Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T09:02:28.867Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Impact of training and exercise intensity on blood antioxidant markers in healthy Standardbred horses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Brieuc de Moffarts ,
Nathalie Kirschvink ,
Tatiana Art ,
Joël Pincemail ,
Charles Michaux ,
Karine Cayeux ,
Jean-Olivier Defraigne  and
Pierre Lekeux
Brieuc de Moffarts*
Affiliation:
Department for Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bât B42, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
Nathalie Kirschvink*
Affiliation:
Department for Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bât B42, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
Tatiana Art
Affiliation:
Department for Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bât B42, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
Joël Pincemail
Affiliation:
3Probiox SA, Belgium
Charles Michaux
Affiliation:
Department for Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
Karine Cayeux
Affiliation:
3Probiox SA, Belgium
Jean-Olivier Defraigne
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and CREDEC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, University of Liège, Belgium
Pierre Lekeux
Affiliation:
Department for Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bât B42, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
*
*Nathalie. Kirschvink@ulg.ac.be and Brieuc deMoffarts@ulg.ac.be
*Nathalie. Kirschvink@ulg.ac.be and Brieuc deMoffarts@ulg.ac.be
Get access

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of training and exercise intensity on blood antioxidant markers in six healthy Standardbred horses. Markers studied were uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AA), α-tocopherol, vitamin A (Vit A), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione – reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG), glutathione redox ratio (GRR), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se). The horses performed a standardized exercise test (SET) when they were untrained (T0), after 4 weeks of light training (T4) and after 8 weeks of interval training (T12). Forty-eight hours after SET T4 and SET T12, a SET with run up to fatigue (TTF4 and TTF12) was performed. Maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) was determined within 3–5 days after TTF4 and TTF12. At each test (SET T(i) and TTF(i)), venous blood was sampled at rest (R), peak-exercise (Emax), 15 (E15) and 60 (E60) min after the test. UA, AA and GRR were increased significantly by the exercise, whereas GSH and Vit A were decreased significantly (P<0.05). Training-related increases (T0 vs. T4 vs. T12) were observed for UA, SOD, GPx and Se, whereas GSH, α-tocopherol and Zn decreased (P<0.05). Exercise intensity (TTF(i) vs. T(i)) increased UA and AA significantly and decreased GSH significantly (P<0.05). A significant correlation between ΔSOD and ΔV˙O2max (r=0.86, p<0.05) determined at SET T4 and SET T12 was found. Taken together, these results indicate that training and exercise intensity significantly influence blood antioxidant markers in healthy Standardbred horses.

Keywords

antioxidant markerstreadmilltrainingexercise intensity
Type
Research Article
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 1 , Issue 3 , August 2004 , pp. 211 - 220
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Dillard, CJ, Litov, RE, Savin, WM, Dumelin, EE and Tappel, AL (1978). Effects of exercise, vitamin E and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. Journal of Applied Physiology 45: 927–932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Leeuwenburgh, C and Heinecke, JW (2001). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in exercise. Current Medicinal Chemistry 8: 829–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Clarkson, PM and Thompson, HS (2000). Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (Suppl. 2): 637S–646S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Sen, CK and Packer, L (2000). Thiol homeostasis and supplements in physical exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (Suppl. 2): 653S–669S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Nieman, DC (1997). Immune response to heavy exertion. Journal of Applied Physiology 82: 1385–1394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Lee, IM and Paffenbarger, RS Jr (2000). Associations of light, moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity with longevity. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 151: 293–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Levy, WC, Cerqueira, MD, Harp, GD, Johannessen, KA, Abrass, IB, Schwartz, RS et al. (1998). Effect of endurance exercise training on heart rate variability at rest in healthy young and older men. American Journal of Cardiology 82: 1236–1241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Oztasan, N, Taysi, S, Gumustekin, K, Altinkaynak, K, Aktas, O, Timu, H et al. (2003). Endurance training attenuates exercise induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes in rat. European Journal of Applied Physiology Dec 18 [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
9Burk, RF (1990). Protection against free radical injury by selenoenzymes. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 45: 383–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Avellini, L, Silvestrelli, M and Gaiti, A (1995). Traininginduced modifications in some biochemical defences against free radicals in equine erythrocytes. Veterinary Research Communications 19: 179–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Avellini, L, Chiaradia, E and Gaiti, A (1999). Effect of exercise training, selenium and vitamin E on some free radical scavengers in horses (Equus caballus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 123: 147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12de Zwart, LL, Meerman, JH, Commandeur, JN and Vermeulen, NP (1999). Biomarkers of free radical damage applications in experimental animals and in humans. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 26: 202–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Jenkins, RR (2000). Exercise and oxidative stress methodology: a critique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72: 670S–674S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Favier, A (1997). Oxidative stress: value of its demonstration in medical biology and problems posed by the choice of a marker. Annales de Biologie Clinique (Paris) 55: 9–16.Google ScholarPubMed
15Mills, PC, Smith, NC, Casas, I, Harris, P, Harris, RC and Marlin, DJ (1996). Effects of exercise intensity and environmental stress on indices of oxidative stress and iron homeostasis during exercise in the horse. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 74: 60–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Art, T, Kirschvink, N, Smith, N and Lekeux, P (1999). Indices of oxidative stress in blood and pulmonary epithelium lining fluid in horses suffering from recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Veterinary Journal 31: 397–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Deaton, CM, Marlin, DJ, Roberts, CA, Smith, N, Harris, PA, Kelly, FJ et al. (2002). Antioxidant supplementation and pulmonary function at rest and exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 58–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Kirschvink, N, Art, T, de Moffarts, B, Smith, N, Marlin, D, Roberts, C et al. (2002). Relationship between markers of blood oxidant status and physiological variables in trained and heaves-affected horses after exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 159–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Kirschvink, N, Smith, N, Fiévez, L, Bougnet, V, Art, T, Degand, G et al. (2002). Effect of chronic airway inflammation and exercise on pulmonary and systemic antioxidant status of trained and heaves-affected horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 34: 563–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Balogh, N, Gaal, T, Ribiczeyne, PS and Petri, A (2001). Biochemical and antioxidant changes in plasma and erythrocytes of pentathlon horses before and after exercise. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 30: 214–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21White, A, Estrada, M, Walker, K, Wisnia, P, Filgueira, G, Valdes, F et al. (2001). Role of exercise and ascorbate on plasma antioxidant capacity in thoroughbred race horses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 128: 99–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Hargreaves, BJ, Kronfeld, DS, Waldron, JN, Lopes, MA, Gay, LS, Saker, KE et al. (2002). Antioxidant status and muscle cell leakage during endurance exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 116–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Marlin, DJ, Fenn, K, Smith, N, Deaton, CD, Roberts, CA, Harris, PA et al. (2002). Changes in circulatory antioxidant status in horses during prolonged exercise. Journal of Nutrition 132: (Suppl. 2) 1622S–1627S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24de Moffarts, B, Kirschvink, N, Art, T, Pincemail, J and Lekeux, P (2004). Effect of oral antioxidant supplementation on blood antioxidant status in trained thoroughbred horses. The Veterinary Journal (in press).Google Scholar
25Lovell, D (1994). Training standardbred trotters and pacers. In: Hodgson, DR and Rose, RJ (eds), The Athletic Horse: Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company (pp. 399–408).Google Scholar
26Art, T and Lekeux, P (1993). Training-induced modifications in cardiorespiratory and ventilatory measurements in thoroughbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 25: 532–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Omaye, ST, Turnbull, JD and Sauberlich, HE (1979). Selected methods for the determination of ascorbic acid in animal cells, tissues and fluids. Methods in Enzymology 62: 3–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Bièri, JG, Tolliver, TJ and Catignani, Gl (1979). Simultaneous determination of alpha-tocopherol and retinol in plasma or red cells by high pressure liquid chromatography. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32: 2143–2149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Chappuis, P, Poupon, J and Rousselet, F (1992). A sequential and simple determination of zinc, copper and aluminium in blood samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Clinica Chimica Acta 206: 155–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Hinchcliff, KW, Reinhart, GA, DiSilvestro, R, Reynolds, A, Blostein-Fujii, A and Swenson, RA (2000). Oxidant stress in sled dogs subjected to repetitive endurance exercise. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 512–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Gohil, K, Viguie, C, Stanley, WC, Brooks, GA and Packer, L (1988). Blood glutathione oxidation during human exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 64: 115–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Evans, DL, Priddle, TL and Davie, AJ (2002). Plasma lactate and uric acid responses to racing in pacing standardbreds and relationships with performance. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 131–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Hinchcliff, KW, Lauderdale, MA, Dutson, J, Geor, RJ, Lacombe, VA and Taylor, LE (2002). High intensity exercise conditioning increases accumulated oxygen deficit of horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 34: 9–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Evans, DL and Rose, RJ (1988). Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to submaximal exercise training in the thoroughbred horse. Pflugers Archiv 411: 316–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Essen-Gustavsson, B, Gottlieb-Vedi, M and Lindholm, A (1999).Muscle adenine nucleotide degradation during submaximal treadmill exercise to fatigue. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 298–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Bergholm, R, Mäkimattila, S, Valkonen, M, Liu, M-L, Lahdenperä, S, Taskinen, M-R et al. (1999). Intense physical training decreases circulating antioxidants and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vivo. Atherosclerosis 145: 341–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Tessier, F, Margaritis, I, Richard, MJ, Moynot, C and Marconnet, P (1995). Selenium and training effects on the glutathione system and aerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27: 390–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Powers, SK and Lennon, SL (1999). Analysis of cellular responses to free radicals: focus on exercise and skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58: 1025–1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Powers, SK, Ji, LL and Leeuwenburgh, C (1999). Exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: a brief review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31: 987–997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Jenkins, RR, Friedland, R and Howald, H (1984). The relationship of oxygen uptake to superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in human skeletal muscle. International Journal of Sports and Medicine 5: 11–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Rush, JW, Turk, JR and Laughlin, MH (2003). Exercise training regulates SOD-1 and oxidative stress in porcine aortic endothelium. American Journal of Physiology – Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284: H1378–H1387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Powers, SK, Criswell, D, Lawler, J, Ji, LL, Martin, D, Herb, RA et al. (1994). Influence of exercise and fiber type on antioxidant enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology 266: R375–R380.Google ScholarPubMed
43Ennezat, PV, Malendicz, SL, Testa, M, Colombo, PC, Cohen-Solal, A, Evans, T et al. (2001). Physical training in patients with chronic heart failure enhances the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38: 194–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Lacombe, VA, Hinchcliff, KW, Geor, RJ and Baskin, CR (2001). Muscle glycogen depletion and subsequent replenishment affect anaerobic capacity of horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 1782–1790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Kayser, B, Favier, R, Ferretti, G, Desplanches, D, Spielvogel, H, Koubi, H et al. (1996). Lactate and epinephrine during exercise in altitude natives. Journal of Applied Physiology 81: 2488–2494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Ono, K, Inui, K, Hasegawa, T, Matsuki, N, Watanabe, H, Takagi, S et al. (1990). The changes of antioxidative enzyme activities in equine erythrocytes following exercise. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 52: 759–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Ji, LL (2002). Exercise-induced modulation of antioxidant defense. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 959: 82–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed