Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T03:54:39.668Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessment of resting electrocardiogram, P wave dispersion and duration in different genders applying for registration to the School of Physical Education and Sports – results of a single centre Turkish Trial with 2093 healthy subjects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 April 2011

Mustafa Yildiz ,
Dilek Aygin ,
Pinar Pazarli ,
Ayse Sayan ,
Olcay Semiz ,
Osman Kahyaoglu ,
Banu S. Yildiz ,
Hakan Hasdemir ,
Ibrahim Akin  and
Nurgul Keser
...Show all authors
Mustafa Yildiz*
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, Kartal Koşuyolu Yüksek Ihtisas Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Dilek Aygin
Affiliation:
Department of Nursing, Sakarya University School of Health, Sakarya, Turkey
Pinar Pazarli
Affiliation:
Department of Nursing, Sakarya University School of Health, Sakarya, Turkey
Ayse Sayan
Affiliation:
Department of Nursing, Sakarya University School of Health, Sakarya, Turkey
Olcay Semiz
Affiliation:
Department of Nursing, Sakarya University School of Health, Sakarya, Turkey
Osman Kahyaoglu
Affiliation:
Department of Nursing, Sakarya University School of Health, Sakarya, Turkey
Banu S. Yildiz
Affiliation:
Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Hakan Hasdemir
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, Dr Siyami Ersek Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Ibrahim Akin
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty of University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
Nurgul Keser
Affiliation:
Department of Nursing, Sakarya University School of Health, Sakarya, Turkey
Sevin Altinkaynak
Affiliation:
Department of Nursing, Sakarya University School of Health, Sakarya, Turkey
*
Correspondence to: Dr M. Yildiz, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Cardiologist, Internal Medicine Specialist and Physiologist, Department of Cardiology, Kartal Koşuyolu Yüksek Ihtisas Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: +90 0216 459 78 00; Fax: +90 0216 459 63 21; E-mail: mustafayilldiz@yahoo.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The 12-lead electrocardiogram shows a broad range of abnormal patterns in trained athletes. The primary end point of this study was to investigate P wave dispersion, and P wave durations and related factors in different genders applying for registration to the School of Physical Education and Sports.

Methods and Results

From 2006 to 2009, a total of 2093 students – 1674 boys with a mean age of 19.8 plus or minus 1.9 years and 419 girls with a mean age of 19.1 plus or minus 1.8 years – were included in the study. All 12 leads of the resting electrocardiogram were evaluated for P wave dispersion and electrocardiogram abnormalities. Baseline parameters such as age, body weight, body height, and body mass index, as well as electrocardiogram findings such as P wave maximal duration and P wave dispersion, were significantly higher in boys than in girls. Of all the parameters tested with correlation analysis, only gender (p = 0.03) (r = 0.04), body weight (p < 0.001) (r = 0.07), body height (p = 0.004) (r = 0.06), and body mass index (p = 0.01) (p = 0.05) were correlated with P wave dispersion.

Conclusion

The frequencies of all electrocardiogram abnormalities, P wave dispersion, and P wave maximal duration were higher in boys as compared with girls in an unselected student population applying for registration to the School of Physical Education and Sports; in addition, P wave dispersion was correlated with gender, body weight, body height, and body mass index.

Keywords

P wave dispersionautonomous nervous systematrial fibrillationexercise
Type
Original Articles
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 21 , Issue 5 , 09 September 2011 , pp. 545 - 550
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Pelliccia, A, Maron, BJ. Outer limits of the athlete's heart, the effect of gender, and relevance to the differential diagnosis with primary cardiac diseases. Cardiol Clin 1997; 15: 381–396.Google Scholar
2.Longhurst, JC, Kelly, AR, Gonyea, WJ, Mitchell, JH. Echocardiographic left ventricular masses in distance runners and weight lifters. J Appl Physiol 1980; 48: 154–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Dilaveris, PE, Gialafos, EJ, Sideris, SK, et al. Simple electrocardiographic markers for the prediction of paroxysmal idiopathic atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1998; 135: 733–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Dilaveris, PE, Gialafos, EJ, Andrikopoulos, GK, et al. Clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of recurrent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000; 23: 352–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Haskell, WL, Lee, IM, Pate, RR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine; American Heart Association: physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 116: 1081–1093.Google Scholar
6.Friedman, HH. Diagnostic Electrocardiography and Vecterocardiography, New York: McGraw-Hill; 1971.Google Scholar
7.Pelliccia, A, Maron, BJ, Culasso, F, et al. Clinical significance of abnormal electrocardiographic patterns in trained athletes. Circulation 2000; 102: 278–284.Google Scholar
8.Pelliccia, A, Maron, BJ, Culasso, F, Spataro, A, Caselli, G. Ahlete's heart in women: echocardiographic characterization of highly trained elite female athletes. JAMA 1996; 276: 211–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Crouse, SF, Meade, T, Hansen, BE, Green, JS, Martin, SE. Electrocardiograms of collegiate football athletes. Clin Cardiol 2009; 32: 37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Mont, L, Elosua, R, Brugada, J. Endurance sport practice as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Europace 2009; 11: 11–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Swanson, DR. Atrial fibrillation in athletes: implicit literature-based connections suggest that overtraining and subsequent inflammation may be a contributory mechanism. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66: 1085–1092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Pelliccia, A, Maron, BJ, Di Paolo, FM, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 690–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Mont, L, Tamborero, D, Elosua, R, et al. Investigators: physical activity, height, and left atrial size are independent risk factors for lone atrial fibrillation in middle-aged healthy individuals. Europace 2008; 10: 15–20.Google Scholar
14.Alessi, R, Nusynowitz, M, Abildskov, JA, Moe, GK. Nonuniform distribution of vagal effects on the atrial refractory period. Am J Physiol 1958; 194: 406–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Smith, ML, Hudson, DL, Graitzer, HM, Raven, PB. Exercise training bradycardia: the role of autonomic balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 40–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Svendenhag, J, Wallin, BG, Sundlöff, G, Henriksson, J. Skeletal muscle sympathetic activity at rest in trained and untrained subjects. Acta Physiol Scand 1984; 120: 499–504.Google Scholar
17.Loimaala, A, Huikuri, H, Oja, P, Pasanen, M, Vuori, I. Controlled 5-mo aerobic training improves heart rate but not heart rate variability or baroreflex sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89: 1825–1829.Google Scholar
18.Buchheit, M, Simon, C, Piquard, F, Ehrhart, J, Brandenberger, G. Effects of increased training load on vagal-related indexes of heart rate variability: a novel sleep approach. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H2813–H2818.Google Scholar
19.Puig, J, Freitas, J, Carvalho, MJ, et al. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1993; 33: 44–48.Google ScholarPubMed
20.Furlan, R, Piazza, S, Dell'Orto, S, et al. Early and late effects of exercise and athletic training on neural mechanisms controlling heart rate. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27: 482–488.Google Scholar
21.Cousineau, D, Ferguson, RJ, de Champlain, J, Gauthier, P, Côté, P, Bourassa, M. Catecholamines in coronary sinus during exercise in man before and after training. J Appl Physiol 1977; 43: 801–806.Google Scholar
22.Manhem, P, Lecerof, H, Hökfelt, B. Plasma catecholamine levels in the coronary sinus, the left renal vein and peripheral vessels in healthy males at rest and during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1978; 104: 364–369.Google Scholar
23.Neri Serneri, GG, Boddi, M, Modesti, PA, et al. Increased cardiac sympathetic activity and insuline-like growth factor-I formation are associated with physiological hypertrophy in athletes. Circ Res 2001; 89: 977–982.Google Scholar
24.Esler, M. Clinical application of noradrenaline spillover methodology: delineation of regional human sympathetic nervous responses. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 73: 243–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Iellamo, F, Legramante, JM, Pigozzi, F, et al. Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes. Circulation 2002; 105: 2719–2724.Google Scholar
26.Scholz, DG, Kitzman, DW, Hagen, PT, Ilstrup, DM, Edwards, WD. Age-related changes in normal human hearts during the first 10 decades of life. Part I (growth): a quantitative anatomic study of 200 specimens from subjects from birth to 19 years old. Mayo Clin Proc 1988; 63: 126–136.Google Scholar
27.Yildiz, M, Pazarli, P, Semiz, O, Kahyaoglu, O, Sakar, İ, Altinkaynak, S. Assessment of P wave dispersion on 12-lead electrocardiography in students who exercise regularly. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31: 580–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Pritchett, AM, Jacobsen, SJ, Mahoney, DW, Rodeheffer, RJ, Bailey, KR, Redfield, MM. Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 4: 1036–1043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Vaziri, SM, Larson, MG, Benjamin, EJ, Levy, D. Echocardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1994; 89: 724–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed