂http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264115415-en˃; UN Global Compact, online: UN ˂http://www.unglobalcompact.org/˃; John Ruggie, Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Protect, Respect and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rights, UNHRC, 8th Sess, UN Doc A/HRC/8/5 (2008); UN OHCHR, United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (New York and Geneva: OHCHR, 2011), online: OHCHR ˂http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf˃; and the work of the International Standards Organization with respect to corporate responsibility (see, for example, ISO 26000: Social Responsibility, online: ISO ˂http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso26000.htm˃).

¹¹² Choc v Hudbay Minerals Inc, 2013 ONSC 1414 at paras 33–35.

¹¹³ Ibid at para 36.

¹¹⁴ Ibid at para 73.

¹¹⁵ Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, SC 1998, c 34.

¹¹⁶ R v Karigar, 2013 ONSC 5199 at para 27 [Karigar].

¹¹⁷ Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, 37 ILM 1 (entered into force 15 February 1999).

¹¹⁸ Karigar, supra note 116 at para 28.

¹¹⁹ Ibid.

¹²⁰ One of the authors, Gib van Ert, appeared as counsel for the intervener, the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, in this appeal.

¹²¹ International Transfer of Offenders Act, SC 2004, c 21.

¹²² Charter, supra note 2, s 6(1).

¹²³ Alberta Reference, supra note 84 at 349.

¹²⁴ Divito v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2013 SCC 47 at para 22 [Divito].

¹²⁵ Health Services, supra note 86 at para 70.

¹²⁶ Divito, supra note 124 at para 23.

¹²⁷ Ibid at para 24.

¹²⁸ Ibid at para 25.

¹²⁹ UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 27, Article 12: Freedom of Movement, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9 (1999) at para 21, reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations made by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (2008), vol 1 at 223.

¹³⁰ Divito, supra note 124 at paras 26–27.

¹³¹ Treaty between Canada and the United States of America on the Execution of Penal Sentences, Can TS 1978 No 12.

¹³² Transfer of Offenders Act, RSC 1985, c T-15, as repealed by International Transfer of Offenders Act, supra note 121, section 42.

¹³³ International Transfer of Offenders Act, supra note 121, s 8.

¹³⁴ Divito, supra note 124 at paras 31–39.

¹³⁵ Ibid at para 40.

¹³⁶ Ibid at para 44.

¹³⁷ R v Hape, 2007 SCC 26.

¹³⁸ Divito, supra note 124 at para 43.

¹³⁹ Ibid at paras 47–48.

¹⁴⁰ Ibid at para 64.

¹⁴¹ Ibid at paras 68–84.

¹⁴² Environmental Protection Act, RSO 1990, c E-19.

¹⁴³ Ibid at s 15(1).

¹⁴⁴ Castonguay Blasting Ltd v Ontario (Environment), 2013 SCC 52 at para 20 [ Castonguay].

¹⁴⁵ 114957 Canada Ltée (Spraytech, Société d’arrosage) v Hudson (Town), 2001 SCC 40, [2001] 2 SCR 241 at paras 30–32.

¹⁴⁶ Convention on Future Multilateral Co-operation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Can TS 1979 No 11.

¹⁴⁷ Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Privileges and Immunities Order, SOR/80–64.

¹⁴⁸ Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization v Amaratunga, 2010 NSSC 346.

¹⁴⁹ ICCPR, supra note 83.

¹⁵⁰ Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization v Amaratunga, 2011 NSCA 73.

¹⁵¹ Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization v Amaratunga, 2013 SCC 66 at para 29 [Amaratunga].

¹⁵² Ibid at paras 36–37.

¹⁵³ Formerly the Privileges and Immunities (International Organizations) Act, RSC 1985, c P-23, now the Foreign Missions and International Organizations Act, SC 1991, c 41.

¹⁵⁴ Amaratunga, supra note 151 at para 44.

¹⁵⁵ Ibid at para 45.

¹⁵⁶ Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, Can TS 1948 No 2.

¹⁵⁷ Amaratunga, supra note 151 at para 49.

¹⁵⁸ Canada (House of Commons) v Vaid, 2005 SCC 30.

¹⁵⁹ Amaratunga, supra note 151 at para 53.

¹⁶⁰ Ibid at para 58.

¹⁶¹ Ibid at para 60. LeBel J says only that these European cases “arose in a different legal context,” namely that of the European Convention on Human Rights (Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 213 UNTS 221, ETS No 5 (in force 3 September 1953)). How that treaty is relevantly different from Article 14 of the ICCPR, a treaty to which Canada is a party and upon which Amaratunga relied, is left unexplained.

¹⁶² Amaratunga, supra note 151 at para 62, citing UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No32, Article 14: Right to Equality Before Courts and Tribunals and to a Fair Trial, UN Doc CCPR/C/GC/32 (2007) at para 18, reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations made by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (2008), vol 1 at 248.

¹⁶³ Amaratunga, supra note 151 at para 65.

¹⁶⁴ Charter, supra note 2, ss 7, 12, 15.

¹⁶⁵ Inglis v British Columbia (Minister of Public Safety), 2013 BCSC 2309 at paras 359–60 [Inglis], citing Victoria (City) v Adams, 2009 BCCA 563 at para 35 and Divito, supra note 124.

¹⁶⁶ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217(III), reprinted in UN GAOR, 3d Sess, Part 1 at 71–77, UN Doc A/810 (1948).

¹⁶⁷ ICESCR, supra note 82.

¹⁶⁸ Convention on the Rights of the Child, supra note 50.

¹⁶⁹ Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally, GA Res 41/85, UNGAOR, 41st Sess, UN Doc A/RES/41/85 (1986).

¹⁷⁰ United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UNGAOR, 61st Sess, Supp No 49, UN Doc A/RES/61/295 (2007).

¹⁷¹ Declaration of the Rights of the Child, GA Res 1386 (XIV), UNGAOR, 14th Sess, Supp No 16, UN Doc A/4354 (1959) at 19.

¹⁷² Ibid, art 6.

¹⁷³ Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, GA Res 45/111, UNGAOR, 45th Sess, UN Doc A/RES/45/111 (1990) [Basic Principles].

¹⁷⁴ Bacon v Surrey Pretrial Services Centre, 2010 BCSC 805 at para 272.

¹⁷⁵ Basic Principles, supra note 173, art 5.

¹⁷⁶ Inglis, supra note 165 at para 364.

¹⁷⁷ Ibid at para 611.

¹⁷⁸ Ibid at paras 633, 651.

¹⁷⁹ Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the People’s Republic of China for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, 9 September 2012, online: ˂http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/fipa-apie/china-text-chine.aspx?lang=eng˃ [not yet in force].