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A “Body of Business Makers”: The Detroit Housewives League, Black Women Entrepreneurs, and the Rise of Detroit’s African American Business Community

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

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Abstract

This article examines the Detroit Housewives League (DHL) in the 1930s and 1940s, concentrating on DHL members’ actions as businesswomen. Past narratives have framed the DHL as an extension of the black women’s club movement or as part of the women-driven consumer movements of the 1930s and 1940s, particularly highlighting the organization’s philosophies on black women’s purchasing power. I argue that entrepreneurial DHL women brought prior business knowledge to their organizing and were significant business experts and leaders. By conducting business research, forging community networks, and, significantly, establishing commercial colleges and other forms of business education in the city, DHL members’ work was vital for the black business community as a whole and for women entrepreneurs in particular. In reframing the DHL as an organization established by black entrepreneurial women, I suggest scholars should reevaluate black women’s contributions to other forms of activism in order to recover additional histories of black women’s entrepreneurship and business leadership.

Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , March 2022 , pp. 164 - 205
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference

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Footnotes

The author thanks Mia Bay, Jesse Bayker, Miya Carey, Alix Genter, Deborah Gray White, Jasmin Young, and the anonymous reviewers who offered insightful comments.

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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Chatelain, Marcia. South Side Girls: Growing Up in the Great Migration. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
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Deutsch, Tracey. Building a Housewife’s Paradise: Gender, Politics, and American Grocery Stores in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.Google Scholar
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Fine, Sidney. Frank Murphy: The Detroit Years. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Monroe. Consumer Boycotts: Effecting Change Through the Marketplace and Media. New York: Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Garrett-Scott, Shennette. Banking on Freedom: Black Women in U.S. Finance Before the New Deal. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Tiffany M. Beauty Shop Politics: African American Women’s Activism in the Beauty Industry. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010.Google Scholar
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Gordy, Berry Sr. Movin’ Up: Pop Gordy Tells His Story. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Cheryl. “Or Does It Explode?” Black Harlem in the Great Depression. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Grigsby, Snow F. Ambitions That Could Not Be Fenced In. Detroit: Research Bureau for Negroes and Minority Groups, Post War Economic Security, 1945.Google Scholar
Harris, LaShawn. Sex Workers, Psychics, and Numbers Runners: Black Women in New York City’s Underground Economy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
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Parker, Traci. Department Stores and the Black Freedom Movement: Workers, Consumers, and Civil Rights from the 1930s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponders, Phyllis Lewis, and Harris, Marjorie Lewis. On Her Own Terms: A Biographical Conversation about Mommie “T. V.” Violet Temple Harrison Lewis. Edited by Anderson, Pamela June. Detroit: Harlo Printing, 2001.Google Scholar
Sharpless, Rebecca. Cooking in Other Women’s Kitchens: Domestic Workers in the South, 1865–1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Shockley, Megan Taylor. “We, Too, Are Americans”: African American Women in Detroit and Richmond, 1940–54. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Smith, Suzanne E. Dancing in the Street: Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Sparks, Edith. Boss Lady: How Three Women Entrepreneurs Built Successful Big Businesses in the Mid-Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparks, Edith. Capital Intentions: Female Proprietors in San Francisco, 1850–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugrue, Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
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Van Wormer, Katherine S., Jackson, David W., and Sudduth, Charletta. The Maid Narratives: Black Domestic and White Families in the Jim Crow South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Walker, Juliet E. K. The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship. New York: Twayne, 1998.Google Scholar
White, Deborah Gray. Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894–1994. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.Google Scholar
Wilson, Sunnie, and Cohassey, John. Toast of the Town: The Life and Times of Sunnie Wilson. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Wolcott, Victoria W. Remaking Respectability: African American Women in Interwar Detroit. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Yeager, Mary A., ed. Women in Business. Northampton, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999.Google Scholar
Barnes, Tamara. “Buying, Boosting, and Building with the National Housewives’ League.” Michigan History, March 2013.Google Scholar
Boyd, Robert L. “Race, Labor Market Disadvantage, and Survivalist Entrepreneurship: Black Women in the Urban North during the Great Depression.” Sociological Forum 15, no. 4 (2000): 647–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Robert L. “Survivalist Entrepreneurship among Urban Blacks during the Great Depression: A Test of the Disadvantage Theory of Business Enterprise.” Social Science Quarterly 81, no. 4 (2000): 972–984.Google Scholar
Garrett-Scott, Shennette. “To Do a Work That Would Be Very Far Reaching: Minnie Geddings Cox, the Mississippi Life Insurance Company, and the Challenges of Black Women’s Business Leadership in the Early Twentieth-Century United States.” Enterprise & Society 17, no. 3 (2016): 473–514. https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hine, Darlene Clark. “Black Women in the Middle West: The Michigan Experience.” In Hine Sight: Black Women and the Re-Construction of American History, 59–85. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Hine, Darlene Clark. “The Housewives’ League of Detroit: Black Women and Economic Nationalism.” In Hine Sight: Black Women and the Re-Construction of American History, 129–145. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Metzger, Kurt, and Booza, Jason. “African Americans in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit.” Center for Urban Studies Working Paper Series, no. 8, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, February 2002. http://www.cus.wayne.edu/media/1356/aawork8.pdf.Google Scholar
Moten, Crystal. “‘More Than a Job’: Black Women’s Economic Citizenship in the Twentieth Century Urban North.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Negroes in the United States, 1920–1932. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1935.Google Scholar
Washington, Forrester B. “The Identification of the Negro in Detroit.” In The Negro in Detroit: A Survey of the Conditions of a Negro Group in a Northern Industrial Center during the War Prosperity Period. Detroit: Research Bureau Associated Charities of Detroit, 1920.Google Scholar
White, Walter, and Marshall, Thurgood. What Caused the Detroit Riot? An Analysis. New York: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1943.Google Scholar
Malloy, Helen. Oral History. Interview by Monroe Walker. January 7, 1985. 2 audiocassettes. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.Google Scholar
Smith, Willis Eugene. Oral History. Interview by Monroe Walker. December 27, 1984. 2 audiocassettes. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.Google Scholar
Afro-American (Baltimore, MD)Google Scholar
CrisisGoogle Scholar
Detroit Free PressGoogle Scholar
Detroit NewsGoogle Scholar
Detroit TribuneGoogle Scholar
Indianapolis RecorderGoogle Scholar
Mt. Vernon (IL) Register-NewsGoogle Scholar
New York AgeGoogle Scholar
Pittsburgh CourierGoogle Scholar
Application for Examination for Embalmer’s License, 1901–1933, Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulation, Board of Examiners in Mortuary Science, RG 93-45. Archives of Michigan.Google Scholar
Elliotorian Business Women’s Club Papers. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (EBWCP).Google Scholar
Housewives League of Detroit Papers. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (HLDP).Google Scholar
Housewives League of Detroit, Additional Papers. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (HLDAP).Google Scholar
Housewives League of Detroit, Additional Papers 1989. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (HLDAP 1989).Google Scholar
Lewis Business College and Violet T. Lewis Collection. Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (LBC).Google Scholar
Michigan State Association of Colored Women’s Clubs Collection. Archives of Michigan.Google Scholar
National Housewives’ League of America Records. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan (NHLAR).Google Scholar
Second Baptist Church (Detroit, Mich.) Records. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Archives of Michigan, LansingGoogle Scholar
Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann ArborGoogle Scholar
Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public LibraryGoogle Scholar
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, DetroitGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, Davarian L. Chicago’s New Negroes: Modernity, the Great Migration, and Black Urban Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Bates, Beth Tompkins. The Making of Black Detroit in the Age of Henry Ford. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boykin, Ulysses W. A Hand Book on the Detroit Negro. Detroit: Minority Study Associates, 1943.Google Scholar
Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age. New York: Holt, 2004.Google Scholar
Chatelain, Marcia. South Side Girls: Growing Up in the Great Migration. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Clark-Lewis, Elizabeth. Living In, Living Out: African American Domestics in Washington, D.C., 1910–1940. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Detroit City Directory. Detroit: R. L. Polk & Co., 1918.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Tracey. Building a Housewife’s Paradise: Gender, Politics, and American Grocery Stores in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.Google Scholar
DuBose, Carolyn P. The Untold Story of Charles Diggs: The Public Figure, the Private Man. Arlington, VA: Barton Publishing House, 1998.Google Scholar
Early, Gerald Lyn. One Nation Under A Groove: Motown and American Culture. Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Ervin, Keona K. Gateway to Equality: Black Women and the Struggle for Economic Justice in St. Louis. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farley, Reynolds, Danziger, Sheldon, and Holzer, Harry. Detroit Divided. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000.Google Scholar
Fine, Sidney. Frank Murphy: The Detroit Years. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Monroe. Consumer Boycotts: Effecting Change Through the Marketplace and Media. New York: Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Garrett-Scott, Shennette. Banking on Freedom: Black Women in U.S. Finance Before the New Deal. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Tiffany M. Beauty Shop Politics: African American Women’s Activism in the Beauty Industry. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Gordy, Berry. To Be Loved: The Music, the Magic, the Memories of Motown: An Autobiography. New York: Warner Books, 1994.Google Scholar
Gordy, Berry Sr. Movin’ Up: Pop Gordy Tells His Story. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Cheryl. “Or Does It Explode?” Black Harlem in the Great Depression. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Grigsby, Snow F. Ambitions That Could Not Be Fenced In. Detroit: Research Bureau for Negroes and Minority Groups, Post War Economic Security, 1945.Google Scholar
Harris, LaShawn. Sex Workers, Psychics, and Numbers Runners: Black Women in New York City’s Underground Economy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Jackson, Kenneth T. The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Jones, Lu Ann. Mama Learned Us to Work: Farm Women in the New South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Kwolek-Folland, Angel. Incorporating Women: A History of Women and Business in the United States. New York: Twayne, 1998.Google Scholar
Murphy, Mary-Elizabeth B. Jim Crow Capital: Women and Black Freedom Struggles in Washington, D.C., 1920–1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Traci. Department Stores and the Black Freedom Movement: Workers, Consumers, and Civil Rights from the 1930s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponders, Phyllis Lewis, and Harris, Marjorie Lewis. On Her Own Terms: A Biographical Conversation about Mommie “T. V.” Violet Temple Harrison Lewis. Edited by Anderson, Pamela June. Detroit: Harlo Printing, 2001.Google Scholar
Sharpless, Rebecca. Cooking in Other Women’s Kitchens: Domestic Workers in the South, 1865–1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Shockley, Megan Taylor. “We, Too, Are Americans”: African American Women in Detroit and Richmond, 1940–54. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Smith, Suzanne E. Dancing in the Street: Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Sparks, Edith. Boss Lady: How Three Women Entrepreneurs Built Successful Big Businesses in the Mid-Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparks, Edith. Capital Intentions: Female Proprietors in San Francisco, 1850–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugrue, Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Thomas, Richard W. Life for Us Is What We Make It: Building Black Community in Detroit, 1915–1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Turner, Arthur, and Moses, Earl R., eds. Colored Detroit: A Brief History of Detroit’s Colored Population and a Directory of Their Businesses, Organizations, Professions and Trades. Detroit, 1924.Google Scholar
Van Wormer, Katherine S., Jackson, David W., and Sudduth, Charletta. The Maid Narratives: Black Domestic and White Families in the Jim Crow South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Walker, Juliet E. K. The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship. New York: Twayne, 1998.Google Scholar
White, Deborah Gray. Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894–1994. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.Google Scholar
Wilson, Sunnie, and Cohassey, John. Toast of the Town: The Life and Times of Sunnie Wilson. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Wolcott, Victoria W. Remaking Respectability: African American Women in Interwar Detroit. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Yeager, Mary A., ed. Women in Business. Northampton, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999.Google Scholar
Barnes, Tamara. “Buying, Boosting, and Building with the National Housewives’ League.” Michigan History, March 2013.Google Scholar
Boyd, Robert L. “Race, Labor Market Disadvantage, and Survivalist Entrepreneurship: Black Women in the Urban North during the Great Depression.” Sociological Forum 15, no. 4 (2000): 647–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Robert L. “Survivalist Entrepreneurship among Urban Blacks during the Great Depression: A Test of the Disadvantage Theory of Business Enterprise.” Social Science Quarterly 81, no. 4 (2000): 972–984.Google Scholar
Garrett-Scott, Shennette. “To Do a Work That Would Be Very Far Reaching: Minnie Geddings Cox, the Mississippi Life Insurance Company, and the Challenges of Black Women’s Business Leadership in the Early Twentieth-Century United States.” Enterprise & Society 17, no. 3 (2016): 473–514. https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hine, Darlene Clark. “Black Women in the Middle West: The Michigan Experience.” In Hine Sight: Black Women and the Re-Construction of American History, 59–85. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Hine, Darlene Clark. “The Housewives’ League of Detroit: Black Women and Economic Nationalism.” In Hine Sight: Black Women and the Re-Construction of American History, 129–145. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Metzger, Kurt, and Booza, Jason. “African Americans in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit.” Center for Urban Studies Working Paper Series, no. 8, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, February 2002. http://www.cus.wayne.edu/media/1356/aawork8.pdf.Google Scholar
Moten, Crystal. “‘More Than a Job’: Black Women’s Economic Citizenship in the Twentieth Century Urban North.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Negroes in the United States, 1920–1932. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1935.Google Scholar
Washington, Forrester B. “The Identification of the Negro in Detroit.” In The Negro in Detroit: A Survey of the Conditions of a Negro Group in a Northern Industrial Center during the War Prosperity Period. Detroit: Research Bureau Associated Charities of Detroit, 1920.Google Scholar
White, Walter, and Marshall, Thurgood. What Caused the Detroit Riot? An Analysis. New York: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1943.Google Scholar
Malloy, Helen. Oral History. Interview by Monroe Walker. January 7, 1985. 2 audiocassettes. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.Google Scholar
Smith, Willis Eugene. Oral History. Interview by Monroe Walker. December 27, 1984. 2 audiocassettes. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.Google Scholar
Afro-American (Baltimore, MD)Google Scholar
CrisisGoogle Scholar
Detroit Free PressGoogle Scholar
Detroit NewsGoogle Scholar
Detroit TribuneGoogle Scholar
Indianapolis RecorderGoogle Scholar
Mt. Vernon (IL) Register-NewsGoogle Scholar
New York AgeGoogle Scholar
Pittsburgh CourierGoogle Scholar
Application for Examination for Embalmer’s License, 1901–1933, Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulation, Board of Examiners in Mortuary Science, RG 93-45. Archives of Michigan.Google Scholar
Elliotorian Business Women’s Club Papers. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (EBWCP).Google Scholar
Housewives League of Detroit Papers. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (HLDP).Google Scholar
Housewives League of Detroit, Additional Papers. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (HLDAP).Google Scholar
Housewives League of Detroit, Additional Papers 1989. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (HLDAP 1989).Google Scholar
Lewis Business College and Violet T. Lewis Collection. Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (LBC).Google Scholar
Michigan State Association of Colored Women’s Clubs Collection. Archives of Michigan.Google Scholar
National Housewives’ League of America Records. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan (NHLAR).Google Scholar
Second Baptist Church (Detroit, Mich.) Records. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Archives of Michigan, LansingGoogle Scholar
Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann ArborGoogle Scholar
Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public LibraryGoogle Scholar
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, DetroitGoogle Scholar